Just so you know, this programme is from the BBC Learning English archive

and was first broadcast in September 2016 on our website.

And now on with the show.

6 Minute English

from BBC Learning English dot com.

Hello and welcome to 6 Minute English. I'm Alice.

And I'm Neil.

So, Neil, you texted me earlier and didn't put a full stop at the end.

You're right, I never use full stops in texts.

They're much too 'stuffy' — or formal.

Texting is like conversation, you don't need lots of punctuation.

Well, punctuation is the subject of today's show.

And I know I'm a bit of a stickler about this,

but I think you're letting the standards of written English language slip.

A 'stickler' is someone who insists on a certain way of doing a particular thing.

Surely you aren't such a stickler for punctuation rules

that you want to stop the evolution of English, Alice?

No, of course not,

but I am a stickler when people don't follow the rules of punctuation,

because this makes written text 'ambiguous' or difficult to understand.

'Ambiguous' means when something has two or more meanings.

Can you give me some examples

of punctuation making text easier to understand?

All right then, here you are, "Let's eat Grandma."

Urgh!

It brings to mind the children's story Little Red Riding Hood,

about a girl, her grandmother and a hungry wolf.

Is that the wolf talking to another wolf friend of his?

No, it's the girl, Red Riding Hood, talking to her grandmother.

And with a well-placed comma, it becomes, "Let's eat, Grandma".

Without proper punctuation, the sentence is ambiguous.

Now, before we look at more reasons why punctuation is important,

let's have today's quiz question.

OK. What is another word for the keyboard sign that represents a paragraph?

Is it a) pilcrow? b) bodkin? Or c) pica?

Hm, I'll say c) pica.

Well, we will find out later in the show if you got that right or wrong.

Moving on now, punctuation was invented by the Ancient Greeks.

They used a series of dots to indicate different lengths of pauses.

A short unit of text was a comma, a longer unit was a colon,

and a complete sentence was a periodos.

We used these terms to name our punctuation marks —

although they actually refer to the clauses, not to the dots themselves.

So early punctuation wasn't really about grammar, then?

No, it was about public speaking.

The different dots indicated different lengths of pauses —

short, medium, and long.

These pauses broke up the text,

so it was easier to read and therefore easier to understand.

OK, let's hear from the punctuation expert, Keith Houston,

who is author of Shady Characters:

Ampersands, Interrobangs and Other Typographical Curiosities.

Here he's talking on BBC Radio 4's Word of Mouth.

Punctuation started off being all about rhetoric, about speech,

but we started to assign rules, I think around about the 8th century or so.

We started to associate the marks, not just with pauses,

but with the actual grammatical units they were used to punctuate.

So, a comma wasn't just a dot that meant pause for this length of time.

It now actually marked out a clause, you know,

it marked out a sort of consistent, logical bit of writing.

So 'rhetoric' — or the art of persuasive speaking —

was very important to the Greeks and to the Romans.

And to be persuasive, you need to be understood.

And these little punctuation marks

helped the speaker to deliver their text more effectively.

Later on, these marks were given grammatical functions.

The comma marks out a 'clause' —

or grammatical unit containing a subject and a verb —

as well as telling the reader to pause briefly.

Are you beginning to see why being 'sloppy' — or careless —

with punctuation isn't a good thing, Neil?

Yes, I am.

Though recent research into texting and punctuation

suggests that people consider messages ending in full stops

to be less sincere than ones without.

Really?

Well, now might be a good time to hear about

how it can be hard to make writing unambiguous.

We can misinterpret the written word, even with punctuation to guide us.

Here's Keith Houston again,

talking to Michael Rosen, presenter of Word Of Mouth.

Quite often I notice on Twitter and places like that people misunderstand irony.

I mean, because we only have text in front of us, not intonation.

So, do we need an irony punctuation —

"Hello, I'm being ironic now" — do we need that?

You might say that emoticons are the best way to go about that —

a little winking emoticon — you know, semicolon, dash, closing parenthesis.

Oh, yes, yes, of course.

They've invented all these using the punctuation that we have on the keyboard.

'Irony' means using words

to mean something that is the opposite of its literal or most usual meaning.

But when we're online using email or Twitter, you don't hear the words

and that's why it can be hard to know what feelings the writer intended.

Mm, that's right.

When we use 'emoticons' —

facial expressions made out of keyboard characters —

we can signpost the feelings we intend.

Now, Alice, remember I asked you what is another word for the keyboard sign

that represents a paragraph? Is it a) pilcrow? b) bodkin? Or c) pica?

Yes, I said pica.

— And you were wrong, I'm afraid. — Oh.

The right answer is pilcrow, which comes from the Greek word 'paragraphos'.

The earliest reference of the modern 'pilcrow' is from 1440

with the Middle English word 'pylcrafte'.

Oh, oh, dear, sad face.

I hate it when I get the quiz question wrong.

Now, can we hear the words we learned today?

Yes, they are stuffy, stickler, rhetoric,

clause, sloppy, irony,

literal, emoticons.

Well, that's the end of today's 6 Minute English. Please join us again soon!

— Goodbye. — Bye.

6 Minute English.

From the BBC.