The rest are bleeding money, and everyone is trying to cut costs and move faster.

其餘的公司都在流血，每個人都在努力削減成本，加快速度。

Megacasting, or gigacasting as it's often called, is the latest manufacturing technique promising to do exactly that, make EVs cheaper, lighter, and simpler.

巨型鑄造（通常稱為千兆鑄造）是一種最新的製造技術，有望實現電動汽車更便宜、更輕便、更簡單的目標。

Tesla has been credited with pioneering the method.

特斯拉是這種方法的先驅。

I think it's basically going to be how all cars are made in the future.

我認為這基本上就是未來所有汽車的製造方式。

Rivals are already sinking billions trying to jump on the bandwagon.

競爭對手已經投入數十億美元，試圖加入這一行列。

If you want to make an efficient, electrified car, you need to have more aluminum, you need to have less parts, you need to have less complexity, and you end up in, okay, let's look at how we can use casting in a better way.

如果你想製造一輛高效的電氣化汽車，你需要更多的鋁，你需要更少的零件，你需要更少的複雜性。

It's a very logical kind of process step for us in our technology transformation, I would say.

可以說，這是我們技術轉型過程中非常合理的一步。

Details on how much each is spending are scant, but the total market for diecasting, which includes parts of all sizes, is expected to grow 70% in less than a decade.

雖然有關各方支出的詳細資料不多，但包括各種大小零件在內的壓鑄件總市場預計將在不到十年的時間裡增長 70%。

That's $126 billion by 2032.

到 2032 年將達到 1 260 億美元。

I see tons of opportunities going forward.

我看到了未來的大量機會。

We can increase the amount of aluminum and reduce the weight of the vehicle, which in the end is CO2 and range for the customer.

我們可以增加鋁的用量，減輕汽車的重量，最終為客戶減少二氧化碳排放量和續航里程。

Researchers agree megacasting is potentially revolutionary, if it works.

研究人員一致認為，如果巨型電視廣播能夠成功，那麼它將具有潛在的革命性意義。

But there are some serious challenges.

但也存在一些嚴峻的挑戰。

To say this is the future of car production can be, but the realization showed that the problems are more expensive and we should go back to the conventional way.

說這是汽車生產的未來是可以的，但實現起來卻發現問題更多，成本更高，我們應該回到傳統方式上來。

So this is really an open game at the moment.

是以，目前這確實是一個開放的遊戲。

Megacasting, or as Tesla calls it, gigacasting, is a form of diecasting.

巨型鑄造，或特斯拉所稱的千兆鑄造，是壓鑄的一種形式。

It's a common manufacturing technique that can be used to make all sorts of things, including car parts.

這是一種常見的製造技術，可用於製造各種物品，包括汽車零件。

The process is fundamentally simple.

整個過程非常簡單。

You fill a high pressure mold with a substance such as molten aluminum and form a cast.

在高壓模具中注入熔融鋁等物質，形成鑄件。

After some cutting and finishing, the part is ready to go.

經過一些切割和精加工，該部件就可以使用了。

While casting has been used to make smaller parts for a long time, many of the larger parts on a vehicle have historically been made out of stamped steel pieces, typically welded or joined together.

雖然鑄造用於製造較小的零件由來已久，但汽車上許多較大的零件歷來都是由衝壓鋼件製成，通常是焊接或連接在一起。

But at some point, Tesla started pushing the limits of the casting technique and now In the 3 and the Y, large sections of the front and the back of the vehicle are made out of single casts.

但不知從何時起，特斯拉開始挑戰鑄造技術的極限，現在在 3 和 Y 車型中，車頭和車尾的大部分都是由單個鑄件製成的。

Tesla's really the first one to go and have very large, high pressure die cast aluminum castings in cars to replace large sections of what are traditionally stamped steel or stamped aluminum structures.

特斯拉確實是第一家在汽車中使用大型高壓壓鑄鋁鑄件來取代傳統的衝壓鋼或衝壓鋁結構的公司。

The front and rear portions of the early Model 3 chassis each contained more than 70 parts.

早期 Model 3 底盤的前後部分各包含 70 多個零件。

The same two portions on the very similar Model Y are now just one part each.

在非常相似的 Y 型車中，同樣的兩個部件現在只有一個。

To cast the rear body or front body is lighter, cheaper, better for noise, vibration and harshness, much easier to manufacture.

鑄造後車身或前車身更輕、更便宜，噪音、振動和粗糙度也更好，更容易製造。

Beginning with these big pieces allows Tesla to make tweaks that improve manufacturing efficiency.

從這些大部件開始，特斯拉就可以進行調整，從而提高生產效率。

We decided the floor should be a part of the car.

我們決定讓地板成為汽車的一部分。

The battery is the floor.

電池就是地板。

With that, Tesla says it can build different parts of the car at the same time instead of piecing things together one by one.

特斯拉表示，有了這種技術，它就可以同時製造汽車的不同部件，而不是逐一拼湊。

The carmaker claims it cut the size of its assembly line by 10 percent.

這家汽車製造商聲稱，它將裝配線的規模縮小了 10%。

Casting also provides the opportunity to rethink designs, allowing for a wider variety of shapes than stamped sheet metal.

鑄造還為重新思考設計提供了機會，與衝壓金屬板相比，鑄造可以製造出更多的形狀。

You could add support in places where it would be too difficult to do otherwise.

您可以在其他難以做到的地方增加支撐。

You can use less material to get the same amount of strength because you can customize the shape of it to be most advantageous for the loads that you're trying to carry.

您可以使用較少的材料來獲得相同的強度，因為您可以定製最有利於承載負荷的形狀。

The material matters to giga casting is typically done with molten aluminum because EVs already carry such heavy battery packs.

由於電動汽車的電池組已經非常重，是以千兆級鑄造的材料通常是熔融鋁。

Reducing weight as much as possible wherever you can is essential.

儘可能減輕體重是至關重要的。

Automakers have been using aluminum even in gas cars to improve fuel efficiency.

即使在汽油車中，汽車製造商也一直在使用鋁來提高燃油效率。

Ford was able to drop 15 percent of the F-150's weight just by using an aluminum body instead of steel.

福特公司僅通過使用鋁製車身代替鋼製車身，就使 F-150 的重量減輕了 15%。

But aluminum is more expensive than steel overall.

但總體而言，鋁比鋼更貴。

Giga casting can help close that gap.

Giga 鑄造可以幫助縮小這一差距。

A giga cast component would be about 30 percent cheaper than trying to make the same part or assembly out of stamped aluminum.

千兆鑄件要比用鋁衝壓件製造同樣的部件或組件便宜 30%。

It would still cost about 50 percent more than stamped steel, but weight reduction, part reduction and other advantages might make it worthwhile.

它的成本仍將比衝壓鋼高出約 50%，但重量減輕、零件減少和其他優勢可能會使其物有所值。

Tesla has said that combining its giga casting process with battery improvements can reduce vehicle weight by about 10 percent, increase range by 14 percent and use 370 fewer parts.

特斯拉曾表示，將其千兆鑄造工藝與電池改進相結合，可將汽車重量減輕約 10%，續航里程增加 14%，並減少使用 370 個零件。

CNBC reached out to several automakers.

CNBC 聯繫了幾家汽車製造商。

However, most said their plans for mega casting are in the very early stages.

不過，大多數人表示，他們的大型鑄造計劃還處於初期階段。

Erik Severinsen leads Volvo's electrification strategy.

埃裡克-塞弗林森（Erik Severinsen）上司沃爾沃的電氣化戰略。

The company doesn't break out exactly how much it is investing in mega casting, but says it is a significant portion of the one billion dollars it spent on a plant in Sweden.

該公司沒有詳細說明在超大型鑄造上的具體投資額，但表示這是其在瑞典工廠 10 億美元投資中的一個重要部分。

Right now we are investing in Torslanda.

目前，我們正在托爾斯蘭達進行投資。

That's the first plant out with this.

這就是第一批種植出來的植物。

Of course, you know, long term, this is what we will have in all the plants where we are building this generation of vehicles.

當然，你知道，從長遠來看，這也是我們在所有生產這一代汽車的工廠裡都將擁有的。

The potential goes far beyond reducing weight or the number of needed parts.

其潛力遠不止於減輕重量或減少所需部件的數量。

Automakers say giga casting offers them a chance to change the way cars are made.

汽車製造商表示，千兆鑄造為他們提供了改變汽車製造方式的機會。

In the past, when you had to change your rear floor, you had to go in and change in a hundred different tools.

過去，當你需要更換後地板時，你必須進去更換上百種不同的工具。

And now we need to change in one tool.

現在，我們需要更換一種工具。

So one, you have the machine there, one, you have the casting infrastructure to actually do a change on the rear floor is much easier.

這樣一來，一是有了機器，二是有了鑄造基礎設施，在後部地板上進行更換就容易多了。

And that offers you flexibility for product upgrades.

這為產品升級提供了靈活性。

It offers you flexibility for improvements of the products during the lifespan of it.

它為您提供了在產品生命週期內改進產品的靈活性。

So it has a lot of other benefits to it.

是以，它還有很多其他好處。

Of course, it's a big investment to start with, but it is very much infrastructure.

當然，開始時投資很大，但它是非常重要的基礎設施。

Once you have it, you can really get more flexibility in your products portfolios.

一旦擁有了它，您的產品組合就能真正獲得更大的靈活性。

Tesla has said it wants to use giga casting to completely change the way it makes vehicles.

特斯拉表示，它希望利用千兆鑄造技術徹底改變汽車製造方式。

In the very early days of the automotive industry, cars were built one at a piece in a single place.

在汽車工業發展初期，汽車都是在一個地方一輛一輛製造出來的。

Henry Ford changed all this by adopting the assembly line.

亨利-福特採用裝配線改變了這一切。

This streamlined the process and allowed cars to be made continuously.

這簡化了生產流程，並使汽車生產得以持續進行。

This is still basically how vehicles are made today.

如今，汽車基本上仍是這樣製造的。

First, sheet metal is stamped into the panels that make up the body.

首先，將金屬板衝壓成車身面板。

These are welded together.

這些都是焊接在一起的。

Then the doors get hung on the body.

然後把門掛在車身上。

The whole thing goes through the paint shop and gets painted.

整個過程都要經過油漆工廠中的房間，然後再進行噴漆。

Then the vehicle goes into final assembly.

然後，車輛進入總裝階段。

The body is married to the chassis or the frame.

車身與底盤或車架相連。

But at this point, oftentimes the doors might come off and they travel down a separate belt where window mechanisms, door trim panels and other things are added.

但此時，車門往往會脫落，然後進入另一條傳送帶，在那裡安裝車窗裝置、車門飾板和其他部件。

While the doors are off, the interior of the vehicle goes in.

在車門關閉的同時，車輛內部也會進入。

All the instrument panels, seats, carpets, everything.

所有儀表板、座椅、地毯，應有盡有。

This, some say, is really inefficient.

有人說，這確實效率低下。

Those door openings make it tricky to fit all that equipment into the car.

這些車門開口使得將所有設備裝入車內十分困難。

Robotic equipment helps, but it is tough to automate that process.

機器人設備有所幫助，但這一過程很難實現自動化。

You still have to have people leaning into the vehicle at sometimes kind of awkward positions with torque wrenches and those things, putting all of this together.

有時，你還得讓人以笨拙的姿勢靠在車上，拿著扭力扳手之類的東西，把這些東西組裝在一起。

The unboxing is really blowing that apart.

開箱後的效果真是讓人大跌眼鏡。

So you start with some large gigacastings, attach components onto each of those, paint what is necessary, and then.

是以，你首先要做的是一些大的千層底，在每個千層底上安裝組件，然後塗上必要的塗料。

Kind of Lego fashion.

有點像樂高時尚。

Everything comes together at the end.

最後，一切都會水到渠成。

And the big advantage of this is that instead of trying to reach into a car, you have people working around something like the size of a table.

這樣做的最大好處是，人們不用把手伸進汽車，而是圍著一張桌子大小的東西工作。

So you could have four people working at the same time.

是以，你可以讓四個人同時工作。

Much better access.

交通便利得多。

So there's lower labor content.

是以勞動力含量較低。

It also takes up a much smaller footprint because I can get four people around this thing versus having to stretch it out.

它的佔地面積也小得多，因為我可以讓四個人圍著它轉，而不用把它拉開。

Tesla has claimed it could reduce factory size by 40 percent and costs by 50 percent.

特斯拉聲稱，它可以將工廠規模縮小 40%，成本降低 50%。

When you look at the million to two million square foot, you're talking seven, eight hundred million dollars worth of potential investment on a large plant that you would have by being able to shrink that footprint.

當你看到 100 萬到 200 萬平方英尺的面積時，你就會想到通過縮小佔地面積，你可以在大型工廠上獲得價值七八億美元的潛在投資。

Volvo installed gigapresses in its new one billion dollar plant in Torslanda, Sweden, and at a plant it is building in Slovakia.

沃爾沃在瑞典托爾斯蘭達耗資 10 億美元新建的工廠和斯洛伐克正在建設的工廠安裝了千兆壓力機。

We have casting, we have the structural battery pack and adaptations in the plant for full EV production.

我們有鑄件，有結構電池組，並在工廠中進行了改裝，可以全面生產電動汽車。

And the casting is a significant part of that.

選角是其中重要的一環。

Ford, General Motors, Toyota, Hyundai, Nissan and others have all announced investments.

福特汽車、通用汽車、豐田汽車、現代汽車、日產汽車等公司都已宣佈進行投資。

Despite all this, reports have said Tesla has paused or even abandoned its plan to cast the underbody of its next gen vehicle out of one piece.

儘管如此，有報道稱特斯拉已經暫停甚至放棄了將下一代汽車底盤整體鑄造的計劃。

During its first quarter earnings call, Tesla said it does plan new models that will use aspects of the next generation platform, but will be produced on current manufacturing lines rather than on a new factory or production line, such as the one designed by Ford.

特斯拉在第一季度財報電話會議上表示，公司確實計劃推出使用下一代平臺的新車型，但這些新車型將在現有生產線上生產，而不是在福特設計的新工廠或生產線上生產。

The company did not elaborate on whether it planned an entirely new, cheaper vehicle, reportedly called the Model 2.

該公司沒有詳細說明是否計劃推出一款全新的、更便宜的汽車，據說這款汽車被稱為 Model 2。

Tesla VP of Engineering Lars Moraevi said the unboxed manufacturing method it had described earlier came with risk because it required new production lines.

特斯拉工程副總裁拉爾斯-莫拉埃維（Lars Moraevi）說，特斯拉早些時候描述的開箱製造方法是有風險的，因為它需要新的生產線。

One argument for why they did this is because Tesla seems to be pivoting towards autonomy more, thanks to the success of the FSA, which is a version 12.

他們這樣做的一個理由是，由於 FSA（第 12 版）的成功，特斯拉似乎更傾向於自動駕駛。

And so what we're going to get in tandem with the next gen facility is this robo taxi.

是以，與下一代設施配套的就是這種機器人計程車。

So it has less to do with them being dissatisfied with the next gen facility or giga casting and more to do with their own internal pivot towards autonomy.

是以，這與其說是他們對下一代設備或千兆投影機不滿意，不如說是他們自己內部向自主化轉型的結果。

But there may also be technical challenges.

但也可能存在技術挑戰。

First, there is some skepticism that casting very large parts will necessarily lead to significant weight reduction.

首先，有人懷疑鑄造大型部件是否一定能顯著減輕重量。

Volk's own research indicates that extra large castings could actually be 10 percent heavier than a comparable solution from sheet metal.

沃爾克自己的研究表明，超大型鑄件的實際重量可能比用金屬板製成的同類解決方案重 10%。

There also appear to be higher scrap rates.

廢品率似乎也較高。

For every 100 parts you cast, about 15 will, on average, be unusable due to defects.

每鑄造 100 個零件，平均約有 15 個因缺陷而無法使用。

For stamping, it's just one out of 100.

對於衝壓來說，這只是百裡挑一。

Again, castings are made by filling a mold with molten aluminum, sometimes from more than one angle.

同樣，鑄件也是通過向模具中注入熔化的鋁製成的，有時可以從多個角度進行澆鑄。

But the larger a part is, the further into the mold the material has to travel.

但零件越大，材料進入模具的距離就越遠。

And as it is traveling through the mold, it is cooling.

在模具中流動的同時，它也在冷卻。

Filling the mold properly becomes more challenging.

正確填充模具變得更具挑戰性。

And then as the material cools, it contracts.

當材料冷卻時，它就會收縮。

That can create small voids in the molded part.

這可能會在成型部件中產生細小的空隙。

Because then those defects can become structural weak points within there.

因為這樣一來，這些缺陷就會成為結構上的薄弱環節。

So that's a general challenge with any casting and large castings.

是以，這是任何鑄件和大型鑄件面臨的普遍挑戰。

It gets a little bit worse.

情況有點糟糕。

Some evidence indicates cars with large giga casts or mega casts either are or will be more expensive to repair.

一些證據表明，有大型千兆鑄件或超大型鑄件的汽車，其維修費用或將更高。

We've had a discussion with our German premium car makers like BMW and Volkswagen.

我們已經與寶馬和大眾等德國高級，上等汽車製造商進行了討論。

We can't do this because our customers wouldn't accept that with this relatively often happened low speed crash, we have an unrepairable car.

我們不能這樣做，因為我們的客戶不會接受這種相對經常發生的低速撞車事故，我們的車是無法修復的。

Repairability on a rear floor, for example, has one importance level versus repairability on a door, for example, if you would go for that one, right?

例如，後地板的可維修性與車門的可維修性相比，後者更重要，對嗎？

What we're going after here are components which are very durable.

我們所追求的是非常耐用的部件。

And, you know, you don't repair them that much either.

而且，你知道，你也不怎麼修理它們。

And if we need to, of course, there is a solution to repairing also a casted rear floor.

當然，如果我們需要，也有辦法修復後澆鑄地板。

It's not an easy operation, but it's definitely doable.

這不是一個簡單的操作，但絕對可行。

On its second quarter earnings call in 2023, VP of Engineering Marevi said Tesla can replace a rear cast rail on a Model Y 10 times cheaper and three times faster than a corresponding set of stamp parts.

在 2023 年第二季度的財報電話會議上，特斯拉工程副總裁馬雷維表示，特斯拉更換 Model Y 後鑄軌的成本比相應的衝壓件低 10 倍，速度比衝壓件快 3 倍。

My design team works with our collision repair team since we're closed loop on this with insurance.

我的設計團隊與我們的碰撞維修團隊合作，因為我們與保險公司在這方面是閉環的。

And we design specific parts that make it easier and faster to repair.

我們還設計了專門的部件，使維修更加方便快捷。

We have an incentive to do that because we have our own insurance and our own body shops.

我們有動力這樣做，因為我們有自己的保險和自己的車身修理廠。

We expect that we'll continue to do this and collision repair will continue to become cheaper and faster over time.

我們預計，我們將繼續這樣做，隨著時間的推移，碰撞維修將繼續變得更便宜、更快捷。

And we are actually able to change the details, the casting with inserts.

實際上，我們還能改變細節，用嵌件來鑄造。

And we actually do that all the time.

實際上，我們一直在這樣做。

So because the answers actually wear out and need to be replaced anyway, so we can actually make design changes to the inserts and tweak the castings.

是以，由於答案實際上已經磨損，無論如何都需要更換，所以我們實際上可以對插入件進行設計變更，並對鑄件進行調整。

We've been casting everything from, you know, gearbox housings to, you know, engine parts and whatnot.

我們已經鑄造了從變速箱殼體到發動機零件等各種產品。

And also we have made this as a kind of a stepwise approach.

此外，我們還採取了一種循序漸進的方法。

So we have already in the second generation, the EX90, for example, a certain level of large casted aluminum parts.

是以，在第二代產品 EX90 中，我們已經在一定程度上採用了大型鑄鋁部件。

And now we're taking the next step of doing the rear floor.

現在，我們正在進行下一步，即鋪設後地板。

But the way on how to optimize your process and the way how to minimize the cost is a bit like that step by step.

但是，如何優化流程，如何最大限度地降低成本，也是這樣一步一步走出來的。

So we are done now doing the rear floor.

現在我們已經完成了後地板的施工。

We're not doing the full car.

我們不做整車。

And we're building on the knowledge we already have created.

我們將在已有知識的基礎上再接再厲。

The question will be the next and the over next Model Y still having these mega casting parts?

問題是，下一代和更下一代的 Y 型車還會使用這些大型鑄造部件嗎？

Question mark.

問號