The fifth book of the Bible, the completion of the Torah, the last of the Pentateuch is Deuteronomy.

申命記》是《聖經》的第五卷，也是 "摩西五經 "的最後一卷。

I'm almost sad to see this part of the Bible go.

我幾乎捨不得《聖經》的這一部分。

There is so much to look at here.

這裡有太多值得一看的東西。

There is such a setting up of the rest of the biblical texts.

聖經》其他部分的內容也是如此。

And really, of course, this is the foundation to the Israelite nation.

當然，這確實是以色列民族的基礎。

If you haven't watched my first four episodes, I'd encourage you to do so, as what happens here in this book is a summation of many things that have been set up previously.

如果你還沒有看過我的前四集，我鼓勵你去看一看，因為在本書中發生的事情是之前許多事情的總結。

So let's just jump right in today with point one, which is book overview.

那麼，今天就讓我們直接從第一點，也就是圖書概覽開始吧。

Now, Deuteronomy means in Greek, second law.

申命記在希臘語中的意思是 "第二律法"。

If you can believe it, even after everything that has happened in Exodus and Leviticus in terms of law, we get more.

如果你相信的話，即使在《出埃及記》和《利未記》的律法方面發生了這麼多事情之後，我們還能得到更多。

We get a redoing, a second contract, or maybe third now, Abraham, Moses, Moses again.

亞伯拉罕，摩西，又是摩西。

We get a relisting of the 10 commandments, plus some add-ons.

我們將重新列出十誡，再加上一些附加內容。

We cover what went wrong with all of the Levitical laws, but we didn't take any away.

我們介紹了所有利未人律法的錯誤之處，但我們沒有拿走任何一條律法。

We're just gonna add some more.

我們只是要增加一些。

We're gonna give some clarification.

我們要做一些澄清。

We're gonna double down.

我們要加倍努力

A lot of times, I think people like to think of it as Old and New Testament.

很多時候，我認為人們喜歡將其視為《舊約》和《新約》。

And that they're so congruent, which is already problematic.

而且它們如此一致，這已經很成問題了。

But this is another restart.

但這是另一次重新啟動。

We had the Garden of Eden, but that didn't work out.

我們曾有過伊甸園，但沒有成功。

We had the fall.

我們摔倒了

And we had a whole system set up post-fall, but even that didn't work out.

我們在秋天之後建立了一整套系統，但即使這樣也沒有成功。

So we had the flood, a mass murder of almost every single thing on this planet.

於是就有了洪水，一場對地球上幾乎所有生物的大屠殺。

But yet, man started again.

然而，人類又開始了。

And when we were too good at working with each other and collaborating, and when we had just one language, which would have made understanding God's word so simple, God said, nope, Tower of Babel.

當我們太擅長相互合作和協作時，當我們只有一種語言時，這本可以讓理解上帝的話語變得如此簡單時，上帝卻說，不，巴別塔。

Let's start this thing over again.

讓我們重新開始吧

Spread you guys out and confuse your languages.

把你們分散開，混淆你們的語言。

That should help with my overall purpose and message.

這對我的總體目標和資訊應該有所幫助。

But that led to most of his chosen people being in captivity for 400 or 430 years in Egypt.

但這導致他所選中的大部分子民被囚禁在埃及達 400 或 430 年之久。

Oh, and by the way, somewhere in here was a covenant with Abraham, but he sets the people free and they get a new covenant with Moses as they wander around in the wilderness.

哦，順便說一下，在這裡的某個地方有一個與亞伯拉罕的盟約，但亞伯拉罕給了人們自由，當他們在曠野徘徊時，他們得到了一個與摩西的新盟約。

And now in Deuteronomy, they are getting a second law, a renewal covenant for the children of the generation whose promises didn't come true.

現在，在申命記中，他們得到了第二部律法，為那些承諾沒有實現的一代人的後代重新立約。

How many iterations and times do we have to completely start over here if you are an all good and all knowing and all powerful God?

如果你是一位全善、全知、全能的神，那麼我們需要反覆多少次才能完全從頭開始？

But I digress, not the point.

但我想說的是，這不是重點。

The point of these is to give you a pretty objective view of what is happening in these stories and what we can know about them historically and factually, along, of course, with some of my commentary on the issues presented for the religion that stands today.

這些內容的目的是讓你對這些故事中發生的事情有一個相當客觀的看法，以及我們可以從歷史和事實方面瞭解到的情況，當然，還有我對當今宗教所呈現的問題的一些評論。

So, second law.

所以，第二定律。

And this book is really broken into three parts and all three parts are kind of sermons or monologues from Moses.

這本書實際上分為三個部分，三個部分都是摩西的佈道或獨白。

In the first 10 to 12 verses, we get Moses kind of telling the story.

在前 10 到 12 節經文中，摩西向我們講述了這個故事。

Hey, here's what happened.

嘿，事情是這樣的

Here's what God did for us.

這就是上帝為我們所做的。

And he's chastising this newer generation because remember the curse that happened in Numbers was that the original Exodus generation would not get to enter the promised land.

他在責備這一代人，因為還記得《民數記》中的詛咒，出埃及的最初一代人無法進入應許之地。

Well, all those soldiers have somehow miraculously died, every single one of them, even though Moses was older than most of them and he's still kicking.

所有這些阿兵哥都奇蹟般地死了，每一個人都死了，儘管摩西比他們中的大多數人都年長，而且他還在踢球。

So within this 38 year period, everyone that needed to die died.

是以，在這 38 年裡，所有該死的人都死了。

And now we have this fresh new generation and Moses is addressing them, the new children of Israel, telling them of the horrible things their parents did and the wrath of God that they brought on themselves, reminding them of all of the blessings and grace of God and all of the wickedness and wrongdoings of Israel.

現在，我們有了新的一代，摩西正在向他們--新的以色列子孫--講話，告訴他們他們的父母所做的可怕的事情，以及他們給自己帶來的上帝的憤怒，提醒他們上帝所有的祝福和恩典，以及以色列人所有的邪惡和錯誤行為。

I'm surprised he could say it with a straight face.

我很驚訝他居然能一臉正經地說出來。

But during this time, we get some pretty important prayers to the Jewish people as well as some new promises and an idea that this generation will indeed inherit the promised land.

但在這段時間裡，我們得到了一些對猶太民族相當重要的祈禱，以及一些新的承諾和這一代人確實將繼承應許之地的想法。

So this is the training section and we'll cover some of those important prayers like the Shema when we get into the main themes.

是以，這是培訓部分，當我們進入主題時，我們將介紹一些重要的祈禱文，如《舍瑪》。

And the second part of the book is that renewal of law and the add-ons.

本書的第二部分是法律的更新和附加內容。

And we get all kinds of add-ons.

我們還有各種附加功能。

We get more dietary restrictions, we get more family and business restrictions, but it seems that we're getting a lot more about other gods.

我們有了更多的飲食限制，我們有了更多的家庭和商業限制，但我們似乎有了更多關於其他神靈的限制。

Now this I think is where things get interesting.

現在，我認為事情變得有趣了。

We've seen all throughout these first five books, you should have no other gods before me.

我們在前五部書中已經看到，在我面前，你們不應該有其他的神。

And we see them building a false idol, a graven image, the calf at Sinai.

我們看到他們在西奈半島建造了一個假神像，一個人造雕像，即牛犢。

And the way that these words are broken down in Hebrew and these different terms that are thrown about, about no other gods, no false gods, and no false idols are three different things.

在希伯來語中，這些詞的分解方式和這些不同的術語，即沒有其他神、沒有假神、沒有假偶像是三件不同的事。

Now I don't want to open a can of worms, especially if you're a believer, but there is good reason to believe that the original Yahweh traditions and believers would have seen him as one of a pantheon of gods.

現在我不想揭開謎底，尤其是如果你是一個信徒的話，但有充分的理由相信，最初的雅威傳統和信徒會把他視為萬神殿中的一員。

Yahweh's origins as El or the son of El and his previous marriage to Asherah and all of this other more ancient traditions of this same storm god Yahweh show him just like all the other gods of mythology that we think of.

耶和華起源於埃爾或埃爾之子，他之前與阿舍拉的婚姻，以及風暴之神耶和華的所有其他更古老的傳統，都表明他與我們認為的其他神話中的神一樣。

Battles with his father, fallouts with his wife, proving his potency as a god by the worship he gets from his believers and the victories that he has through them in their conquering of other people that serve other gods.

與父親的爭鬥，與妻子的爭吵，通過信徒對他的崇拜以及他通過信徒征服其他侍奉其他神靈的人所取得的勝利來證明他作為神的力量。

So again, especially in this book, as they get ready, as Moses is training these people that are going into a land, the Canaanite land, with many different gods, it seems he's wanting to show them there is no other god above our god.

是以，特別是在這本書中，當他們準備好時，當摩西在訓練這些即將進入迦南之地的人們時，他似乎想告訴他們，在我們的神之上沒有其他的神。

Not that there's no other god, but hey, we've got the best one.

不是說沒有其他的神，但嘿嘿，我們有最好的神。

And a lot of ways that Christians have explained this other concept or this other category of other gods is that the other gods are other supernatural beings like fallen angels or demons or devils or the devil himself.

基督徒解釋其他神的概念或類別的很多方法是，其他神是其他超自然生物，如墮落天使、惡魔、魔鬼或魔鬼本身。

And that's fine.

這很好。

I guess we don't need to have this clarification, but it seems to me, and to many who have studied this much more than I, that there's good reason to believe that the concept was there were many gods and it was about choosing which god you were going to worship and which god was most powerful.

我想我們不需要做這樣的澄清，但在我看來，而且在許多比我研究得更深入的人看來，我們有充分的理由相信，當時的概念是有許多神，而這是關於選擇你要崇拜的神以及哪個神最強大的問題。

And this is backed up in the Old Testament immensely.

這一點在《舊約全書》中得到了充分的證實。

And then the third part of the book is Moses's final speech and death and handing the reins over to Joshua.

本書的第三部分是摩西最後的演講和死亡，並將韁繩交給了約書亞。

We also get, as an interesting point, the longest prayer in the entire Bible comes in the third part here, Deuteronomy 32, I believe.

有趣的是，整本《聖經》中最長的禱告詞出現在申命記第 32 章的第三部分。

It's known as the Song of Moses or Moses's Poem or Moses's Song of Witness.

它被稱為《摩西之歌》或《摩西之詩》或《摩西見證之歌》。

And it is about the grace of God even amidst Israel's rebellion.

這也是關於上帝的恩典，即使是在以色列的叛逆中。

But just a little side note, what I think is really interesting here about this final speech, this is Moses getting everyone geared up before he dies.

但有一點我想說的是，摩西在臨死前的最後一次演講中，讓所有人都做好了準備，這才是真正有趣的地方。

Like you're going, you made it, 40 years, here we go.

就像你要去，你做到了，40 年了，我們走吧。

Slavery in Egypt, parting the Red Sea, your parents' rebellion, you're going to get it.

埃及的奴役、紅海的分開、你父母的叛逆，你都會明白。

Don't mess it up.

別搞砸了

Here's the rules, here's the laws.

這是規則，這是法律。

But he says, on the other hand, you're probably gonna screw this up.

但他說，另一方面，你很可能會把事情搞砸。

He is so filled with doubt at this point in his life.

此時此刻，他的內心充滿了疑惑。

Imagine, I mean, he dies at 120 years old.

想象一下，我是說，他在 120 歲時去世。

So he's well over 100 at this point and he's seen it all.

是以，他現在已經年過百歲，見多識廣。

And he is just so fed up with the cycle of rebellion and consequence and screwing it up all over again that he says, listen, you're gonna screw it up.

他受夠了叛逆和後果的循環，受夠了一次又一次地把事情搞砸，所以他說，聽著，你會把事情搞砸的。

Here's the good news.

好消息是

When you do, not if, when you do, anytime you find yourself in captivity or under God's justice, meaning God's wrath, if you turn to him, he will deliver you.

當你這樣做的時候，而不是如果，當你這樣做的時候，無論何時你發現自己被囚禁或處於上帝的正義（即上帝的憤怒）之下，只要你轉向他，他就會拯救你。

Which then like, what is the point of the promised land?

那麼，應許之地的意義何在？

Right, like, isn't the whole idea, if you're just zooming out, God has this people, they're his chosen people.

對，就像，如果你只是放大來看，整個想法不就是，上帝有這個民族，他們是他的選民。

It's the covenant of which he's going to bless the entire earth.

這是他要祝福整個地球的盟約。

He's going to use them and set them apart.

他要利用他們，讓他們與眾不同。

This is going to be a people group of priests, is what we are told in Exodus and Leviticus.

出埃及記》和《利未記》告訴我們，這將是一群祭司。

That they're going to be held to such a higher standard of morality via the law in comparison to all of those other tribes and practices around them.

與他們周圍的其他部落和習俗相比，他們將被法律賦予更高的道德標準。

That it will be like a nation of priests.

它將像一個祭司之國。

They will go through this, what should have been a very small wandering, but turned into this horrendous 40 years because of their disobedience.

他們將經歷這本應是非常小的漂泊，卻因為他們的不順心而變成了可怕的 40 年。

Even though they had this law that would make them so much more moral than everybody else.

儘管他們有這樣的法律，可以讓他們比其他人更有道德。

And even though they haven't gotten better at following that law.

儘管他們並沒有更好地遵守法律。

Moses is like, yep, 40 years is up.

摩西說，是的，40 年到了。

You paid your penalty.

你支付了罰款。

It doesn't matter if you learned or not.

學不學並不重要。

In fact, you're definitely going to screw this up.

事實上，你肯定會搞砸的。

Let's go over there and murder everyone.

讓我們過去殺了所有人。

Take the promised land anyways, and you're probably going to screw it up so bad that God's going to just take it away from you and give it to your enemies again, which he does, which we see.

無論如何都要奪取應許之地，而且你很可能會把它搞得一團糟，以至於上帝會把它從你身邊奪走，重新給你的敵人。

How bad is God at making all of these plans?

上帝制定這些計劃的能力有多差？

But anyways, that's the setup.

但不管怎麼說，這就是設置。

That's the book overview.

這就是本書的概述。

That's what we're working with.

這就是我們的工作。

Let's move on to point two, which is authorship and date.

下面我們來看第二點，即作者和日期。

I don't have anything too new to say about this.

對此，我沒有什麼新的看法。

Again, see the last four videos and see specifically when I cover in Genesis to get the full measure of the difference between the traditional sense that Moses wrote the Torah, which of course is problematic, especially in this book as he describes his own death, or the documentary hypothesis, which mixes really four ancient sources together that the best belief is they were compiled during their exile in Babylon because of one of their times of disobedience.

同樣，請看最後四個視頻，特別是當我提到《創世紀》時，你就能全面瞭解傳統意義上摩西寫《聖經》（當然這是有問題的，特別是在這本書中，因為他描述了自己的死亡）與文獻假說之間的區別，文獻假說將四種古代資料混合在一起，最好的說法是，這些資料是在他們流亡巴比倫期間編纂的，因為他們有一次不服從命令。

This would have been late 5th or 6th century, and they were putting all of this together as they were preparing for their release because if they're obedient, they get their act together, God's going to deliver them, which he does.

這應該是 5 世紀晚期或 6 世紀的事了，他們在準備獲釋時把這一切拼湊在一起，因為如果他們順從，振作起來，上帝就會拯救他們，而他也確實做到了。

And so this period of compiling their law, their history, all of their oral traditions together, all of their different sources would have been very helpful.

是以，這一時期將他們的法律、歷史、所有口述傳統、所有不同的資料來源彙編在一起，會非常有幫助。

Now specifically, and that's been true for the last four books, but specifically for Deuteronomy, we get an idea of an alternate way of getting this book, something else that rises up to significance within the scholarly aspect of the authorship for this.

具體來說，過去四本書都是如此，但特別是申命記，我們可以從另一種角度來理解這本書，在作者的學術意義上，這本書的其他內容也很重要。

It's a process of redaction, but it ends with a 7th century period of time that is associated with the kingdom of Judah.

這是一個節錄的過程，但它以一個與猶大王國有關的 7 世紀時期結束。

For instance, in 2 Kings, we learn more about this period where we have King Josiah within the kingdom of Judah implementing significant religious reform, which looks a lot like the second law given in Deuteronomy.

例如，在《列王記下》中，我們瞭解到更多關於這一時期的資訊，猶大王國的約西亞王實施了重大的宗教改革，這與申命記的第二條律法非常相似。

And so there's this hypothesis that really this is a retelling or a looking back to get inspiration from for the Israelites now under King Josiah.

是以，有一種假設認為，這其實是對約西亞王統治下的以色列人的重述或回顧，從中獲得靈感。

Could be either or, could be neither.

可能是兩者之一，也可能兩者都不是。

We don't really know.

我們真的不知道。

What we do know is it started with a lot of oral tradition.

我們所知道的是，它始於大量的口口相傳。

People started to collect this.

人們開始收集這些東西。

We had the priests collecting it.

我們有牧師在收集。

We had two different views of God, the Yahwehist view and the Elohist view or Elohim view, along with the Deuteronomical sources.

我們對上帝有兩種不同的看法，一種是耶和華主義的看法，另一種是埃洛主義的看法或埃洛欣的看法，還有《申命記》的來源。

We combine all four of those together and we get the first five books.

我們把這四本合在一起，就得到了前五本書。

I'm glad to finally be done explaining this book after book after book.

我很高興終於可以一本書又一本書地解釋這些了。

So let's move on to point three, which is historical context or background and accuracy.

接下來，讓我們談談第三點，即歷史背景或背景和準確性。

So this, like the last few books, is going to be rather short because there's just not that much evidence for this kind of a people group at this kind of scale for this many years in this place of the world.

是以，和前幾本書一樣，這本書的篇幅會比較短，因為沒有那麼多證據表明，在世界的這個地方，有這樣一個規模的民族群體存在了這麼多年。

There are some things that we do see accurately.

有些東西我們確實看得很準。

For instance, Moses is reminding his people about these new laws and why it's so important to keep them in contrast to the other tribes around them, the Canaanites, the Moabites, et cetera.

例如，摩西在提醒他的子民注意這些新律法，以及為什麼遵守這些律法與周圍的其他部落（迦南人、摩押人等）相比如此重要。

And we know that these were real people groups.

我們知道，這些都是真實的人群。

In fact, all of these sermons that Moses is giving is done in the plains of Moab.

事實上，摩西的這些佈道都是在摩押平原上進行的。

We know this to be a real place.

我們知道這是一個真實的地方。

The Moabites, once again, had a portion of land that we know archaeologically speaking, we can see their pottery, we can see their inscriptions, though none of it describes Israel at all.

摩押人又一次擁有了我們從考古學角度瞭解到的一部分土地，我們可以看到他們的陶器，我們可以看到他們的銘文，儘管這些都完全沒有描述以色列。

And it's a spot that is east of Canaan separated by the Jordan River.

它位於迦南以東，被約旦河隔開。

So there is some historical accuracy here in terms of landscape and people groups.

是以，在景觀和人群方面，這裡有一定的歷史準確性。

Was there a portion of Jews that crossed through this place at one time?

曾經有一部分猶太人穿過這裡嗎？

Probably.

也許吧

Is it this story directly?

是直接講這個故事嗎？

Probably not, but we can't say one way or another for sure.

也許不是，但我們無法確定。

Again, especially this book, like this happened a little bit in Leviticus with so much being around the camp at Sinai that it's just in this one spot for a very short period of time.

同樣，特別是這本書，就像在利未記中發生的那樣，西奈半島的營地周圍有很多東西，只是在很短的時間內就在這一個地方。

And there's just not that much information, but we do get a look into the insight of these people groups, of the other gods that people worshiped into the tribal nature and hierarchies and rules within those groups.

雖然沒有那麼多資訊，但我們確實可以瞭解到這些民族群體的洞察力，瞭解到人們崇拜的其他神靈，瞭解到這些群體內部的部落性質、等級制度和規則。

And again, some of the landscape and cities and rivers and landmarks, et cetera.

同樣，還有一些景觀、城市、河流和地標，等等。

We really don't get archaeological evidence until the Tel Dan Stili, which we see an inscription of the House of David, which is gonna come much later.

直到在泰勒丹-斯蒂利（Tel Dan Stili），我們看到了大衛之家的碑文，這才是真正的考古證據。

So what we're working off are these oral traditions put down into collections of books is really the best that we can do.

是以，我們所能做的，就是將這些口頭傳說整理成書。

So moving on to point four, literary analysis.

接下來是第四點，文學分析。

This has been really interesting.

這真的很有趣。

And again, we get a unique perspective here.

在這裡，我們再次獲得了一個獨特的視角。

We've had something different in almost every single book so far.

到目前為止，我們幾乎每本書都有不同的內容。

And yes, in general, the genre is that of ancient near Eastern literature and the narrative forms that have been happening with techniques like chaostic structure, et cetera, and repetition have definitely been seen across everything.

是的，總的來說，這種體裁是古代近東文學的體裁，而敘事形式中出現的混沌結構等技巧和重複無疑在所有作品中都能看到。

But again, each book gives us a little bit of a unique taste.

但同樣，每本書都會給我們帶來一點獨特的味道。

And this one is going to be treaty.

這將是一項條約。

We've seen legal code, we've seen moral code.

我們見過法律準則，也見過道德準則。

And even though we've had covenants in some of the previous books, this is our first like hard line in the sand example of treaty.

儘管我們在之前的一些書中也有過盟約，但這是我們第一次在沙地上籤訂硬性條約。

And specifically at this time, we'd be referring to two words, suzerain and vassal.

具體來說，此時我們會提到兩個詞，宗主和附庸。

Suzerain is going to be the owner of the contract, so to speak, the superior party.

蘇澤蘭將是合同的所有者，可以說是優勢方。

Vassal is going to be the weaker or the subordinate party.

附庸將是弱者或從屬方。

And this is important and it's interesting because this is how God is setting up via Moses, where all these other tribes are recognizing that their king is some kind of supreme power.

這一點很重要，也很有趣，因為這是上帝通過摩西設置的，所有其他部落都承認他們的國王是某種至高無上的權力。

Moses is saying, as we have leaders like myself and what's to come with Joshua, et cetera, they are still under the vassal portion of this.