And an overwhelming number of these scientists were from Hungary.

這些科學家絕大多數來自匈牙利。

Part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until 1918, Hungary had a similar population size to the Austrian part of the empire.

1918 年之前，匈牙利一直是奧匈帝國的一部分，其人口數量與帝國的奧地利部分相近。

Yet Hungary produced a remarkable number of scientists in the 20th century.

然而，匈牙利在 20 世紀湧現出了大批傑出的科學家。

While Germany was a scientific powerhouse with advanced research centers, Hungary produced nearly the same number of prolific scientists, despite having only one-third of its population.

德國是科學強國，擁有先進的研究中心，而匈牙利儘管人口只有德國的三分之一，但卻產生了幾乎同樣數量的多產科學家。

A big reason can be attributed to Hungary's genius factories, great schools that prepared students for university.

其中一個重要原因是匈牙利的天才工廠，即培養學生上大學的名校。

One notable example is the Minta Gymnasium, founded by Mora von Kármán, who reformed the Hungarian school system to emphasize problem-solving over rote learning.

莫拉-馮-卡爾曼（Mora von Kármán）改革了匈牙利的學校制度，強調解決問題而不是死記硬背。

His son, the mathematician Theodor von Kármán recalled,

他的兒子、數學家西奧多-馮-卡爾曼回憶道、

At no time did we memorize rules from the book.

我們從不死記硬背書本上的規則。

Instead, we sought to develop them ourselves.

相反，我們尋求自行開發。

Teachers at Minta emphasized inductive reasoning, deriving general rules from specific examples.

明塔的教師強調歸納推理，從具體事例中推導出一般規則。

For example, students might measure the sides of various right-angled triangles and observe the consistent relationship between the lengths, leading them to independently discover that a squared plus b squared equals c squared.

例如，學生可以測量各種直角三角形的邊長，觀察邊長之間的一致關係，從而獨立發現 a 的平方加 b 的平方等於 c 的平方。

The Minta Gymnasium produced many outstanding scientists, including physical chemist Michael

明塔體育館培養了許多傑出的科學家，其中包括物理化學家邁克爾

Polanyi and physicists Edward Teller and Leo Szilárd.

波蘭尼和物理學家愛德華-特勒（Edward Teller）及利奧-斯齊拉爾德（Leo Szilárd）。

The Minta's model was so successful that the Lutheran school adopted it.

明塔的模式非常成功，路德會學校也採用了這一模式。

John von Neumann, who developed the modern computer, game theory, and helped build the bomb was a famous alumnus.

約翰-馮-諾依曼（John von Neumann）是一位著名的校友，他開發了現代計算機和博弈論，並幫助製造了原子彈。

I recently produced a video about him that I've linked in my description.

我最近製作了一段關於他的視頻，我在描述中鏈接了這段視頻。

His legendary high school math teacher, Laszlo Ratz, was an actual mathematician, not simply an educator with theoretical knowledge.

他的傳奇高中數學老師拉斯洛-拉茨（Laszlo Ratz）是一位真正的數學家，而不僅僅是一位擁有理論知識的教育家。

Ratz was so impressed by von Neumann that he arranged for him to have tutoring sessions with university math professors.

拉茨對馮-諾依曼印象深刻，於是安排他與大學數學教授進行輔導。

It was common in Hungary for prominent mathematicians and scientists to take on mentorship roles.

在匈牙利，著名數學家和科學家擔任導師的情況很普遍。

Von Neumann benefited from the minds of three great mentors who introduced him to advanced mathematical concepts while he was still a teen.

馮-諾依曼受益於三位偉大導師的思想，他們在他還是青少年時就向他介紹了先進的數學概念。

Laszlo Ratz also greatly influenced another Lutheran student, Eugene Wigner.

拉斯洛-拉茨還對路德會的另一位學生尤金-維格納產生了很大影響。

When Wigner won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his many contributions to nuclear physics, he credited his high school math teacher in his speech, explaining that Ratz evoked in me a sense of the beauty of his subject.

當維格納因其在核物理方面的諸多貢獻而獲得諾貝爾物理學獎時，他在致辭中讚揚了他的高中數學老師，並解釋說："拉茨喚起了我對他的學科之美的感覺。

Ratz's impact was so profound that Wigner kept a photo of him in his office.

拉茨的影響如此深遠，以至於維格納在自己的辦公室裡放了一張他的照片。

A street in Budapest is named in Ratz's honor, reflecting the deep respect and lasting legacy of Hungary's educators.

布達佩斯的一條街道以拉茨的名字命名，體現了匈牙利教育家的崇高敬意和永恆遺產。

This kind of mentorship extended beyond high school.

這種師徒關係一直延續到高中之後。

When completing his PhD, Wigner was grateful to be taken under the wing by Michael Polanyi.

維格納在完成博士學業時，被邁克爾-波蘭尼（Michael Polanyi）收歸門下，這讓他十分感激。

What a mentor Michael Polanyi was.

邁克爾-波蘭尼是一位怎樣的導師？

Polanyi advised Wigner's doctoral dissertation and gave him a place at his laboratory at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin.

波蘭尼為維格納的博士論文提供了建議，並讓他在自己位於柏林的德皇威廉研究所的實驗室工作。

Wigner wrote fondly about Polanyi's mentorship in his autobiography.

維格納在自傳中深情地回憶了波蘭尼對他的指導。

Polanyi took an interest in all of his assistants, but I felt that he liked me especially.

波蘭尼對他所有的助手都很感興趣，但我覺得他特別喜歡我。

Polanyi even loaned me a bit of money when I needed it.

在我需要錢的時候，波蘭尼還借給我一點。

But his finest gift was to encourage my work in physics, and this he did with all of his very great heart.

但他最好的禮物是鼓勵我在物理學方面的工作，這是他用他那偉大的心靈所做的一切。

In all my life, I've never known anyone who used encouragement as skillfully as Polanyi.

在我的一生中，我從未見過像波蘭尼那樣善於使用鼓勵的人。

He was truly an artist of praise.

他確實是一位令人稱讚的藝術家。

Jewish students like Wigner often gravitated toward careers in physics and mathematics.

像維格納這樣的猶太學生往往傾向於從事物理和數學方面的工作。

Fields where students were judged based on their ability alone, at a time when antisemitism ran rampant throughout Europe.

在反猶太主義肆虐整個歐洲的時候，學生們在這裡僅憑自己的能力進行評判。

Jews in the Russian Empire faced brutal pogroms that threatened their lives.

俄羅斯帝國的猶太人面臨殘酷的大屠殺，生命受到威脅。

This postcard shows pogromists celebrating the murder of Jews with shots of vodka.

這張明信片展示了大屠殺者手持伏特加酒慶祝謀殺猶太人的場景。

Alcohol often fueled their rampages.

酒精往往助長了他們的暴行。

In Germany, antisemitism was on the rise even before the Nazi era, with Jews often being blamed for economic and political issues, limiting their prospects.

在德國，甚至在納粹時代之前，反猶太主義就已抬頭，猶太人常常因經濟和政治問題而受到指責，限制了他們的發展前景。

This pressure created a heightened sense of urgency among Jews in Europe to succeed.

在這種壓力下，歐洲的猶太人對成功產生了更強烈的緊迫感。

As John von Neumann noted, there was a feeling of extreme insecurity in the individuals and the necessity to produce the unusual or face extinction.

正如約翰-馮-諾依曼（John von Neumann）所指出的那樣，個人有一種極度的不安全感，必須創造出不同尋常的東西，否則就會面臨滅頂之災。

He's saying that fear drove Jews to strive to be extraordinary in order to ensure their survival.

他是說，恐懼驅使猶太人努力成為非凡的人，以確保他們的生存。

The Austro-Hungarian Empire was more inclusive than other European regions.

奧匈帝國比其他歐洲地區更具包容性。

Emperor Franz Joseph granted Jews equal rights, declaring,

弗朗茨-約瑟夫皇帝賦予猶太人平等權利，並宣佈

Jews were elevated to the highest echelons of society.

猶太人被提升到社會的最高層。

John von Neumann's father Max, a successful banker and lawyer, became an economic advisor to the Hungarian government.

約翰-馮-諾依曼的父親馬克斯是一位成功的銀行家和律師，後來成為匈牙利政府的經濟顧問。

The emperor's reign was marked by an unprecedented peaceful period in Hungary, during which the arts, literature, and sciences flourished.

皇帝在位期間，匈牙利經歷了前所未有的和平時期，藝術、文學和科學蓬勃發展。

However, Hungarian Jews were well aware that their fortunes could turn.

然而，匈牙利猶太人清楚地意識到，他們的命運可能會發生轉折。

And they did.

他們做到了。

The good times ended soon after the death of Franz Joseph in 1916.

1916 年弗朗茨-約瑟夫去世後，好日子很快就結束了。

The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after World War I, creating a power vacuum that fueled a surge of nationalism in Hungary.

第一次世界大戰後，奧匈帝國崩潰，造成了權力真空，助長了匈牙利民族主義的高漲。

Riding this wave, Hungary's wartime leader, Admiral Miklós Horthy, seized power in 1920, establishing a right-wing regime that discriminated against the Jewish population.

匈牙利戰時領導人米克洛什-霍西上將乘著這股浪潮於 1920 年奪取政權，建立了歧視猶太人的右翼政權。

Many families of the scientists converted to Christianity to avoid discrimination.

為了避免歧視，許多科學家的家庭皈依了基督教。

Young, ambitious, bright Jewish students no longer had a future in Hungary or in many other parts of Europe.

年輕、有抱負、聰明的猶太學生在匈牙利或歐洲其他許多地方不再有前途。

Germany was the leading nation in scientific research at the time, but Hitler's policy of purging the nation's universities and institutions of Jewish scientists led to its decline.

當時，德國在科學研究方面處於領先地位，但希特勒在全國各大學和機構推行的清除猶太科學家的政策導致了德國的衰落。

Meanwhile, America welcomed these brilliant scientists with open arms and fat wallets.

與此同時，美國張開雙臂和豐厚的錢包歡迎這些傑出的科學家。

Princeton University offered Eugene Wigner more than seven times what he earned in Berlin.

普林斯頓大學提供給尤金-維格納的學費是他在柏林所掙學費的七倍多。

Leo Szilard fled Germany in March 1933, reportedly the day before the borders closed.

Leo Szilard 於 1933 年 3 月逃離德國，據說是在邊境關閉的前一天。

Research led him to conclude, if you want to succeed in this world, you don't have to be much cleverer than other people.

研究讓他得出結論：如果你想在這個世界上取得成功，你並不需要比別人聰明多少。

You just have to be one day earlier.

你只需提前一天。

Szilard conceived the nuclear chain reaction, theorizing that certain elements, when bombarded with neutrons, could produce more neutrons, leading to a self-sustaining chain reaction.

Szilard 提出了核鏈式反應的概念，認為某些元素在受到中子轟擊時會產生更多的中子，從而導致自我維持的鏈式反應。

When the highly unstable uranium-235 nucleus is struck by a neutron, it becomes uranium-236.

當高度不穩定的鈾 235 核受到中子撞擊時，就會變成鈾 236。

This newly formed nucleus is so unstable that it splits into two smaller atoms, such as krypton and barium.

這種新形成的原子核非常不穩定，會分裂成兩個較小的原子，如氪和鋇。

In the process, more neutrons are released, which strike more U-235s, causing a chain reaction and a massive explosion.

在此過程中，更多的中子被釋放出來，撞擊到更多的鈾-235，引起連鎖反應和大爆炸。

Szilard confided to fellow Hungarian physicist Edward Teller, you know what fission means.

Szilard 對匈牙利物理學家 Edward Teller 說："你知道裂變意味著什麼。

It means bombs.

這意味著炸彈。

The famous letter that Albert Einstein sent to President Roosevelt, warning of Germany's potential to develop an atomic bomb, was actually written with the help of Szilard.

阿爾伯特-愛因斯坦寫給羅斯福總統的那封警告德國可能研製原子彈的名信，實際上就是在西拉德的幫助下寫成的。

The letter warned of the danger of nuclear fission.

信中警告了核裂變的危險。

Quote,

引用、

This new phenomenon would also lead to the construction of bombs, and it is conceivable, though much less certain, that extremely powerful bombs of a new type may thus be constructed.

這種新現象也會導致炸彈的製造，可以想象（儘管不那麼確定），一種新型的威力極大的炸彈可能會是以製造出來。

Einstein signed the letter because he was the most famous scientist in America, ensuring that President Roosevelt would take the warning seriously.

愛因斯坦在信上籤了名，因為他是美國最著名的科學家，確保羅斯福總統會認真對待這一警告。

This letter was crucial in prompting the Americans to launch the Manhattan Project, to develop the bomb before Germany could.

這封信在促使美國人啟動曼哈頓計劃，搶在德國之前研製出原子彈方面起到了至關重要的作用。

The deadliest weapon known to humankind was built, in large part, by a group of Hungarian

人類已知的最致命武器在很大程度上是由一群匈牙利人制造的

Martians.

火星人

They were brilliant thinkers who attended prestigious schools, immigrated to America, collaborated closely, and had an extraordinary impact on the 20th century.

他們都是傑出的思想家，上過名校，移民美國，密切合作，對 20 世紀產生了非凡的影響。

It's clear that strong education played a crucial role in Hungary's success in producing brilliant scientists.

顯然，匈牙利之所以能成功培養出傑出的科學家，強大的教育功不可沒。

If you'd like to improve your math and science skills, there's a fantastic way to learn, and it's free to try.

如果你想提高自己的數學和科學技能，有一個非常好的學習方法，而且可以免費嘗試。

Brilliant is a website and app that helps you improve your STEM skills, whether you're starting out or looking to build on what you already know.

Brilliant 是一個幫助你提高 STEM 技能的網站和應用程序，無論你是初學者還是想在已有基礎上更上一層樓。

Brilliant's scientific thinking course lets you explore key scientific principles interactively, much like the hands-on approach used in Hungarian genius factories.

Brilliant 的科學思維課程讓您以互動的方式探索關鍵的科學原理，就像匈牙利天才工廠使用的動手方法一樣。

If you're interested in data analysis, Brilliant recently launched a ton of new content using real-world data to help you see trends and make better-informed decisions.

如果您對數據分析感興趣，Brilliant 最近推出了大量使用真實數據的新內容，幫助您洞察趨勢，做出更明智的決策。

If coding is more your thing, you can get familiar with Python and start building programs on day one with the built-in drag-and-drop editor.

如果你更喜歡編碼，你可以在第一天就熟悉 Python，並使用內置的拖放編輯器開始構建程序。

You can try Brilliant for free for 30 days by signing up with my custom link in the description, brilliant.org slash Newsthink, or scan the QR code on your screen.

您可以使用我在描述中的自定義鏈接 brilliant.org slash Newsthink 註冊，或掃描螢幕上的二維碼，免費試用 Brilliant 30 天。

By signing up with my link or code, you'll get a 20% discount off your annual premium subscription, giving you access to thousands of courses.

使用我的鏈接或代碼註冊後，您將獲得年度高級訂閱 8 折優惠，從而可以訪問數千門課程。

Thanks for watching.

感謝觀看。

For Newsthink, I'm Cindy Pom.

在 Newsthink，我是辛迪-龐。