Before an exam, some students cram for it. Even if you're a genius, you'll have to do some revision. If the exam happens every year, you can revise by looking at past papers.

考試前，有些學生會進行補習。即使你是天才，也必須進行一些複習。如果每年都有考試，您可以通過查看過去的試卷進行復習。

Some things can be memorised or learnt off by heart, but rote learning is not sufficient for most subjects. It is also possible to use mnemonics. However, all things considered, the best idea is to bury yourself in your books and to study intensively until you know the subject inside out.

有些東西可以死記硬背，但對於大多數科目來說，死記硬背是不夠的。也可以使用記憶法。不過，考慮到所有因素，最好的辦法還是埋頭苦讀，直到對該科目瞭如指掌為止。

B. Academic writing

B.學術寫作

Composition. Could be just fifty to a hundred words, often used for schoolwork.

作文。可能只有五十到一百字，常用於學校作業。

Essay. Longer than a composition. More serious. Hundreds or thousands of words.

作文。比作文長。更嚴肅。數百或數千字。

Assignment. A long essay, often part of a course. Usually thousands of words.

作業。長篇文章，通常是課程的一部分。通常有數千字。

Project. Like an assignment, but emphasis on students' own material and topic.

項目。類似於作業，但強調學生自己的材料和主題。

Portfolio. A collection of individual pieces of work. May include drawings and other examples of creative work, as well as writing.

作品集。個人作品集。可包括繪畫、其他創意作品以及寫作。

Dissertation. A long research-based work, perhaps ten to fifteen thousand words, for a degree or diploma.

學位論文。為獲得學位或文憑而撰寫的研究性長篇論文，字數在 1 萬至 1.5 萬字之間。

Thesis. A very long original research-based work, perhaps eighty to a hundred thousand words, for a higher degree. For example, a PhD.

論文。為獲得更高學位而撰寫的篇幅很長的研究性原創作品，可能有八到十萬字。例如，博士學位論文。

It's a good idea to start with a mind map when preparing an essay. Always write a first draft before writing up the final version. Your essay should be all your own work. Plagiarism is a very serious offence in colleges and universities. It is an increasing problem because it is so easy to cut and paste from materials available on the internet, and students have to sign a plagiarism form to say that the work they are handing in is all their own and that they acknowledge any sources they have used. There is usually a deadline.

在準備文章時，最好從思維導圖開始。在寫出最終版本之前，一定要先寫出初稿。您的論文應該是您自己的作品。抄襲在高校中是一種非常嚴重的違法行為。抄襲問題日益嚴重，因為從互聯網上剪切和粘貼材料非常容易，學生必須在抄襲表格上簽字，以表明他們提交的作品完全是自己的，並承認他們使用了任何資料來源。通常會有截止日期。

After the essay is submitted, it will be assessed and usually you can get feedback.

提交論文後，將對論文進行評估，通常您可以得到反饋。

Key aspects of higher academic study. University academics carry out research and are expected to read academic journals, which publish papers or articles on specialised subjects. If a library does not have a copy of a book or journal, you may be able to access it online, or you can usually get it through an inter-library loan. Open educational resources are particularly convenient for many students. Academic study can be very demanding and some students drop out, but the majority survive till finals and become well-qualified members of their future professions. Opportunity and equality. All education systems may ultimately be judged in terms of equality of opportunity. This is often referred to in the debates over selective versus comprehensive schooling. The main issue is whether everyone has the same opportunities for educational achievement, or whether elitism of one sort or another is inherent in the system. League tables for schools and colleges may actually help unintentionally to perpetuate inequalities, while claiming to promote the raising of standards. Inevitably league tables divide educational institutions into good and bad, success and failure, resulting in a two-tier system or at least that is how the public perceives it. The ability of better off parents and well-endowed schools to push children towards the institutions at the top of the league may, in the long term, have the effect of depressing opportunity for the less well-off or for children from home environments that do not provide the push and motivation to excel. Financial support of different kinds can help to make educational opportunity more equal. There are, for example, scholarships or bursaries that make it possible for less privileged youngsters to afford tertiary education. Student loans allow undergraduates to pay for their tuition fees and living expenses while they are studying. But few would claim that real equality of opportunity has been achieved.

高等學術研究的主要方面。大學學者從事研究工作，需要閱讀發表專業論文或文章的學術期刊。如果圖書館沒有某本書或期刊，你可以在網上查閱，或者通常可以通過館際互借獲得。開放式教育資源對許多學生來說特別方便。學業可能非常繁重，有些學生會輟學，但大多數學生都能堅持到期末考試，併成為未來職業中的合格成員。機會與平等。所有教育制度最終都可以從機會均等的角度來評判。在關於選擇性學校教育與綜合性學校教育的辯論中，人們經常提到這一點。主要的問題是，是否每個人都有獲得教育成就的同等機會，還是這種或那種精英主義是教育制度的固有特徵

b. Other debates and issues

b.其他辯論和問題

Some people think we should return to an emphasis on the three R's, the traditional, basic skills. Literacy and numeracy are skills no one can afford to be without. Curriculum reform is often done for political reasons rather than for good educational ones.

有些人認為，我們應該重新強調三個 R，即傳統的基本技能。識字和算術是任何人都不能缺少的技能。課程改革往往是出於政治原因，而不是出於良好的教育原因。

Nowadays lifelong or continuing education is an issue and creating opportunities for mature students is important. Special needs education is expensive because class sizes need to be small or one-to-one. Children are unhappy at school if there is a lot of bullying. Some headteachers complain that getting to grips with constant new government guidelines on what schools should be doing is a distraction from what they ought to be focusing on. a. A job ad

如今，終身教育或繼續教育已成為一個問題，為成年學生創造機會非常重要。特殊教育費用昂貴，因為需要小班或一對一教學。如果學校經常發生欺凌事件，孩子們就會不開心。一些校長抱怨說，不斷掌握政府關於學校應該做什麼的新指南會分散他們的精力，使他們無法專注於應該做的事情。

FDR Bank Careers Customer Service Assistant

FDR 銀行職業生涯 客戶服務助理

Do you have excellent communication skills and a genuine passion for customer service?

您是否擁有出色的溝通技巧和對客戶服務的真摯熱情？

Are you looking for a challenging role within a fast-paced working environment?

您是否正在快節奏的工作環境中尋找一個富有挑戰性的職位？

FDR Bank has several new openings for customer service assistants. Reporting to the customer service manager, you will be responsible for dealing with customer enquiries on the phone and via email. No previous experience is necessary as full training will be given.

FDR 銀行新招聘了幾名客戶服務助理。您將向客戶服務經理彙報工作，負責處理客戶的電話和電子郵件諮詢。無需工作經驗，因為我們將提供全面的培訓。

The post offers excellent career prospects to candidates who demonstrate leadership qualities as we are keen to promote and develop talent within the company.

該職位為具備上司才能的應聘者提供了良好的職業前景，因為我們熱衷於在公司內部提拔和培養人才。

We offer a competitive salary and an attractive benefits package including pension, health care plan and subsidised meals. If this sounds like the job for you, then click here to fill in the online application form including details of your salary expectations.

我們提供有競爭力的薪資和有吸引力的福利待遇，包括養老金、醫療保健計劃和膳食補貼。如果這份工作適合您，請點擊此處填寫在線申請表，並詳細說明您的薪資期望。

b. A cover letter You want your application to stand out so you should include a clear, well-written cover letter which highlights key points from your CV. Here is a letter sent with the application for the job in A above.

b.求職信 您希望自己的求職申請能夠脫穎而出，是以應在求職信中清楚地寫明履歷中的要點。下面是一封與上述 A 中職位申請一起寄出的信。

Dear Sir or Madam, Please find attached my CV in support of my application for the position of Customer Service Assistant. I have just completed my degree in Business Studies and am keen to gain hands-on experience in this area.

尊敬的先生或女士，隨信附上我的履歷，以支持我對客戶服務助理職位的申請。我剛剛完成商業研究學位，非常希望獲得這方面的實踐經驗。

During my course, I chose to study several modules on banking and finance as I have always been interested in working in this field. In addition, I have worked as a part-time sales assistant in a large department store for the last two years. This has given me valuable customer-facing experience as well as developing good communication skills both with customers and the rest of the team. I am a team player and am keen to develop my career and gain managerial experience in the future. Thank you for taking the time to consider this application and I look forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully, Rebecca White.

在學習期間，我選擇了銀行和金融方面的幾個模塊，因為我一直對這一領域的工作很感興趣。此外，過去兩年我還在一家大型百貨公司擔任兼職銷售助理。這為我提供了面對客戶的寶貴經驗，同時也培養了我與客戶和團隊其他成員良好的溝通技巧。我具有團隊合作精神，渴望在未來發展自己的職業生涯並獲得管理經驗。感謝您抽出時間考慮我的申請，我期待著您的回覆。您忠實的 Rebecca White。

Be sure to specify the job you are applying for at the beginning of the letter. Mention any studies or training courses you have done which are relevant to the role. It is important to mention any relevant experience you have to show your suitability for the role. If you can, provide examples of specific projects you have carried out.

請務必在信的開頭註明您申請的職位。提及您所完成的與該職位相關的學習或培訓課程。請務必提及您的相關經驗，以證明您適合該職位。如果可以，請舉例說明您所開展的具體項目。

If you have previous managerial experience, you can say, In my previous role as Sales

如果你以前有過管理經驗，你可以說："在我以前的銷售職位上

Manager, I led a team of four people. When companies are recruiting, they often have a set of criteria, for example, three years of experience in the field, or a degree in a relevant area, which they use to find the most suitable candidates. If you are shortlisted for an interview, make sure you do your homework first. Find out as much as you can about the company, its products, markets, competitors, etc. If you can, ask a friend to do a trial run with you. This will help boost your confidence. The interview may be conducted by a panel, a group of people, probably including your future line manager. Don't forget to make eye contact with all the interviewers while you are talking. As you arrive for the interview, body language is important. Give a firm handshake and speak up. This will help to create a good first impression.

我是一名經理，上司一個四人團隊。公司在招聘時，通常會有一套標準，比如在該領域有三年的工作經驗，或者擁有相關領域的學位，他們會根據這些標準來尋找最合適的候選人。如果你入圍面試，一定要先做好功課。儘可能多地瞭解公司、產品、市場、競爭對手等資訊。如果可以的話，請朋友和你一起去面試。這將有助於增強你的信心。面試可能由一個小組進行，這個小組由一群人組成，其中可能包括你未來的直線經理。說話時不要忘記與所有面試官進行眼神交流。到達面試地點後，肢體語言非常重要。握手要有力，說話要大聲。這將有助於建立良好的第一印象。

b. During an interview. These are examples of things that might be said at a job interview.

b.面試期間。這些都是求職面試時可能會說的話。

So can you talk us through your CV?

能和我們談談你的履歷嗎？

Well, I studied engineering and then took a job as a trainee at F3 Telecom.

我學的是工程學，然後在 F3 Telecom 做了一份實習生的工作。

I'd like to ask about opportunities for professional development.

我想了解職業發展的機會。

We have a very good in-house training programme for new recruits.

我們為新員工制定了非常好的內部培訓計劃。

Can you give us an example of how you've worked well under pressure?

你能舉例說明如何在壓力下出色地工作嗎？

How would your colleagues describe you? How would your supervisor describe you?

你的同事會如何評價你？你的上司會如何評價你？

I'm keen to take on more responsibility.

我渴望承擔更多的責任。

We're looking to fill the post fairly quickly. If you are successful, how soon could you start?

我們希望儘快填補這個職位。如果您成功應聘，多久可以開始工作？

The notice period on my present job is just two weeks, so I could start very soon.

我現在工作的通知期只有兩週，所以我很快就可以開始工作。

c. A job offer.

c.一份工作邀請。

Dear Mr Moulton, thank you for attending the interview last week. We very much enjoyed meeting you. We are delighted to offer you the position of trainee programmer. We believe your qualifications and experience will be an ideal fit for the job. Please review the attached document outlining your salary, benefits, including paid leave, and reporting structure, and sign where indicated. Return the document within five business days. Once we have received the paperwork, we will contact you to arrange your start date. We look forward to welcoming you as part of our team. Kind regards, Melanie Stevens.

親愛的穆爾頓先生，感謝您參加上週的面試。我們很高興見到你。我們很高興為您提供實習程序員的職位。我們相信你的資歷和經驗將非常適合這份工作。請仔細閱讀所附文件，其中概述了您的薪資、福利（包括帶薪休假）和報告結構，並在註明處簽名。請在五個工作日內將文件寄回。收到文件後，我們將與您聯繫，安排您的入職日期。我們期待您成為我們團隊的一員。謹致問候，梅蘭妮-史蒂文斯（Melanie Stevens）。