For a long time, the word was only associated with South Africa.

長期以來，這個詞只與南非聯繫在一起。

But more and more people are using it to describe Israel's treatment of Palestinians.

但越來越多的人用它來形容以色列對待巴勒斯坦人的方式。

Let's talk about the A word.

讓我們來談談 "A "這個詞。

Amnesty International has accused Israel of being an apartheid state.

大赦國際指責以色列是一個種族隔離國家。

We call it apartheid because it is apartheid under international law.

我們稱之為種族隔離，因為根據國際法，這是種族隔離。

Human Rights Watch has released a report that says

人權觀察發佈的一份報告稱

Israeli authorities are committing crimes against humanity of apartheid.

以色列當局正在犯下種族隔離的反人類罪。

The Israeli government completely rejects the label.

以色列政府完全拒絕接受這個標籤。

So what does apartheid actually mean?

那麼，種族隔離究竟意味著什麼？

What did it look like in South Africa?

南非的情況如何？

And why is the word being brought up in the context of Israel?

為什麼要在以色列的背景下提到這個詞？

Let's start with South Africa's story.

讓我們從南非的故事說起。

Since the 1600s, the territory that's now South Africa was under Dutch and then British colonial rule.

自 1600 年代起，現在的南非領土先後處於荷蘭和英國的殖民統治之下。

For centuries, you had a white minority ruling over and exploiting the indigenous Black population, who were the majority.

幾個世紀以來，少數白人統治並剝削著佔大多數的土著黑人。

From the early 1900s, there were laws that essentially forced the Black population to live in impoverished areas known as reserves.

從 20 世紀初開始，就有法律強制黑人居住在被稱為保留地的貧困地區。

But in 1948, a new government led by the National Party came to power.

但 1948 年，國民黨上司的新政府上臺執政。

They took segregation even further, under a policy they called apartheid.

在他們稱之為種族隔離的政策下，他們進一步推行種族隔離。

The word means separateness in Afrikaans.

這個詞在南非荷蘭語中的意思是分離。

How they promoted apartheid to the South African population was that unless the white community was solid on every single aspect of segregation, there would eventually be a situation where they would be overwhelmed by the Black majority.

他們向南非民眾宣傳種族隔離政策的方式是，除非白人社區在種族隔離的每一個方面都做得很好，否則最終會出現他們被黑人多數所壓倒的局面。

Over the following decades, under the apartheid policy, the National Party introduced a bunch of laws.

在隨後的幾十年裡，國家黨根據種族隔離政策出臺了一系列法律。

They covered every aspect of life, but were all essentially aimed at the same thing, keeping the white minority in power and the Black population subjugated.

它們涉及生活的方方面面，但本質上都是為了同一個目的，即讓少數白人繼續掌權，讓黑人繼續受奴役。

One of the main laws classified people into four racial groups.

其中一項主要法律將人分為四個種族群體。

Native, that was the term for Black people.

原住民，那是對黑人的稱呼。

Coloured, for those of mixed race.

有色人種，指混血兒。

Asian, that was applied to people of Indian heritage.

亞洲人，適用於有印度血統的人。

Or white.

或白色。

The Population Registration Act was central to the legislation because that would allow you to have a clear legal definition of who belonged to what race and therefore you could begin to say who should be schooled where, who should live where, who can marry who.

人口登記法》是立法的核心，因為這將使你對誰屬於哪個種族有一個明確的法律定義，是以你可以開始說誰應該在哪裡上學，誰應該住在哪裡，誰可以和誰結婚。

And rules about who could live where were a big part of how apartheid operated.

而關於誰可以住在哪裡的規定是種族隔離制度運作的重要組成部分。

Black South Africans were forced to live in rural areas called bantustans, or homelands.

南非黑人被迫生活在被稱為班圖斯坦或家園的農村地區。

These made up 13% of the total land, even though Black South Africans were at least 75% of the population.

儘管南非黑人至少佔總人口的 75%，但他們的土地卻佔總面積的 13%。

There were other laws too.

還有其他法律。

Black South Africans had to carry a special pass if they wanted to travel outside of the bantus, to go to work for example, and were fined or arrested if they didn't have the right paperwork.

南非黑人如果想去班圖以外的地方旅行，比如去工作，就必須攜帶特別通行證，如果沒有正確的證件，就會被罰款或逮捕。

Public communities were also segregated.

公共社區也被隔離。

Non-whites were banned from certain parks, beaches and transport.

非白人被禁止進入某些公園、海灘和交通工具。

The education systems were different too.

教育體制也不同。

You had your bantu education and basically this would be a form of education where they teach you how to do gardening, how to do cooking.

你接受過班圖教育，基本上這是一種教育形式，他們會教你如何做園藝、如何做飯。

They weren't allowed to, say, study maths and science.

例如，他們不能學習數學和科學。

There's a very rich literature on the Black South African experience under apartheid and the overwhelming central aspect of that is the experience of being made a stranger or an alien in the land of your birth by an immigrant settler community.

關於南非黑人在種族隔離制度下的經歷，有非常豐富的文獻，而其中最重要的方面就是在自己出生的土地上被移民定居者社區變成陌生人或異類的經歷。

Apartheid finally ended in 1994, but it took decades.

種族隔離制度終於在 1994 年結束，但卻花了幾十年的時間。

There was opposition from the start, with mass protests and civil disobedience campaigns led by Black activists and the African National Congress, or ANC.

從一開始就有人反對，黑人活動家和非洲人國民大會（ANC）上司了大規模抗議和非暴力反抗運動。

That's the party of Nelson Mandela, which has dominated South African politics in the post-apartheid era.

這就是納爾遜-曼德拉的政黨，它在後種族隔離時代主導了南非政壇。

As the resistance movement grew through the 60s and 70s, the South African government responded with violence.

隨著 60 和 70 年代抵抗運動的發展，南非政府以暴力作為迴應。

We had young people coming together, standing in union against what was happening and so on.

我們讓年輕人走到一起，聯合起來反對正在發生的一切，等等。

And during that time, you had people just murdered, being shot at and so on.

在那段時間裡，有人被謀殺，有人遭到槍擊，等等。

Over time, the anti-apartheid movement also gained support internationally.

隨著時間的推移，反種族隔離運動也在國際上贏得了支持。

There were student protests in lots of countries.

許多國家都發生了學生抗議活動。

South African sports teams came under pressure when they played abroad.

南非運動隊在國外比賽時面臨壓力。

Feelings about recent tragedies in South Africa are naturally running very strong just now.

現在，人們對南非最近發生的悲劇自然感同身受。

The country was banned from major sporting events, including the Olympics.

該國被禁止參加重大體育賽事，包括奧運會。

It was all part of a bigger campaign to isolate South Africa politically and economically.

這是一場在政治和經濟上孤立南非的更大運動的一部分。

There was a UN arms embargo, boycotts and sanctions.

聯合國實施了武器禁運、抵制和制裁。

By the late 80s, major Western governments like the US and UK had joined in too.

到 80 年代末，美國和英國等西方主要國家政府也加入了這一行列。

And those are just some examples among a whole web of internal and external factors that eventually pushed South Africa's government to change course.

這些只是最終促使南非政府改弦更張的一系列內外因素中的幾個例子。

Whilst none of them, by in and of themselves, were able to overthrow the government, they were able to create a situation of endemic crisis which the apartheid government realised it could not get out of.

雖然這些人本身都無法推翻政府，但他們卻造成了一種普遍危機的局面，讓種族隔離政府意識到自己無法擺脫這種局面。

At some point, it became too costly to continue this racial segregation and that and other factors then contribute towards this move towards democracy.

在某些時候，繼續實行種族隔離的代價變得過於高昂，而這一因素和其他因素便促成了向民主的邁進。

That happened in the 1990s.

這發生在 20 世紀 90 年代。

And this was a huge moment.

這是一個重要的時刻。

When Nelson Mandela was released from prison.

納爾遜-曼德拉出獄時。

He was one of the main anti-apartheid leaders and had been locked up for 27 years for his opposition to the government.

他是反種族隔離的主要領導人之一，曾因反對政府而被關了 27 年。

When South Africa's first free elections were held in 1994, he became president.

1994 年南非舉行首次自由選舉時，他成為總統。

Another huge moment.

另一個重要時刻

So that was the story of apartheid in South Africa.

這就是南非種族隔離制度的故事。

The short version, anyway.

總之是簡而言之。

The South African experience explains the root of the word.

南非的經驗解釋了這個詞的根源。

But the concept of apartheid has evolved.

但是，種族隔離的概念已經發生了變化。

That's because apartheid has been established as a crime against humanity under international law.

這是因為根據國際法，種族隔離已被確定為反人類罪。

In 1973, the United Nations adopted what's known as the Apartheid Convention.

1973 年，聯合國通過了《種族隔離公約》。

It defines apartheid as

它將種族隔離定義為

And in 1998, apartheid was included in the Rome Statute, the treaty that underpins the International Criminal Court.

1998 年，種族隔離被列入《羅馬規約》，該條約是國際刑事法院的基礎。

And it uses similar language.

它使用了類似的語言。

And in recent years, that conclusion, that the crime of apartheid exists, is one that many human rights organizations have come to in relation to Israel's treatment of Palestinians.

近年來，許多人權組織在以色列對待巴勒斯坦人的問題上得出了種族隔離罪存在的結論。

They include Palestinian groups, Israeli groups, and two big international ones,

其中包括巴勒斯坦團體、以色列團體和兩個大型國際團體、

Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, who've both published investigations that are hundreds of pages long.

人權觀察和大赦國際都發表了長達數百頁的調查報告。

And there's a lot of evidence to support this claim.

有很多證據支持這一說法。

The core accusation is that the Israeli government maintains a system of oppression and domination that prioritizes Israeli Jews over Palestinians.

核心指控是，以色列政府維持著一種壓迫和統治制度，將以色列猶太人置於巴勒斯坦人之上。

Now, all of them have reached their conclusion in slightly different ways, and they differ over exactly where they think apartheid is happening.

現在，他們得出結論的方式略有不同，他們認為種族隔離到底在哪裡發生也不盡相同。

Let's look at the map.

讓我們看看地圖。

You've got Israel here, and then the Palestinian territories, which are under Israeli military occupation, meaning Israel has ultimate authority over this whole area.

這裡有以色列，還有被以色列軍事佔領的巴勒斯坦領土，這意味著以色列對整個地區擁有最終權力。

Now, some groups, including Amnesty, argue that apartheid is happening in Israel itself, as well as the occupied territories.

現在，包括大赦組織在內的一些團體認為，種族隔離正在以色列本身以及被佔領土上發生。

We'll get back to that.

我們回頭再談。

Other groups, like Human Rights Watch, say the term apartheid only applies in the occupied territories.

人權觀察等其他組織則表示，種族隔離一詞只適用於被佔領土。

Here are some of the things they point to.

以下是他們指出的一些問題。

There are 700,000 Israeli settlers living in the West Bank in East Jerusalem, and the Israeli government has granted them a superior status under the law as compared to Palestinians living in the same territory.

有 70 萬以色列定居者居住在東耶路撒冷的西岸，以色列政府根據法律給予他們優於居住在同一領土上的巴勒斯坦人的地位。

That's how Human Rights Watch puts it.

人權觀察》就是這樣說的。

It's things like separate justice systems.

這就是像獨立的司法系統這樣的東西。

Settlers are subject to Israeli civil law.

定居者受以色列民法管轄。

Palestinians are typically subject to Israeli military law.

巴勒斯坦人通常受以色列軍法管轄。

The Israeli military writes the regulations and the rules which determine how and where you build, how and where you travel, how and where you conduct your normal business, your economy, how much water you are allowed.

以色列軍方制定的條例和規則決定了你如何以及在哪裡建造房屋、如何以及在哪裡旅行、如何以及在哪裡開展正常業務、你的經濟、允許你使用多少水。

It's two different worlds.

這是兩個不同的世界。

The Arabs live under military occupation, while the Israelis are enjoying the Palestinian land which they live on, but at the same time, they're enjoying all the privileges that you can get by being an Israeli citizen.

阿拉伯人生活在軍事佔領之下，而以色列人卻享受著他們賴以生存的巴勒斯坦土地，與此同時，他們還享受著作為以色列公民所能享受到的一切特權。

Palestinians can't move around in the way Israelis can.

巴勒斯坦人無法像以色列人那樣行動自如。

In the West Bank, they have to pass through military checkpoints, they often need special permits, and are banned from using certain roads.

在約旦河西岸，他們必須通過軍事檢查站，往往需要特別許可證，並被禁止使用某些道路。

We have a Palestinian-dedicated app that shows the route that Palestinians can take when they want to go from one place to another.

我們有一個巴勒斯坦人專用的應用程序，可以顯示巴勒斯坦人從一個地方到另一個地方的路線。

They also can't travel freely between the West Bank and Gaza.

他們也不能在西岸和加沙之間自由往來。

Even before the recent war, Israel had a total blockade on the Gaza Strip.

甚至在最近的戰爭之前，以色列就對加沙地帶實行了全面封鎖。

And this is all part of what the rights groups call territorial fragmentation.

這就是權利組織所說的領土分裂的一部分。

Because while Israeli territory is contiguous, i.e. it's one chunk of land,

因為以色列的領土是毗連的，也就是一塊土地、

Palestinians have been pushed into a patchwork of territory.

巴勒斯坦人被擠到了一塊塊拼湊起來的領土上。

The Israeli organization B'Tselem says, this separates the Palestinians into distinct groups, which helps Israel promote Jewish supremacy and thwarts criticism and resistance.

以色列組織 "以色列佔領領土人權信息中心"（B'Tselem）說，這將巴勒斯坦人抽成了不同的群體，有助於以色列推行猶太至上主義，阻撓責備和抵抗。

So there is quite a lot of agreement among rights groups that Israel is practicing apartheid here.

是以，人權組織一致認為以色列在這裡實行種族隔離。

Less so on whether the criteria for apartheid is met in Israel itself.

至於以色列本身是否符合種族隔離的標準，就不那麼重要了。

The Israeli government, and others, say that all Israeli citizens have equal rights, including Palestinian citizens of Israel, who make up about 20% of the population.

以色列政府和其他方面表示，所有以色列公民都享有平等權利，包括佔以色列人口約 20% 的巴勒斯坦公民。

There is formally a democratic regime.

正式建立了民主政權。

Jews and Arabs have the same rights.

猶太人和阿拉伯人享有同樣的權利。

They can be elected.

他們可以通過選舉產生。

There is even an Arab judge in the Supreme Court.

最高法院甚至還有一位阿拉伯法官。

So actually, there is some discrimination, of course, between Arabs and Jews inside Israel.

是以，實際上，以色列境內的阿拉伯人和猶太人之間當然存在一些歧視。

But basically, according to the Israeli law, there should be no discrimination on the basis of race, religion, gender, so forth.

但從根本上說，根據以色列法律，不應存在基於種族、宗教、性別等的歧視。

Others say that, in practice, it's not so clear-cut.

也有人說，在實踐中，情況並非如此一目瞭然。

Amnesty, for example, argues that Palestinian citizens of Israel do face considerable rights violations, including things like home demolitions and forced evictions.

例如，大赦組織認為，以色列的巴勒斯坦公民確實面臨著相當多的侵權行為，包括拆毀房屋和強行驅逐等。

And they say because those violations are happening in the context of the wider system of domination and oppression of Palestinians, the apartheid criteria are met.

他們說，由於這些侵犯行為是在統治和壓迫巴勒斯坦人的更廣泛制度背景下發生的，是以符合種族隔離的標準。

People began to say, well, this system of apartheid doesn't only exist in the West Bank for settlers versus Arabs, but it's really part and parcel of the entire system of Israel in all the areas under its control, even though it is applied in different ways.

人們開始說，好吧，這種種族隔離制度不僅存在於西岸的定居者與阿拉伯人之間，它確實是以色列在其控制下的所有地區的整個制度的組成部分，儘管它以不同的方式實施。

Now, the Israeli government has called groups like Amnesty delusional for making the accusation of apartheid and say they're fueling anti-Semitism.

現在，以色列政府稱大赦國際這樣的組織提出種族隔離的指控是妄想，並說他們在助長反猶太主義。

Israel isn't perfect, but we are a democracy committed to international law, open to criticism.

以色列並不完美，但我們是一個遵守國際法的民主國家，願意接受批評。

I hate to use the argument that if Israel wasn't a Jewish state, no one at Amnesty would dare make such a claim against it.

我討厭使用這樣的論點，即如果以色列不是一個猶太國家，大赦組織就沒有人敢對它提出這樣的指控。

But in this case, there's simply no other explanation.

但在這種情況下，根本沒有其他解釋。

Criticizing the government for practicing apartheid is becoming not politically correct in Israel.

在以色列，責備政府實行種族隔離在政治上越來越不正確。

You will not find it in the mainstream media, even in the academia.

你不會在主流媒體，甚至在學術界找到它。

Professors are very careful about using apartheid, but asking the question, is Israel apartheid, is more legitimate, yes.

教授們在使用種族隔離這個詞時非常謹慎，但提出 "以色列是否是種族隔離國家 "這個問題更合理，是的。

Outside of Israel, especially in the context of what's happening in Gaza, that question is getting more and more attention.

在以色列之外，特別是在加沙發生的情況下，這個問題正受到越來越多的關注。

For example, some people are drawing parallels between the pro-Palestine movement and the campaigns to isolate South Africa during its apartheid era.

例如，有人將支持巴勒斯坦的運動與南非種族隔離時期的孤立運動相提並論。

South Africa's government itself is making a link.

南非政府本身也在建立聯繫。

It referred to apartheid at the UN's highest court, where it's bringing a case against Israel for another international crime, genocide, which Israel also denies.

它在聯合國最高法院提到了種族隔離，並以另一項國際罪行--種族滅絕--起訴以色列，而以色列也否認種族滅絕。

We as South Africans sense, see, hear and feel to our core the inhumane discriminatory policies and practices of the Israel regime as an even more extreme form of the apartheid that was institutionalized against black people in my country.

作為南非人，我們從內心深處感受到、看到、聽到和體會到以色列政權不人道的歧視性政策和做法，這是針對我國黑人的種族隔離制度化的一種更加極端的形式。

So the label of apartheid is being attached to Israel.

是以，以色列被貼上了種族隔離的標籤。

And in the court of public opinion and international diplomacy, labels can be powerful.

而在公眾輿論和國際外交中，標籤的力量是巨大的。

Ultimately, though, the legal question of whether Israel's guilty of the crime of apartheid is one for an international court to decide.

不過，以色列是否犯有種族隔離罪這一法律問題最終還是要由國際法庭來裁定。