Now, it's not meant to be blasphemous or sacrilegious in nature, but it is meant to look at each of the 66 books of the Protestant canon in an unbiased and non-faith based perspective.

現在，這本書並沒有褻瀆或褻瀆神明的意思，但它旨在以不偏不倚、非信仰的視角來審視新教正典中的 66 本書籍。

We will be focused on one book per episode, and each episode will be Thursday at 9am central time.

我們每集將集中討論一本書，每集時間為美國中部時間週四上午 9 點。

To help keep us on track during each episode, we'll be going through these 10 points.

為了讓我們在每期節目中都能按部就班，我們將討論以下 10 點。

But overall, my desire throughout the course of this is to give you information that is unbiased, that is fair, and to help you learn your Bible better.

但總的來說，我在整個過程中的願望是為你們提供公正、公平的資訊，幫助你們更好地學習聖經。

Whether you are doubting, or just want to firm up your understanding of what you are arguing for or arguing against, I hope that this provides a little bit of clarification for you.

無論你是在懷疑，還是隻是想堅定自己對所爭論或所反對內容的理解，我都希望這能為你提供一點澄清。

Now, here's the caveat.

這裡有一個注意事項。

We could spend a ton of time, we could go way deeper, we could talk about way more contradictions, we could give way more historical perspective, we could analyze this to death.

我們可以花大量的時間，我們可以更深入地探討，我們可以談論更多的矛盾，我們可以提供更多的歷史視角，我們可以分析得頭頭是道。

That is not the goal of this.

這不是我們的目的。

Maybe in the future we'll pick a book and we'll go very deep verse by verse, but for now, I want to give you the 10 points we talked about earlier and just keep it a bit higher level.

也許將來我們會選一本書，逐節深入地講解，但現在，我想給大家講講我們之前談到的 10 點，只是讓它保持在一個較高的水準上。

I think that this will aid us in conversation in our future videos where we talk about different themes or different points of doctrine, or where the Christian is getting this concept, etc.

我認為，這將有助於我們在今後的視頻中討論不同的主題或不同的教義觀點，或基督徒從何處獲得這一概念等。

Just to have a really good layout, a really good foundation of just what this Bible is and how the books within it add up.

只要有一個非常好的佈局，一個非常好的基礎，瞭解這本聖經是什麼，以及其中的書是如何加起來的。

So let's start with point one here, which is book overview.

那麼，讓我們從第一點開始，也就是圖書概覽。

Now there's really two ways to separate Genesis.

現在有兩種方法可以將《創世紀》分開。

The first 11 chapters is this primeval history, a history of people at a larger scale.

前 11 章是這部原始史，是一部規模較大的人類史。

And then starting from chapters 12 through the end of the book, we get a patriarchal history.

然後從第 12 章開始到全書結束，我們將看到一段父權制的歷史。

This is focused on individual peoples and families.

這主要針對個人和家庭。

So first, the primeval history.

首先是原始歷史。

This first 11 chapters in the first book of the Bible sets the stage.

聖經》第一卷的前 11 章為我們奠定了基礎。

It is so foundational for what the believer believes and what the Christian doctrine becomes.

它是信徒信仰和基督教教義的基礎。

We get the creation story, however literal or figuratively you want to take that story.

我們得到了創世的故事，無論你想從字面上還是從形象上理解這個故事。

Introducing the fall, the introduction of sin, the banning from the garden, etc.

介紹墮落、引入罪惡、被禁止進入花園等。

We move into Cain and Abel, showing the further pervasiveness of sin, generationally speaking now, all the way down through the proliferation of the wickedness of man's nature with God's need to flood the entire earth and start over again.

我們進入該隱和亞伯的故事，展示了罪的進一步氾濫，從世代相傳的角度來看，一直到人類本性的邪惡氾濫，上帝需要淹沒整個地球，重新開始。

This happens so quickly.

這一切發生得太快了。

People don't understand, like, here's our whole Bible and bam, we're starting over right here.

人們不明白，這就是我們的整本《聖經》，然後 "砰 "的一聲，我們就在這裡重新開始了。

So the story of Noah and his ark is God's justice and wrath, but also mercy in saving Noah and one family to start over again.

是以，諾亞和他的方舟的故事是上帝的正義和憤怒，但也是上帝拯救諾亞和一個家庭重新開始的憐憫。

Yet, the same thing happens all over again, and we get man trying to reach past heaven in the Tower of Babel to become God, to become greater than God, to meet God, however you interpret that story.

然而，同樣的事情再次發生，我們看到人類在巴別塔中試圖超越天堂，成為上帝，變得比上帝更偉大，與上帝相遇，無論你如何解釋這個故事。

And God is so threatened by this that he confuses their languages.

上帝受到這種威脅，混淆了他們的語言。

And this is an excellent point just to understand that this book is an explanation of natural phenomenon.

這一點非常好，我們只需明白這本書是對自然現象的解釋。

The people in the ancient world simply did not know how to explain.

古代人根本不知道如何解釋。

How did we get all of these languages?

這些語言是怎麼來的？

Let's fill that gap with God and we make up a story about man's own sinfulness and wickedness, which is par for the course in all of these stories that brought about the confusion, that brought about the separation of man.

讓我們用上帝來填補這個空白，我們編造了一個關於人類自身的罪惡和邪惡的故事，這在所有這些故事中都是理所當然的，正是這些故事帶來了混亂，帶來了人類的分離。

And that's it.

就是這樣。

That's the first section of Genesis.

這是《創世紀》的第一節。

So much happens here.

這裡發生了太多的事情。

And what I think is fascinating, what we're going to get into a little bit here as we go through Genesis, is that there's two huge reactions to this, right?

我認為令人著迷的是，我們在讀《創世紀》時將會略微瞭解到，人們對此有兩種巨大的反應，對嗎？

We have the literal interpretation, which people are going to classify as the fundamentalist view that earth was really created in six days and everything in it, that each of these people existed.

我們有字面解釋，人們會把它歸類為原教旨主義觀點，認為地球真的是在六天內被創造出來的，地球上的一切，這些人都存在過。

There was an actual Adam and Eve, that there is not evolution, that this is where it all started.

亞當和夏娃是真實存在的，進化論並不存在，一切都是從這裡開始的。

And you're going to have this progressive camp.

你將擁有這個進步的陣營。

And there's so many iterations in between.

而在這兩者之間，又有太多的反覆。

So I'm painting with a broad brush, but this progressive group is going to say that obviously this is how a narration is told.

所以，我的說法很籠統，但這個進步的團體會說，顯然這就是敘述的方式。

This is a story just explaining God's divinity, his ability to create him, setting things in motion that evolution would then carry out, et cetera.

這個故事只是在解釋上帝的神性、他創造他的能力、啟動進化的過程等等。

And there's so much infighting here.

這裡的內訌太多了。

But what's amazing is that however you want to justify these different groups, they have to agree on certain things.

但令人驚訝的是，無論你如何為這些不同的群體辯解，他們都必須在某些事情上達成一致。

They have to agree on this God, on this concept of sin that is introduced to the world, on some version of original sin that means we yet today are still in need of a savior.

他們必須認同這個上帝，認同向世人介紹的罪的概念，認同某種版本的原罪，這意味著我們今天仍然需要一位救世主。

And what I'm going to show here in the second part, as we get into the patriarchs, is that they have to believe at some point these individuals were true because it becomes the lineage down to David, the lineage down to Jesus.

在第二部分中，當我們講到始祖的時候，我要說明的是，他們必須相信這些人在某些時候是真實的，因為這就變成了大衛的世系，耶穌的世系。

So at what point do you get to pick and choose what is literal and what is metaphorical?

那麼，什麼時候你才能選擇什麼是字面意思，什麼是隱喻呢？

Because there's just as much reason to say that Abraham is a metaphorical figure pointing to God's ability to befriend man and create covenant with him as it is to say that he was a literal person who really existed by that name within that family and that those miracles really happened to him.

因為說亞伯拉罕是一個隱喻性的人物，指出上帝有能力與人類交好並與之立約，與說他是一個真實存在的人，在那個家庭中以那個名字存在，那些神蹟真的發生在他身上一樣，都是有道理的。

Why not then apply that to Adam?

為什麼不把它應用到亞當身上呢？

Why is Adam a figurehead to represent man's beginning and Abraham is meant to be so literal?

為什麼亞當只是一個代表人類開端的形象，而亞伯拉罕卻如此直白？

It's just absolutely insane to me the cherry picking that has to go on throughout the course of the Old Testament and we're going to see that book by book by book.

在我看來，《舊約全書》中的 "偷樑換柱 "絕對是瘋狂的，我們將一本書一本書地看到這一點。

So getting into the patriarchal history within Genesis 12 through the end of the book.

是以，從《創世記》第 12 章到全書的結尾，我們將進入父系社會的歷史。

It's a few generations here.

這裡有幾代人。

We start with Abraham and obviously this is the birth of God's covenant with man.

我們從亞伯拉罕開始，這顯然是上帝與人類立約的開始。

We see that Abraham is justified by his faith and then enters into the specific literal contract with God for him and all of his descendants until that contract is rearranged, broken, or renewed through Jesus.

我們看到，亞伯拉罕因信稱義，然後為他和他所有的後裔與上帝簽訂了具體的字面契約，直到這份契約通過耶穌被重新安排、打破或更新。

However, you want to view what happens in the gospel narratives.

然而，你想看的是福音書中發生的事情。

And from Abraham, we go down to Isaac and Jacob.

從亞伯拉罕開始，我們一直到以撒和雅各。

An important part here is Jacob getting his name changed after wrestling with God to Israel, thus signifying the origin of the nation of Israel.

這裡的一個重要部分是雅各布在與上帝搏鬥後改名為以色列，這意味著以色列民族的起源。

We end with the story of Joseph, who becomes a prominent figure in Egypt and is supposed to show God's forgiveness and mercy and reconciliation to the sinful nature of a family torn apart.

我們以約瑟的故事結尾，約瑟在埃及成為顯赫人物，本應向一個四分五裂的家庭展示上帝的寬恕、憐憫與和解。

So those are our two narratives for Genesis and they introduce a fundamental theological and thematic thread that will course through the entire rest of the Bible's narrative.

這就是《創世紀》的兩段敘述，它們引入了一條基本的神學和主題線索，這條線索將貫穿《聖經》其餘部分的敘述。

Creation and creator, human disobedience and sin, covenant with God, faith and obedience, and the chosen people and the blessing of the nation of Israel.

創造與造物主、人類的悖逆與罪惡、與上帝的盟約、信仰與順從、選民與以色列國的祝福。

So that was our short overview of the book of Genesis.

以上就是我們對《創世紀》的簡要概述。

I'm not sure if that was as short as I needed it to be to get through this in a timely fashion.

我不確定這是否和我需要的一樣簡短，以便及時完成這篇文章。

So let's quickly move on to point two, authorship and date.

那麼，讓我們快速進入第二點，作者和日期。

Genesis and really the Pentateuch or the first five books of the Bible or the Torah are all going to be relatively the same in this regard.

在這方面，《創世紀》和《摩西五經》或《聖經》前五卷或《托拉》都相對相同。

So I'm going to be more detailed here and then I'll be a little bit more brief in the following four books as we get into them.

是以，我在這裡會說得更詳細一些，在接下來的四本書中，我會說得更簡短一些。

The traditional Jewish and Christian perspective originally is that Moses wrote these books, which is problematic for many reasons.

傳統的猶太教和基督教觀點原本認為這些書是摩西寫的，但這是有問題的，原因有很多。

One, because in some of these first five books, we hear about the death of Moses from the author, which you can see the issue there.

其一，因為在這前五卷書中，我們從作者口中聽到了摩西之死，你可以看到其中的問題。

But even more so speaking specifically about the book of Genesis, we are writing about things that only God can know.

但具體到《創世記》，我們所寫的更是隻有上帝才能知道的事情。

So a lot of progressive Christians that are trying to hold on to some idea of these being written down by witnesses and accounts and a collaboration of information and material from where?

是以，許多進步的基督徒試圖堅持一些觀點，認為這些都是由目擊者和記述寫下來的，是資訊和材料的合作，這些資訊和材料來自哪裡？

The only place that if Moses is our author here, he could have got the information is divine revelation, which is a problem for many Christian sects that don't want to hand that much over to the spiritual.

如果摩西是這裡的作者，他唯一可能獲得資訊的地方就是神的啟示，這對許多不願把那麼多資訊交給靈界的基督教派來說是個問題。

Many fundamentalists have no problem with this.

許多原教旨主義者對此並無異議。

God met with Moses on a mountaintop, told him about everything.

上帝在山頂會見了摩西，告訴了他一切。

He wrote it all down.

他都寫下來了。

Great.

好極了

Maybe even foretold his own death.

也許還預言了自己的死亡。

Not a problem.

沒問題。

The scholarly debate, though, is wide and there are many iterations, but I'm going to share with you the most popular scholastic theory, which happens to be the documentary hypothesis, which is just to say it is a compilation of sources, specifically four sources.

不過，學術界的爭論範圍很廣，也有很多反覆，但我要與大家分享的是最流行的學術理論，恰好是文獻假說，也就是將資料彙編在一起，具體來說是四種資料。

J, the Yahweh source based off the use of Yahweh or more commonly Lord is going to be our oldest source.

J, 基於 Yahweh 或更常見的 Lord 的使用的 Yahweh 來源將是我們最古老的來源。

Then the Eloah source where we use the word Elohim for God.

然後是 "Eloah "來源，在這裡我們用 "Elohim "一詞來指代上帝。

Then P, the priestly source.

然後是 P，祭司來源。

We get the priestly concerns about ritual and divine understanding.

我們瞭解到祭司對儀式和神聖理解的關注。

And then our D source, which just reflects the themes found in that fifth book of the Pentateuch.

然後是我們的 D 來源，它只是反映了摩西五經第五卷中的主題。

So according to the documentary hypothesis, these sources were put together and crafted and edited and organized over a significant amount of time with the main process of compilation happening during the sixth century BCE during the Babylonian exile or shortly thereafter.

是以，根據文獻假說，這些資料是在相當長的時間內彙集、加工、編輯和整理而成的，其主要編纂過程發生在公元前六世紀巴比倫流亡時期或其後不久。

So this is probably how we got Genesis.

創世紀》大概就是這麼來的。

Again, there are other belief systems, even by scholars who say, well, it could have been this or what about the introduction from this people group here?

同樣，還有其他的信仰體系，甚至有學者說，好吧，可能是這樣的，或者從這裡的這個族群引入呢？

It didn't really get totally compiled until later here, but this is the one that is most agreed upon at this time.

直到後來才真正完全彙編成冊，但這是目前最一致的意見。

On to point three, which is historical background.

第三點是歷史背景。

Now, this one is a bit hard with a book like Genesis, because we're just going to kind of leave the literal translation behind at this point and focus on the mythology of it.

對於《創世紀》這樣的書來說，這個問題有點難，因為我們現在要拋開直譯，專注於其中的神話故事。

Genesis has theological implications that are more important than being consistent with time and place.

創世紀》的神學意義比時間和地點的一致性更為重要。

Not to mention that combining and compiling that we just mentioned from the previous section has a lot to do with why there are different accounts that don't necessarily match up.

更不用說我們在上一節中提到的合併和彙編，這與為什麼會出現不一定匹配的不同賬戶有很大關係。

We'll get into this more in our future point about contradictions, but we're going to have messy timelines and incorrect places here.

我們會在以後關於矛盾的論點中進一步討論這個問題，但我們這裡會有混亂的時間線和不正確的地點。

Now, there are some parts that are representative of real places and real people groups.

現在，有一些部分代表了真實的地方和真實的人群。

Let's start with ancient Mesopotamia.

讓我們從古代美索不達米亞說起。

Genesis draws on cultural and literary traditions that were very common in the ancient Near East, specifically that of Sumer and Babylonia, where we see the borrowing, if not straight up stealing of things like creation myth, flood myth, genealogies, etc.

創世紀》借鏡了古代近東地區，特別是蘇美爾和巴比倫地區非常普遍的文化和文學傳統，在那裡，我們可以看到對創世神話、洪水神話、家譜等內容的借鏡，甚至是直接竊取。

But by incorporating elements of this cultural milieu of the time, Genesis provides, though a theological reinterpretation, still a reinterpretation or interpretation of what was common and happening in ancient Mesopotamia around this time period.

但是，《創世紀》融入了當時這種文化環境的元素，雖然是對神學的重新詮釋，但仍然是對這一時期古美索不達米亞普遍存在和發生的事情的重新詮釋或解釋。

For example, the flood myth found in Genesis is a direct copy of what happens in the Epic of Gilgamesh and is a perfect example of Genesis taking something that was just an epic myth.

例如，《創世紀》中的洪水神話直接照搬了《吉爾伽美什史詩》中的情節，是《創世紀》將原本只是史詩神話的內容照搬過來的一個完美例子。

It's the same story.

故事是一樣的。

You have an individual who is chosen to save humanity from a great flood that also needs to take the animals and even the kinds of birds that are sent out to see if there's dry land, etc.

有一個人被選中從大洪水中拯救人類，他還需要帶著動物甚至各種鳥類出去看看是否有乾涸的土地，等等。

Like, go read the Epic of Gilgamesh, which we know predates Genesis.

比如，去讀讀《吉爾伽美什史詩》，我們知道它比《創世紀》還要早。

Genesis takes it and adds in the theological and moral messaging of God's judgment and wrath and mercy, etc.

創世紀》在此基礎上加入了上帝的審判、憤怒和仁慈等神學和道德資訊。

This is what happens with so much of the Jewish tradition and scriptures.

猶太傳統和經文中的很多內容都是如此。

They are just taking well-known myths that they've incorporated into their own culture and civilization and are adding on their morality.

他們只是把那些眾所周知的神話融入到自己的文化和文明中，並加入了自己的道德觀。

So, still talking about historical background, we can learn something about the time and place when we look at just the patriarchal practice.

是以，在談及歷史背景時，我們可以從父權制的實踐中瞭解到當時的一些情況。

This patriarchal age is an era that constitutes somewhere in the 2nd millennium BCE and is associated with pastoral tribal communities and nomadic lifestyles.

這個父權時代是公元前 2 000 年左右的時代，與遊牧部落和遊牧生活方式有關。

This was common practice and custom and social structure at the time that focused on things like lineage and kinship ties and the inheritance of the firstborn male.

這是當時的普遍做法、習俗和社會結構，其重點是血統、親屬關係和長子繼承權。

So, yes, this reflects the social and legal norms that were prevalent in ancient Near East during this time frame.

是以，是的，這反映了這一時期古代近東盛行的社會和法律規範。

And for that, we can still see that historical background and context come through.

為此，我們仍然可以看到歷史背景和環境的影響。

So, the last iteration I would show you of this is the Canaanite context.

是以，我要向你們展示的最後一個版本是迦南人的語境。

We can learn about Canaanite society, which was a real society that lived in Canaan before it was taken over for the promised land that would be handed to God's people.

我們可以瞭解迦南社會，那是一個真實的社會，在迦南被佔領之前就生活在那裡，而上帝的應許之地將交給上帝的子民。

And we see interactions between the patriarchs and the Canaanites that shed light on the social practices and norms and customs of those people.

我們看到始祖與迦南人之間的互動，揭示了他們的社會習俗、規範和風土人情。

An excellent example of this is when Abraham meets with the priest king of Salem, Melchizedek.

亞伯拉罕會見撒冷的祭司王麥基洗德就是一個很好的例子。

This is a biblical story that represents a meeting with an individual who is representative of a Canaanite tribe.

這是《聖經》中的一個故事，講述了一個人與迦南部落代表的會面。

And we see their customs and practices as described within that interaction.

在這種互動中，我們看到了他們的風俗習慣。

So, I'd like to point out here that none of this is to point to the validity of the Bible as being any kind of divine truth material.

是以，我想在這裡指出，這一切都不是為了證明《聖經》是神聖的真理材料。

It is simply to say that, of course, the writers who were writing of this time and about these people, in addition to their exaggerated mythologies, still were able to document some historical facts.

這只是說，當然，那些寫這個時代、寫這些人的作家，除了誇張的神話之外，還是能夠記錄一些歷史事實的。

So, let's move on to point four.

那麼，讓我們繼續討論第四點。

So, four is literary analysis, which is something that's near and dear to my heart.

四是文學分析，這是我最關心的事情。

If you know, my first channel was Brandon's Bookshelf.

如果你知道，我的第一個頻道是 "布蘭登的書架"。

That's where I started talking every once in a while about a book that had something atheistic in nature and slowly led to this channel being formed.

從那時起，我開始時不時地談論一本帶有無神論性質的書，慢慢地，這個頻道就形成了。

So, I do love to talk about these different concepts.

所以，我很喜歡談論這些不同的概念。

And for literary analysis, we're going to focus on four different things.

在文學分析方面，我們將重點關注四件不同的事情。

Literary genres, narrative structure, themes and motifs, and literary technique.

文學流派、敘事結構、主題和動機以及文學技巧。

For genres, we really see three things here.

對於流派而言，我們在這裡確實看到了三件事。

Myth and legend, genealogy, and historic narrative.

神話傳說、家譜和歷史敘事。

Then for narrative structure, we have, of course, the two camps we already mentioned, primeval and patriarchal.

在敘事結構方面，當然有我們已經提到過的兩大陣營，即原始陣營和父權陣營。

But the narrative structure is really actually well done in Genesis.

但實際上，《創世紀》的敘事結構確實做得很好。

It's laid out very simple, either by theme, by event, or by person.

它的佈局非常簡單，可以按主題、事件或人物排列。

And even though it's conflicting, and even though it gets some things wrong, it goes through this lineage that is meant to show a unity.

儘管它相互矛盾，儘管它有些地方做得不對，但它通過這一脈絡展現了一種統一性。

You can tie everything back together.

你可以把一切都聯繫起來。

You can walk straight up the genealogy, or you can look at the succession of events that one led to another that led to another.

你可以直接沿著家譜往上走，也可以看看一連串的事件，一個導致另一個，再導致另一個。

Genesis is very fast moving.

創世紀》的發展非常迅速。

Again, the amount of time that it's actually supposed to cover, if you were able to take it literally, is pretty impressive to squeeze it in and pack it in with so much meaning, tying these events that used to be just epic in nature to theological and meaningful in a divine sense.

同樣，如果你能從字面上理解它，那麼它實際上應該涵蓋的時間量是相當令人印象深刻的，它能擠出時間幷包含如此多的意義，將這些過去只是史詩性質的事件與神學和神聖意義聯繫在一起。

As for themes and motifs, I mean, good lord, you could draw a billion things out.

至於主題和圖案，我的意思是，好傢伙，你可以畫出十億種東西。

This reminds me of like Jordan Peterson.

這讓我想起了喬丹-彼得森。

Have you ever heard Jordan Peterson talk about just Cain and Abel?

你聽過喬丹-彼得森談論該隱和亞伯嗎？

Like him, hate him, or love him, the amount of meaning that he's able to extrapolate.

喜歡他、討厭他、愛上他，他能推斷出的意義有多大。

I've read his book, Maps of Meaning, back from 1995, and this is what he does.

我讀過他 1995 年出版的《意義地圖》一書，他就是這樣做的。

He takes these Old Testament stories, these archetypical characters and plot lines, and he just pulls them apart for everything they're worth.

他把《舊約全書》中的故事、典型人物和情節主線一一拆解，使之物盡其用。

And it's actually pretty impressive.

事實上，它給人留下了深刻印象。

And it's what you can do with a story that is told so simply with these higher levels of theme and motif.