Name: 這個黑洞可能比宇宙還大 (This Black Hole Could be Bigger Than The Universe)
Uploaded: 2024-06-11T09:22:45.000Z
Duration: 11 min 44 s

We proudly present to you the Kurzgesagt Guide to Curiosity.

我們向您隆重推出《Kurzgesagt 好奇心指南》。

關係子句

Join us on an interactive adventure across 160 thrilling pages that will change your perspective on the world forever.

加入我們的互動探險吧，160 頁驚心動魄的內容將永遠改變你對世界的看法。

You might be inside a black hole that's inside a black hole that's inside a black hole.

你可能在一個黑洞裡，黑洞在黑洞裡，黑洞在黑洞裡。

Everything in existence could be black holes all the way down.

一切存在的東西都可能是黑洞。

It turns out black holes are much weirder than you think and they break the universe much more than is usually explained, destroying time and space.

事實證明，黑洞比你想象的要古怪得多，它們對宇宙的破壞遠遠超出了通常的解釋，摧毀了時間和空間。

And they may actually create infinite universes in the process.

在這個過程中，它們可能會創造出無限的宇宙。

But before we can get to that, let's first build a black hole out of air.

但在此之前，讓我們先用空氣建造一個黑洞。

Everything can become a black hole if you squeeze it to a critical limit.

如果擠壓到臨界極限，一切都可能變成黑洞。

You'd need to squeeze Earth down to the size of a coin for it to turn into a black hole.

你需要把地球擠壓成硬幣大小，它才會變成一個黑洞。

The Sun needs to be squeezed down to the size of a small city to become a black hole.

太陽需要被擠壓成一個小城市的大小，才能成為一個黑洞。

And if a lot of mass is concentrated in a really tiny space, you get something super dense.

如果大量品質集中在一個非常小的空間裡，就會產生超高密度。

This is usually how black holes are explained.

Stuff becomes super dense and collapses into a black hole.

物質變得超級緻密，坍縮成黑洞。

But actually, you don't need any ultra-dense stuff to make them.

但實際上，製作它們並不需要任何超高密度的東西。

We're ignoring some maths here, but all you really need to know is one thing.

我們在這裡忽略了一些數學問題，但你真正需要知道的是一件事。

The larger black holes get, the less dense they are.

So, really large black holes are kind of thin.

所以，真正的大黑洞是很稀薄的。

A Sun-mass black hole is only about 6 kilometers wide and has a density of about 1 Himalayan range per cubic meter.

太陽品質的黑洞只有約 6 公里寬，密度約為每立方米 1 喜馬拉雅山的範圍。

The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way has a massive 4 million Suns, a diameter of 24 million kilometers, and a density of 6 blue whales per cubic meter.

銀河系中心的超大品質黑洞有 400 萬個太陽，直徑 2400 萬公里，密度為每立方米 6 頭藍鯨。

The ultramassive black hole Iris 2100-4156 has a mass of 3.8 billion Suns and is as wide as the solar system.

超大品質黑洞虹膜 2100-4156 的品質為 38 億個太陽，寬度與太陽系相當。

But because it's so large, it is only as dense as air.

但是，由於它的體積太大，它的密度只有空氣那麼大。

This means, at least in theory, that if you take a gigantic balloon and fill it with under zillions of tons of air, the moment it gets to the size of a solar system, an event horizon suddenly forms and it turns into a supermassive black hole without violence or squeezing.

這意味著，至少從理論上講，如果你把一個巨大的氣球裝滿數十億噸的空氣，當它達到一個太陽系的大小時，事件穹界就會突然形成，並在沒有暴力或擠壓的情況下變成一個超大品質黑洞。

所以，現在，讓我們暢想未來。

What do we need to make a black hole the size of the Universe?

我們需要什麼才能製造出宇宙那麼大的黑洞？

The chunk of the Universe that we can see from Earth is a sphere with a radius of 45 billion light-years, filled with hundreds of billions of galaxies, lots of gas, and a bunch of other things.

我們從地球上所能看到的宇宙是一個半徑為 450 億光年的球體，其中充滿了數以千億計的星系、大量的氣體和其他一些東西。

If you add them up, it has the mass of about a million billion billion Suns.

如果把它們加起來，它的品質大約相當於一百萬億個太陽。

Which sounds a lot, but on average, the Universe is not very dense.

這聽起來很多，但平均而言，宇宙的密度並不大。

If we break up all the galaxies, stars, gas, and energy, and spread them equally inside the volume of the Universe, we get an average density of about 5 hydrogen atoms per cubic meter.

如果我們把所有的星系、恆星、氣體和能量拆分開來，將它們平均分佈在宇宙的體積中，我們就會得到每立方米大約 5 個氫原子的平均密度。

You can imagine this as the sort of ultra-thin cosmic air that makes up the Universe.

你可以把它想象成構成宇宙的超薄宇宙空氣。

What would happen if we take a balloon as big as the observable Universe and fill it with cosmic air?

如果我們把一個和可觀測宇宙一樣大的氣球裝滿宇宙空氣，會發生什麼呢？

Well, it turns out that all the mass in the observable Universe is more than enough to create a black hole.

事實證明，可觀測宇宙中的所有品質都足以形成一個黑洞。

Actually, it's enough to make a black hole ten times larger than the observable Universe.

事實上，這足以讓一個黑洞比可觀測宇宙大十倍。

We should be living deep inside a truly gargantuan cosmic-sized black hole.

我們應該生活在一個真正巨大的宇宙級黑洞深處。

We know that our Universe is expanding, and an expanding Universe is not what you'd expect to see if you were inside a black hole.

我們知道我們的宇宙正在膨脹，而膨脹的宇宙並不是你在黑洞裡所能看到的。

So our Universe can't be a black hole, at least not in the naive way we've just described.

是以，我們的宇宙不可能是一個黑洞，至少不是我們剛才描述的那種天真無邪的黑洞。

Except there's a wild and mind-bending trick the Universe could play on us.

只不過，宇宙可能會對我們玩一個天馬行空、令人匪夷所思的把戲。

To find out how, let's jump into a black hole and die.

要想知道怎麼做，讓我們跳進黑洞死去吧。

A whole Universe born inside a black hole.

We usually imagine black holes as spheres with a singularity at their center, a point where all their mass is concentrated so much that our maths breaks down.

我們通常把黑洞想象成一個球體，其中心有一個奇點，在這個點上，黑洞的所有品質都集中在一起，以至於我們的數學運算都崩潰了。

But this is a lie. They are so much weirder.

但這是騙人的。它們要古怪得多。

From the outside, a black hole looks like a normal black sphere, but the inside is where things stop making sense.

從外面看，黑洞就像一個普通的黑色球體，但到了內部，一切就都失去了意義。

Black holes warp the Universe so much that at the event horizon, space and time switch their roles.

黑洞使宇宙發生了巨大的扭曲，以至於在事件穹界處，空間和時間互換了角色。

Inside a normal sphere, space is finite, but time goes on forever.

在一個正常的球體內，空間是有限的，但時間卻永無止境。

But inside a black hole, it's the other way around.

但在黑洞內部，情況恰恰相反。

Space goes on forever, but time is finite.

空間永無止境，但時間是有限的。

So once inside, you see an infinite Universe with no center.

是以，一旦進入其中，你就會看到一個沒有中心的無限宇宙。

The geometry is too complicated, so we're simplifying.

幾何形狀太複雜，所以我們要簡化。

But basically, you could walk forever in one direction, or walk in another direction and arrive at the same place again.

但基本上，你可以永遠朝一個方向走，也可以朝另一個方向走，然後再次到達同一個地方。

But not only that, inside a black hole, time is finite, and it's now running out.

不僅如此，在黑洞內部，時間是有限的，而現在時間正在流逝。

So after a while, you start to notice that space itself is slowly changing.

是以，一段時間後，你開始注意到空間本身正在慢慢發生變化。

In one direction, space is being stretched, while in all other directions, space is shrinking.

在一個方向上，空間被拉伸，而在所有其他方向上，空間都在縮小。

The whole Universe is being squeezed, kind of turning into a collapsing spaghetti.

整個宇宙正在受到擠壓，有點像坍塌的意大利麵條。

Sooner or later, the whole black hole Universe collapses into itself.

遲早有一天，整個黑洞宇宙會自我坍縮。

All of space, every single part of it, is turning into a singularity.

整個空間，它的每一個部分，都在變成一個奇點。

So the singularity of a black hole is not at its center or in any direction at all.

是以，黑洞的奇點並不在其中心或任何方向。

It's in the future of whatever falls inside.

無論什麼東西落在裡面，它的未來都在裡面。

We made a whole video about this if you want to learn more.

如果您想了解更多資訊，我們製作了一個完整的視頻。

So the singularity is not a place where you can go, it's an event in time that happens.

是以，奇點不是一個你能去的地方，而是一個發生在時間中的事件。

Once it happens, you and everything else that fell inside the black hole will be mercilessly crushed into an infinitely small region with infinite gravity and infinite energy.

一旦發生，你和所有掉進黑洞的東西都會被無情地碾碎，變成一個具有無限引力和無限能量的無限小區域。

Both kind of stop existing in ways that we would recognize.

兩者都會以我們所認可的方式停止存在。

This collapse of the black hole Universe into a singularity looks like one of the scenarios for the end of our Universe, the Big Crunch, where long after the Big Bang, the whole Universe collapses into a singularity again.

黑洞宇宙坍縮成一個奇點的過程，看起來就像是宇宙終結的情景之一--大緊縮，即宇宙大爆炸之後很久，整個宇宙再次坍縮成一個奇點。

But if there's a Big Crunch, there might be a Big Bounce, like a rubber ball that you've squeezed too much and that suddenly rebounds, space might expand again.

但是，如果發生大擠壓，可能會出現大反彈，就像一個橡皮球被你擠壓得太緊，突然反彈，空間可能會再次膨脹。

So a new Universe could be born inside a black hole.

是以，一個新的宇宙可能在黑洞中誕生。

The funny thing about this scenario is that nothing has changed in the slightest outside the black hole.

這個場景的有趣之處在於，黑洞之外沒有發生任何變化。

Watching from the outside, it's still a black sphere of nothingness.

從外面看，它仍然是一個虛無的黑色球體。

And yet, on the inside, a new Universe has been born.

然而，在內心深處，一個嶄新的宇宙已經誕生。

So maybe our Universe was born like this, and we are all actually inside the black hole.

所以，也許我們的宇宙就是這樣誕生的，而我們其實都在黑洞裡。

But if our Universe can also create black holes, they might give birth to new Universes.

但是，如果我們的宇宙也能產生黑洞，它們可能會誕生新的宇宙。

Is our black hole Universe also just part of a Universe further up that's also a black hole inside another Universe?

我們的黑洞宇宙是否也只是另一個宇宙的一部分？

Is the cosmos black holes inside black holes inside black holes?

宇宙是黑洞中的黑洞，黑洞中的黑洞嗎？

If the Universe creates black holes that create Universes, that then create new black holes that create new Universes, this cosmic self-reproduction would be subject to natural selection.

如果宇宙創造黑洞，黑洞創造宇宙，黑洞創造新的黑洞，新的黑洞創造新的宇宙，那麼這種宇宙的自我繁殖就會受到自然選擇的影響。

A Big Bang is a chaotic and messy event, so it's possible that the new daughter Universes would not always be fully identical to their mums.

大爆炸是一個混亂無序的事件，是以新的子宇宙有可能並不總是與它們的母宇宙完全相同。

Sometimes physics may be slightly different, with some fundamental values higher or lower.

有時，物理學可能會略有不同，一些基本值或高或低。

So some Universes might be able to create loads of stars, planets and black holes.

是以，有些宇宙可能會創造出大量恆星、行星和黑洞。

Others might not, maybe creating a uniform cosmic soup where no stars, planets and black holes form.

其他的可能不會，也許會形成一個沒有恆星、行星和黑洞的統一宇宙湯。

But if all Universes are born inside black holes, in the long run all Universe lines that don't create loads of black holes would die out.

但是，如果所有宇宙都誕生於黑洞之中，那麼從長遠來看，所有沒有產生大量黑洞的宇宙線都會消亡。

The Universes with the conditions for loads of black holes would become the most common and spawn the most daughter Universes.

具備大量黑洞條件的宇宙將成為最常見的宇宙，併產生最多的子宇宙。

不過是用 "宇宙 "代替 "生物體"。

Our observable Universe alone has created at least 10 to the power of 17 black holes so far.

迄今為止，僅我們可觀測到的宇宙就已經產生了至少 10 到 17 個黑洞。

So maybe our Universe has the physics and laws it has because it was born after a long process of cosmological selection that favoured the production of tons of black holes.

是以，也許我們的宇宙之所以擁有這樣的物理特性和規律，是因為它誕生於一個漫長的宇宙學選擇過程，這個過程有利於成噸黑洞的產生。

And that would have a lovely side effect.

If Universes are optimised to create as many new black hole Universes as possible, they're optimised to create loads of galaxies and stars.

如果宇宙的優化是為了創造儘可能多的新黑洞宇宙，那麼它們的優化就是為了創造大量的星系和恆星。

And thereby also, by accident, the conditions for life to emerge.

從而也意外地為生命的出現創造了條件。

So Universes that are the best at creating new Universes are also the best at creating life.

是以，最善於創造新宇宙的宇宙也最善於創造生命。

If this scenario is true, who knows how many bazillions of black hole Universes might be out there.

如果這個假設是真的，誰知道外面會有多少億個黑洞宇宙呢？

All with stars and planets potentially home to others like us.

所有的恆星和行星都可能是像我們這樣的人的家園。

那麼，我們的宇宙是這樣的嗎？

While these ideas are based on real science and work on paper, they're speculative and not testable.

雖然這些想法基於真正的科學，在紙面上也行得通，但它們是推測性的，無法檢驗。

Also, cyclic Universes don't actually explain why the Universe exists in the first place, or why it is the way it is.

此外，循環宇宙實際上並不能解釋為什麼宇宙一開始就存在，或者為什麼宇宙是這樣的。