From those in ancient Egypt soaking reeds to hang in their windows, effectively cooling the breeze as it blew in,

從古埃及人將蘆葦浸泡後掛在窗戶上，使吹進來的微風有效降溫，

to ancient Romans learning to circulate water through the walls of their homes using aqueduct-like pipes reserved for many of the wealthiest citizens, though one emperor would top them all.

到古羅馬人學會使用為許多最富有的公民專用的類似水渠的管道，在家中的牆壁上循環用水，儘管其中有一位皇帝的用水量居所有皇帝之首。

The Roman emperor Elagabalus ordered snow and ice to be delivered from nearby mountains to be brought home on the backs of donkeys so that he could stay cool during the summer.

羅馬皇帝埃拉加巴勒斯曾下令用驢子從附近的山上運送冰雪回家，以便在夏天保持涼爽。

This was extremely inefficient and out of the equation for all but the most powerful, but people needed a way to stay cool,

這非常沒有效率，除了最有權勢的人之外，對所有人來說都是不可能的，但人們需要一種方法來保持涼爽，

and a solution wouldn't come until 1902 when the first electrified air conditioning unit was installed, though its purpose was not to cool its building.

直到 1902 年安裝了第一臺電氣化空調設備後才有瞭解決辦法，儘管它的目的並不是為建築物降溫。

Air conditioning would go on to transform humanity, giving us summer blockbusters at movie theaters, computers, and allowing us to expand into climates once thought unlivable.

空調將繼續改變人類，為我們帶來電影院、電腦上的夏季大片，並讓我們能夠適應曾經被認為不適合居住的氣候。

This is Learn Something New.

這裡是《學習新知識》。

While many civilizations prior had implicitly figured out ways of cooling, Benjamin Franklin worked to understand why this was and how it might be more effectively done.

在此之前，許多文明都已經潛移默化地找到了降溫的方法，而班傑明・富蘭克林則致力於瞭解為什麼會出現這種情況，以及如何才能更有效地降溫。

In a letter he wrote in 1758, he described an experiment he conducted with John Hadley, a professor at Cambridge University, where they studied cooling by the evaporation of Fahrenheit to just 7 degrees.

他在 1758 年寫的一封信中描述了他與劍橋大學教授約翰·哈德利共同進行的一項實驗，他們研究了通過蒸發將華氏溫度冷卻到僅 7 度的方法。

While Ben Franklin wouldn't be able to use this to create any machine to replicate the effect at scale, others were quick to pick up the torch where he left off.

雖然富蘭克林無法利用這一點製造出任何機器來大規模複製這種效果，但其他人很快就接過了他手中的火炬。

Which leads us to Michael Faraday, the scientist who made many discoveries, including finding out that a magnet rotating inside a coiled wire can induce a current as well as developing the famous Faraday cage.

這讓我們想到了麥可‧法拉第，這位科學家有許多發現，包括發現磁鐵在盤繞的導線內旋轉可以產生電流，以及開發出著名的法拉第籠。

But the discovery that isn't often attributed to him is his discoveries relating to refrigerant gases.

但他的發現並不經常被歸功於他，而是他在製冷氣體方面的發現。

You see, in 1820, he learned that if he compressed ammonia into a liquid and then allowed it to evaporate, the air in his laboratory cooled.

你看，1820 年，他發現如果把氨壓縮成液體，然後讓它蒸發，實驗室裡的空氣就會冷卻。

Ten years later, this concept would be adopted by American Dr. John Gorey, who first designed an engine that could pull in air, compress it, then run it through pipes allowing it to cool the air as it expanded.

10 年後，美國的約翰・戈雷博士採用了這一概念，他首先設計了一種發動機，可以吸入空氣，將其壓縮，然後通過管道運行，使空氣在膨脹時冷卻。

He patented the idea in 1851, believing that it could be used in every building across the entire world to keep everyone cool, not just for his hospital patients.

他於 1851 年為這一想法申請了專利，認為它可以應用於全世界的每一棟建築，為每個人降溫，而不僅僅是為他的醫院病人降溫。

But after an extended tour through many cities throughout the Southeast United States, he found that nobody was willing to help him fund his idea,

但是，他在美國東南部的許多城市巡迴考察後發現，沒有人願意幫助他資助他的想法，

and thus it was shelved, at least until he realized that the pipes would eventually freeze and form ice.

所以這個想法被擱置了，至少在他意識到水管最終會結冰之前是這樣。

Though his ice machine would draw annoyance from some at the time, as the New York Globe painted him as someone who believed he could possess the power of God.

儘管他的製冰機在當時引起了一些人的不滿，因為《紐約環球報》把他描繪成一個相信自己擁有上帝力量的人。

Though many suspect this was partly propaganda from the natural ice industry of the time, which you can learn about in my video about the Ice King, Keeping America Cool Before Air Conditioning.

儘管許多人懷疑這有一部分是當時天然製冰業的大外宣，你可以在我關於冰王的影片《讓美國在冷氣之前保持涼爽》中瞭解到這一點。

But despite that, it would be ice that was used to make a makeshift air conditioning unit to make President James Garfield more comfortable on July 2nd, 1881,

儘管如此，人們還是用冰塊製作了一個臨時冷氣設備，讓詹詹姆士·加菲爾總統感到更加舒適，

after Charles Guiteau fired two shots from his revolver into Garfield's back.

就在 1881 年 7 月 2 日查爾斯・吉特奥用左輪手槍向加菲爾德的背部開了兩槍之後。

As he lay in his room in 95 degree Fahrenheit heat, naval engineers worked to develop a method to keep him cool.

當他在華氏 95 度的高溫下躺在房間裡時，海軍工程師們努力開發一種讓他保持涼爽的方法。

It ended up being an astronomer named Simon Newcomb that helped develop a new machine that used an engine connected to pipes that powered a fan blowing over a giant bucket of ice.

最終，一位名叫西蒙・紐科姆的天文學家幫助開發出了一種新機器，它使用一個連接管道的發動機，為吹過一個巨大冰桶的風扇提供動力。

He explained that the device held 6 tons of ice and was able to lower the President's room temperature from a sweltering 95 to just 75 degrees,

他解釋說，該裝置可容納 6 噸冰塊，能夠將總統的室溫從悶熱的 95 度降低到 75 度，

but all the while consumed hundreds of pounds of ice every single hour, and using around half a million pounds of ice over the course of two months before the President ultimately passed away.

但同時每小時都要消耗數百磅冰塊，在總統最終去世前的兩個月裡，共使用了約 50 萬磅冰塊。

After this, public interest in air conditioning largely died off because, similarly to El Gabalus before him, the President's system was simply unattainable for the everyday man, or even for many of the biggest companies of the time.

此後，公眾對冷氣的興趣逐漸消退，因為與之前的埃爾・加巴魯斯一樣，總統的系統對於普通人，甚至對於當時的許多大公司來說，都是遙不可及的。

It was just too inefficient.

效率太低了。

But at the turn of the century, it would be brought back out into the spotlight, with new advancements in technology that would lead to the early form of air conditioning units we see today.

但在世紀之交，隨著技術的不斷進步，空調又重新成為人們關注的焦點，這就是我們今天看到的空調的雛形。

Willis Carrier had a breakthrough in July of 1902 when he designed his apparatus for treating air, as he called it, which was first installed in the Sackett Williams Publishing Building in Brooklyn, New York.

威利斯·開利在 1902 年 7 月取得了突破性進展，他設計出了自己所謂的空氣處理設備，並首次安裝在紐約布魯克林的薩基特・威廉姆斯出版大廈。

This device built upon all that had been created before it, and it blew air over tubes containing a coolant, though in reality, its use was not for cooling.

這個裝置是在之前所有裝置的基礎上發展起來的，它將空氣吹到裝有冷卻劑的管子上，但實際上它並不是用來冷卻的。

It was less about the use of bringing down the temperature of the building, and more about bringing down the humidity in the building,

這與其說是為了降低大樓的溫度，不如說是為了降低大樓的溼度，

because there was excess water in the building's air that was damaging the publishing company's paper.

因為大樓空氣中過多的水分會損壞出版公司的紙張。

Carrier's device was especially significant because it was powered by electricity, rather than the hand-cranking nature of the ones that came before it, officially earning him the title as the inventor of air conditioning.

開利的設備之所以意義非凡，是因為它是由電力驅動的，而非之前的手搖式設備，這使他正式獲得了空調發明者的稱號。

But in the same year he installed his into the publishing house's building, another inventor was installing his cooling device into the New York Stock Exchange building.

但就在他把自己的設備安裝到出版社大樓的同一年，另一位發明家也把自己的冷卻設備安裝到了紐約證券交易所大樓。

Alfred Wolff's device used three ammonia absorption machines, the same compound Faraday used 80 years prior.

阿爾弗雷・-沃爾夫的裝置使用了三臺氨吸收器，與法拉第在 80 年前使用的化合物相同。

Each of these machines was able to cool with the equivalent capability of 150 tons of ice.

每臺機器的冷卻能力相當於 150 噸冰。

After installing this into the building, Wolff became the leading air conditioning engineer in New York City,

沃爾夫在大樓裡安裝了這種設備後，成為紐約市首屈一指的空調工程師，

though over the course of his career, he would only wind up installing three residential versions of his device, with most focusing on industrial use.

不過在他的職業生涯中，他最終只安裝了三種家用型設備，大部分都集中在工業用途上。

From there, Carrier began to expand the use of his air conditioning units, creating them for hotels, department stores, and even the White House in Capitol.

從那時起，開利開始擴大其空調設備的使用範圍，為酒店、百貨公司甚至國會白宮製造空調設備。

But it would gain the most popularity from the public for its use in theaters.

但它最受公眾歡迎的還是在影院中的使用。

Carrier's air conditioner was first introduced in 1925 on Memorial Day weekend in the Rivoli Theater in Times Square.

開利空調於 1925 年陣亡將士紀念日週末在時代廣場的裡沃利劇院首次推出。

Theaters had traditionally been closed during the summer because a lack of windows along with a crowd of humans tightly packed together had led to a surge of heat-related ailments.

傳統上，影院在夏季都是關閉的，因為沒有窗戶，加上人流密集，導致熱相關疾病激增。

After the introduction of air conditioners, however, people would flock to air conditioned movie theaters all across the country on some of the hottest summer days, leading to the summer blockbuster scheduling of films that we see today.

然而，空調問世後，在最炎熱的夏日，人們會湧向全國各地的空調影院，這就形成了我們今天看到的暑期大片排片。

From here, the air conditioning unit would only become more efficient, and as it improved, its impact could be seen across the country, with its effects still able to be seen today.

從那時起，空調設備的效率越來越高，隨著它的改進，其影響遍佈全國，至今仍能看到其效果。

Air conditioning made urban growth and industrial production in the southern states possible despite their heated climates.

儘管南方各州氣候炎熱，但空調使城市發展和工業生產成為可能。

It helped cool the first computers that took up entire rooms, and even changed architecture.

它幫助冷卻了佔據整個房間的第一臺電腦，甚至改變了建築風格。

For a long time, skyscrapers could only go up so high before the top floors would get unbearably hot, but with air conditioning, they felt they could go as high as they wanted.

長期以來，摩天大樓只能建到這麼高，頂層就會變得酷熱難耐，但有了空調之後，他們覺得可以想建多高就建多高。

Heat was no longer the limiting factor.

熱不再是限制因素。

Not to mention that mortality from extremely hot days dropped roughly 80% when comparing the average deaths before mass adoption in 1900-1959 to after many homes began being built with AC units pre-installed from 1960 on.

更不用說，將 1900-1959 年大規模採用空調之前的平均死亡人數與 1960 年起許多住宅開始預裝空調後的平均死亡人數相比，酷熱天的死亡率下降了約 80%。

Now, approximately 10% of all the electricity consumed in the United States is for air conditioning purposes, costing Americans around $30 billion a year.

現在，美國所有電力消耗中約有 10% 用於空調用途，每年造成美國人約 300 億美元的損失。

But that's a cost that nearly everyone seems to agree is worth it.

但幾乎每個人都認為這個代價是值得的。

Thanks for watching!

感謝觀看！

If you liked this video, please consider liking, subscribing, and sharing it.

如果你喜歡這部影片，請按讚、訂閱和分享。

And as always, thanks again, and I will see you in the next one.

一如既往，再次感謝，我們下期再見。