Name: 曾經大家都搶著要，為什麼現在沒有國家想舉辦奧運了？ (Why no one wants to host the Olympics)
Uploaded: 2024-07-26T21:01:30.000Z
Duration: 13 min 36 s

基礎被動語態

It's September 2017 and members of the International Olympic Committee are gathered to pick the city that will host the 2024 Olympic Games, the biggest decision this group makes.

現在是 2017 年 9 月，國際奧林匹克委員會的成員們聚集在一起，挑選 2024 年奧運會的主辦城市，這個組織做出的最大決定。

They've put representatives from the two competing cities on stage for their announcement.

他們讓兩個競爭城市的代表上臺等待宣佈結果。

但這裡的每個人都已經知道誰贏了。

Every four years, more than 5 million people attend the Olympics, and over 3 billion watch it on TV.

每四年有 500 多萬人參加奧運會，30 多億人通過電視觀看奧運會。

It's a once-in-a-generation opportunity for one city to show up.

對於一個城市來說，這是千載難逢的亮相機會。

And the competition has typically been fierce.

12 cities applied to host the 2004 Games before the IOC picked Athens, Greece.

在國際奧委會選定希臘雅典之前，有 12 個城市申請主辦 2004 年奧運會。

10 applied for 2008, won by Beijing, China.

2008 年有 10 個申請，中國北京勝出。

But since then, interest has been waning.

但從那時起，人們對它的興趣逐漸減弱。

9 cities applied for 2012, then 7, then 5.

2012 年有 9 個城市提出申請，之後是 7 個，再之後是 5 個。

And for 2024, only two were left when it was time for a vote.

至於 2024 年，投票時只剩下兩個。

So the IOC did something it's never done before.

所以，國際奧委會做了一件它從未做過的事。

The IOC was so concerned that nobody would bid to host the Games in 2028 that it simultaneously awarded the Games 2024 to Paris and 2028 to Los Angeles.

國際奧委會擔心沒有人會申辦 2028 年奧運，所以同時將 2024 年奧運和 2028 年奧運分別授予巴黎和洛杉磯。

There used to be strong demand to host, now there isn't.

奧運曾經有強烈的主辦需求，現在沒有了。

The Olympics are the most prestigious sports event in the world.

奧運是世界上最負盛名的體育賽事。

Why doesn't anyone want to host it anymore?

So the Olympics have actually had this problem before.

奧運其實以前也遇到過這個問題。

They originally came up with this idea of rotating the Games around to different cities back in 1896 because they had to.

早在 1896 年，他們就提出了輪流在不同城市舉辦奧運會的想法，因為他們不得不這樣做。

We didn't have international jet travel and we didn't have international telecommunications.

我們沒有國際飛機旅行，也沒有國際電信。

Andrew Zimbalist wrote a book about the economics of hosting sports mega-events like the Olympics.

Andrew Zimbalist 寫了一本關於舉辦奧運等大型體育賽事的經濟學著作。

So it was necessary in order to spread the Games internationally and get the whole world to participate and enjoy them.

將運動會推廣到國際上是必要的，讓全世界都來參與和享受運動會。

As the Games grew, the IOC kept this tradition, eventually developing a competition where cities would submit bids and it would vote on a winner.

隨著奧運的發展，國際奧委會保留了這一傳統，最終形成了由各城市提交申辦書、國際奧委會投票選出優勝者的競賽模式。

But when it opened bidding for the 1984 Games, not a single city wanted to host because the last few hadn't gone very well.

但是，當 1984 年奧運開始招標時，沒有一個城市願意主辦，因為前幾屆奧運會都不太順利。

Local political protests had turned violent during the 1968 Games in Mexico City.

1968 年墨西哥城奧運期間，當地的政治抗議演變成了暴力事件。

And terrorists killed 11 Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Games.

在 1972 年慕尼黑奧運上，恐怖分子殺害了 11 名以色列運動員。

Invade the Olympic Village, taking nine Israeli athletes hostage and killing two others in their room.

入侵奧運村，劫持九名以色列運動員為人質，並在他們的房間裡殺死另外兩人。

Both incidents showed cities that hosting could be politically risky, or even deadly.

這兩起事件都向城市表明，主辦會議可能具有政治風險，甚至是致命的。

When construction problems and corruption led Montreal to spend more than 13 times their budget, they began to view it as financially risky too.

當建設問題和腐敗導致蒙特婁的花費超過預算的 13 倍時，他們也開始認為這在財務上是有風險的。

So in the late '70s, the IOC was barreling towards disaster until one city offered to save them under one condition.

所以在 1970 年代末，國際奧委會正朝著災難的方向狂奔，直到一個城市提出要拯救他們，但有一個條件。

Los Angeles did not want to spend a lot of money.

To do that, it offered to use venues it already had instead of build new ones.

為此，它提出使用已有的場館，而不是建造新的場館。

The LA Coliseum, where the USC football team played.

洛杉磯體育館，南加州大學橄欖球隊曾在此比賽。

論壇體育館，湖人隊曾在此比賽。

加州大學洛杉磯分校的體育館和網球中心。

And the athletes could just stay in the college dorm rooms.

運動員就可以住在大學宿舍裡。

Since the IOC didn't have a choice, it said yes.

國際奧委會別無選擇，只好答應了。

The '84 LA Games were a success in almost every way.

1984 年洛杉磯奧運幾乎在所有方面都取得了成功。

It only cost around $1 billion in 2015 dollars.

按 2015 年美元計算，僅花費約 10 億美元。

This should have become the model for future Olympic host cities, but instead, it sparked the problem that is plaguing the Olympics today.

體育本應成為未來奧運主辦城市的典範，但是，它卻引發了今天困擾奧運的問題。

It's interesting how many of these sports and politics stories really boil down to economics.

有趣的是，很多體育和政治故事其實都可以歸結為經濟問題。

If you recall, the Premier League story is a story about a warped economic system.

如果你還記得，英超聯賽的故事是一個關於扭曲的經濟體系的故事。

The NFL is so successful because it created a new economic model for sports leagues.

NFL 之所以如此成功，是因為它為體育聯盟創造了一種新的經濟模式。

If you haven't seen those videos yet, give them a watch.

如果你還沒看過那些影片，不妨看一看。

If you haven't subscribed to Search Party, now's your chance.

如果你還沒有訂閱 Search Party，現在機會來了。

We publish every two weeks this summer, so I've been working from all over the place.

今年夏天，我們每兩週發布一部影片，所以我一直在各地工作。

I'm headed out this afternoon on a really exciting reporting trip.

我今天下午要去做一次非常令人興奮的報導。

But I'm going to be in a hotel the whole time.

That's why I'm really excited to work with Surfshark.

所以我非常高興能與 Surfshark 合作。

Surfshark's a VPN that's going to keep me safe on all those public Wi-Fis.

Surfshark 是一款 VPN，能保證我在公共 Wi-Fi 上的安全。

Surfshark is an app and browser that encrypts my activity online while blocking ads and malware.

Surfshark 是一款應用程序和瀏覽器，可以加密我的在線活動，同時阻止廣告和惡意軟體。

Surfshark also allows me to virtually place myself anywhere in the world in order to unblock content that I couldn't access otherwise.

Surfshark 還允許我將自己虛擬放置在世界的任何地方，以解除對我無法訪問的內容的屏蔽。

That means Surfshark lets Search Party cover stories in almost any country on earth.

這意味著，Surfshark 可以讓 Search Party 在全球幾乎任何國家進行報導。

Use the coupon code searchparty at surfshark.deals/searchparty and get four months extra.

在 surfshark.deals 網站上使用優惠券代碼 searchparty/searchparty，即可額外獲得四個月的優惠。

Again, Surfshark is how I keep myself safe online.

同樣，Surfshark 也是我保護自己上網安全的工具。

It's the best way for you to do the same.

It's also the best way to support Search Party.

這也是支持 Search Party 的最佳方式。

So thanks again to Surfshark for supporting our work.

再次感謝 Surfshark 對我們工作的支持。

L.A. did such a good job hosting the 1984 Olympics that it re-inspired cities to want to host again.

1984 年，洛杉磯成功舉辦了奧運，再次激發了各城市舉辦奧運的熱情。

For the 1992 games, six cities submitted bids, then six again for '96, eight for 2000, then a whopping 11 for 2004.

1992 年的運動會有 6 個城市投標，1996 年又有 6 個城市投標，2000 年有 8 個城市投標，2004 年有 11 個城市投標。

As more cities competed, the IOC regained leverage over them again.

隨著越來越多的城市參與競爭，國際奧委會又重新獲得了對這些城市的控制權。

But instead of sticking to the L.A. model, it began demanding more.

但它並沒有固守洛杉磯模式，而是開始提出更高的要求。

Between 1992 and 2020, the IOC added dozens of new sports to the games.

從 1992 年到 2020 年，國際奧委會為奧運增加了數十個新項目。

This required more venues and housing for more athletes, which host cities were primarily responsible for paying for.

這就需要為更多的運動員提供更多的場館和住宿，而這些費用主要由主辦城市負責支付。

As the competition intensified, cities felt increasing pressure to make their bids more attractive.

隨著競爭的加劇，各城市感到了越來越大的壓力，必須使自己的投標更具吸引力。

The most effective way to do that was to build new venues.

最有效的方法就是建設新的場館。

Sydney built 15 new venues, plus housing for 10,000 athletes.

雪梨新建了 15 個場館，並為一萬名運動員提供了住宿。

Athens built 22 new venues and Beijing built 12.

雅典新建了 22 個場館，北京新建了 12 個場館。

All of this construction made hosting the games really, really expensive.

所有這些建設都使得舉辦比賽的費用非常非常昂貴。

This chart shows how the cost of the games skyrocketed over the last 30 years, reaching between $10 and $25 billion in the last decade.

這張圖表顯示了過去 30 年間奧運費用的飛速增長，在過去十年間達到了 100 億至 250 億美元之間。

I want to add one big caveat to this chart, though.

不過，我想給這張圖表補充一個重要的注意事項。

It only includes sports-related costs to the games.

It doesn't include things like new public transportation or development projects that most all these cities spent money on for the Olympics.

這還不包括新的公共交通或開發項目，而這些城市大多都為奧運花錢。

If we include some of those costs, these bars are actually way higher.

如果我們把其中的一些費用計算在內，這些槓槓實際上要高得多。

So, for example, some estimate that Beijing spent more like $45 billion for their 2008 summer games.

例如，有人估計北京為 2008 年夏季奧運會花費了 450 億美元。

Russia spent more like $51 billion in 2014.

2014 年，俄羅斯花費了 510 億美元。

And Tokyo's bill is more like $35 billion.

No matter what number you use, though, all of these cities went way over their initial budget, which the bidding process incentivizes them to keep artificially low.

不過，無論你使用哪個數字，所有這些城市的預算都遠遠超出了最初的預算，而競標過程促使他們人為地壓低預算。

What they have to do is make initial statements about the intentions and the plans that are very reduced.

他們所要做的，就是對意圖和計劃進行初步陳述，而這些陳述的內容則非常少。

Once the politicians say, "Yeah, OK, we'll go along with this," then they start adding the bells and whistles.

一旦政客們說：「好吧，我們同意」他們就會開始添油加醋。

The revenue cities generate from ticket sales, TV contracts and sponsorships only cover a fraction of these costs,

城市從門票銷售、電視轉播合約和贊助中獲得的收入僅能支付這些成本的一小部分，

meaning these governments and really their taxpayers are on the hook for the rest.

這意味著這些政府以及納稅人要承擔其餘的費用。

So it doesn't look like a good economic deal.

這看起來並不是一筆好的經濟交易。

But host cities have known for decades that they'll likely lose money in the short term.

但主辦城市幾十年來一直知道，他們很可能會在短期內虧損。

Instead, many have been told that hosting the Olympics is an investment that will pay off in the future.

相反，許多人被告知，舉辦奧運是一項投資，將來會有回報。

OK, so this is the IOC's web page where they list the benefits of hosting the games.

這是國際奧委會的網頁，其中列出了舉辦奧運的好處。

他們經常使用「傳承」這個詞。

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曾經大家都搶著要，為什麼現在沒有國家想舉辦奧運了？ (Why no one wants to host the Olympics)

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