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When I was preparing for this talk, I went to search for a couple of quotes that I can share with you.
我在準備今天演講的時候 去找了有沒有適合分享的名言佳句
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Good news, I found three that I particularly liked.
好消息是: 我找到了3個特別喜歡的
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The first by Samuel Johnson, who said,
第一個是賽繆爾˙詹森說的
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“When making your choice in life, do not forget to live.”
「我們不停在生活中做出選擇,但不要忘了把握當下」
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The second by Aeschylus, who reminded us that,
第二個是埃斯庫羅斯(註: 希臘詩人及悲劇作家) 他提醒了我們
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“Happiness is a choice that requires effort.”
「快樂是自己的選擇,加上額外的努力」
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And the third is one by Groucho Marx who said,
第三個是格魯喬˙馬克思(註: 美國喜劇演員、電影明星)說的
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“I wouldn’t want to choose to belong to any club that would have me as a member.”
「我不想選擇任何一個俱樂部,將自己侷限於他們的會員身分」
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Now, bad news, I didn’t know which one of these quotes to choose and share with you.
壞消息是: 我現在不知道該選哪個來分享了
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The sweet anxiety of choice.
選擇常常讓人愉悅又苦惱
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In today’s times of post-industrial capitalism,
在今天這個後工業資本主義的時代
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choice, together with individual freedom and the idea of self-making,
人們對與選擇掛勾的個人自由及自我塑造理念
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has been elevated to an ideal.
要求越來越高
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Now, together with this, we also have a belief in endless progress.
我們還深信未來會不斷進步
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But the underside of this ideology has been an increase of anxiety,
這種意識形態的缺點是它讓人們感到焦慮
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feeling of guilt, feeling of being inadequate,
感到罪惡、覺得自己有太多不足
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feeling that we are failing in our choices.
覺得自己可能做錯了選擇
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Sadly, this ideology of individual choice has prevented us to think about social changes.
遺憾的是 這種個人選擇的意識形態更讓我們忽視了社會變遷
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It appears that this ideology was actually very efficient in pacifying us as political and social thinkers.
不過這種思想對於政治家或社會思想家卻有安撫的作用
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Instead of making social critique, we are more and more engaging in self-critique,
相較於批判社會 我們更常批評指教自己
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sometimes to the point of self-destruction.
有時候甚至到了自我毀滅的程度
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Now, how come that ideology of choice is still so powerful,
那為什麼這種意識形態依然如此盛行呢?
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even among people who have not many things to choose among?
也仍然影響著沒有太多選擇的人?
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How come that even people who are poor very much still identify with the idea of choice, the kind of rational idea of choice which we embrace?
為什麼貧窮的人 也認同我們接受的「理性選擇」概念呢?
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Now, the ideology of choice is very successful in sort of opening for us
「選擇」其實成功為人們
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a space to think about some imagined future.
創造了對未來的想像空間
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Let me give you an example.
我舉個例子
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My friend Manya, when she was a student at university in California,
我朋友曼雅 當她還在加州讀大學時
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was earning money by working for a car dealer.
為汽車仲介工作 賺取零用錢
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Now, Manya, when she encountered the typical customer,
當客戶上門時
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would debate with him about his life style, how much he wants to spend,
她會問客戶的生活型態、預算、
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how many children he has, what does he need the car for?
有幾個小孩、買車的用途?
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They would usually come to a good conclusion what would be a perfect car.
最後通常能找到一台合適的車
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Now, before Manya’s customer would go home and think things through,
客戶回家好好考慮一番之前
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she would say to him,
曼雅會告訴他:
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“The car that you are buying now is perfect,
「我們剛剛選的那台車很不錯
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but in the few year’s time, when your kids will be already out of the house,
但幾年後 當孩子長大離家
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when you will have a little bit more money,
你也有更多錢時
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that other car will be ideal.
另一台車會更適合你
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But what you are buying now is great.”
但原本的最符合你現在所有需要」
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Now, the majority of Manya’s customers who came back the next day bought that other car,
大部分客戶都會隔天回來買下那另一台車
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the car they did not need, the car that cost far too much money.
那台他們現在不需要、也更貴的車
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Now, Manya became so successful in selling cars that soon she moved on to selling airplanes.
曼雅越賣越成功 她很快就改行去賣飛機了
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And knowing so much about the psychology of people
精準掌握人類心態
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prepared her well for her current job, which is that of a psychoanalyst.
讓她對現在的職業-心理分析師 更加得心應手
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Now, why were Manya’s customers so irrational?
為什麼曼雅的客戶如此不理智?
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Manya’s success was that she was able to open in their heads an image of an idealized future,
曼雅的成功秘訣就在於她為客戶編織了一個未來的美夢
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an image of themselves when they are already more successful, freer.
自己變得更成功、更自由自在的美夢
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And for them, choose that other car was as if they are coming closer to this ideal
對買主來說 選擇那另一台車 就表示離美夢又更近了點
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in which it was as if Manya already saw them.
離那個好像一定會實現的夢更近了點
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Now, we rarely make really totally rational choices.
我們很少做出百分之百理性的選擇
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Choices are influenced by our unconscious, by our community.
選擇會受到潛意識、所處的社會環境影響
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We’re often choosing by guessing, what would other people think about our choice?
通常也都包含極多臆測成分-要是我選了這個 別人會怎麼想?
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Also we are choosing by looking at what others are choosing.
社會規範還有他人的選擇
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We’re also guessing what is socially acceptable choice.
都會影響我們最後的決定
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Now, because of this, we actually even after we have already chosen, like bought a car,
正因為如此 我們才會在做出選擇後-比方說 已經買了車
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endlessly read reviews about cars,
卻還一直在瀏覽各廠牌車子的評價
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as if we still want to convince ourselves that we made the right choice.
好像想要說服自己買對了車
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Now, choices are anxiety-provoking.
選擇讓人產生焦躁不安的情緒
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They are linked to risks, losses.
因為它們背後隱藏的
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They are highly unpredictable.
是難以預料的風險、損失
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Now, because of this, people have now more and more problems that they are not choosing anything.
太多選擇反而帶來困擾 所以有些人開始一樣都不選
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Not long ago, I was at a wedding reception.
不久前 我在一個婚宴上
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And I met a young, beautiful woman who immediately started telling me about her anxiety over choice.
遇到一位年輕貌美的女士 她馬上開始向我抱怨她對於選擇的煩惱
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She said to me, “I needed one month to decide which dress to wear.”
她說: 「我需要一個月來決定到底穿哪件洋裝;
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Then she said, “For weeks I was researching which hotel to stay for this one night.
新婚之夜住的旅館 我也找了好幾個禮拜;
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And now, I need to choose a sperm donor.”
然後我現在又需要一個精子捐贈者」
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I looked at this woman in shock.
我非常驚訝
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“Sperm donor? What’s the rush?”
「精子捐贈者?! 會不會太早了?」
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She said, “I’m turning 40 at the end of this year,
她說: 「我今年底就40了,
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and I’ve been so bad in choosing men in my life.”
卻總是遇不到對的人」
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Now choice, because it’s linked to risks, is anxiety-provoking.
因為選擇挾帶了風險 所以我們會擔心、會害怕
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And it was already the famous Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard
丹麥哲學家索倫˙奧貝˙齊克果也早就說過
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who pointed out that anxiety is linked to the possibility of possibility.
這種恐慌感和極度的不確定性息息相關
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Now, we think today that we can prevent these risks.
我們認為在這個時代 風險已經可以避免
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We have endless market analysis,
接二連三的市場分析
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projections of the future earnings.
人民未來所得的預測
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Even with market, which is about chance, randomness, we think we can predict rationally where it’s going.
即使是市場這種充滿機率、變動的東西 我們也還是覺得可以準確預測它的走向
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Now, chance is actually becoming very traumatic.
事實上 「機率」可能導致嚴重的後果
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Last year, my friend Bernard Harcourt at the University of Chicago organized an event,
去年我朋友柏納˙哈克在芝加哥大學籌畫了一個活動
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a conference on the idea of chance.
是一場探討「偶然與機會」的座談
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He and I were together on the panel, and just before delivering our papers,
我們一起上台去 開始之前
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we didn’t know each other’s papers, we decided to take chance seriously.
兩人都不知道對方稿子的內容 但我們決定冒個險
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So we informed our audience that what they will just now hear will be a random paper,
我們跟底下的人說 他們將會聽到兩份內容參雜在一起、
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a mixture of the two papers, which we didn’t know what you know, each was writing.
完全沒組織過的稿子
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Now, we delivered the conference in such a way.
我們用以下的方式進行-
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Bernard read his first paragraph.
伯納念他手上稿子的第一段
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I read my first paragraph.
然後我念我手上稿子的第一段
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Bernard read his second paragraph, I read my second paragraph,
伯納念他的第二段 然後我念我的第二段
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in this way towards the end of our papers.
就這樣一直到最後一段
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Now, you will be surprised that a majority of our audience
你可能會很驚訝 大部分聽眾
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did not think that what they’d just listened was a complete random paper.
都不覺得演講沒組織
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They couldn’t believe that speaking from the position of authority
他們無法相信具有專業、權威的
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like two professors we were, we would take you know, chance seriously.
兩個教授居然會把演講稿混著用
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They thought we prepared the paper together
聽眾以為我們一起準備了演講稿
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and was just joking that it’s random.
說混著用只是在開玩笑
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Now, we live in times with a lot of information, big data,
這是個資訊、數據、關於人體臟器知識
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a lot of knowledge about the insides of our body.
都大爆炸的時代
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We decoded our genome.
我們甚至解碼基因
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We know about our brains more than before.
對腦內運作達到前所未有的了解
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But surprisingly, people are more and more turning a blind eye in front of this knowledge.
但人們對這些知識卻選擇視而不見
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Ignorance and denial are on the rise.
愚昧和自欺欺人現象越來越嚴重
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Now, in regard to current economic crisis,
眼前的經濟危機
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we think that we will just wake up again and everything will be the same as before,
沒人當一回事 大家都覺得情況會自動好轉、自動回到之前的狀態
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and no political or social changes are needed.
不需要任何政治或社會變革
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In regard to ecological crisis, we think nothing needs to be done just now,
至於生態危機 我們也認為還不用積極去處理、面對
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or others need to act before us.
或認為其他人應該先有所行動
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Or even when ecological crisis already happens, like the catastrophe in Fukushima,
甚至當生態危機已經發生 例如福島核災
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often we have people living in the same environment with the same amount of information
了解核災可怕的居民還是住在那裏
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and half of them will be anxious about radiation and half of them will ignore it.
一半煩惱輻射問題 一半裝作沒那回事
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Now, psychoanalysts know very well that people surprisingly don’t have passion for knowledge,
心理分析學家很清楚人們並不渴求知識
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but passion for ignorance.
卻對無知有著難解的狂熱
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Now, what does that mean?
這是什麼意思呢?
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Let’s say when we are facing a life-threatening illness,
舉例來說 面對危及性命的疾病
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a lot of people don’t want to know that.
許多人並不想知道事實
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They rather prefer denying the illness, which is why it’s not so wise to inform them if they don’t ask.
他們傾向於否認自己生了病 這也是為什麼不主動戳破比較明智的原因
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Surprisingly, research shows that sometimes people who deny their illness live longer than those who are rationally choosing the best treatment.
研究結果出人意料-有時否認病情的 比那些接受事實和治療的患者活得更久
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Now, this ignorance, however, is not very helpful on the level of the social.
但這種視而不見 以社會的角度來看 並沒有助益
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When we’re ignorant about where we are heading,
當我們對未來方向毫無頭緒
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you know, a lot of social damage can be caused.
就可能產生許多社會成本
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Now, on top of facing ignorance, we’re also facing today some kind of obviousness.
除了無知 我們還被「眼前的表象」蒙蔽
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Now, it was French philosopher Louis Althusser who pointed out
法國哲人路易˙皮埃爾˙阿爾都塞曾說過
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that ideology functions in such a way that it creates a veil of obviousness.
人們只看到意識形態的表層
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Before we kind of do any social critique,
批判社會之前
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it’s necessary really to lift that veil of obviousness
必須先揭開膚淺又明顯的表象
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and to think through a little bit differently.
用不一樣的視角思考
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If we go back to this ideology of individual, rational choice we often embrace,
回來看廣受認可的「個人之理性選擇」概念
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it’s necessary precisely here to lift this obviousness
掀開那「顯而易見的表象」
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and to think a little bit differently.
再用不同的角度思考 兩個是一樣的道理
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Now for me, a question often is,
一直以來 我心中都有個疑問
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why we still embrace this idea of a self-made man on which capitalism relied from its beginning?
為何今天人們還是覺得選擇能塑造個人 而不知道一切的起源其實都是資本主義?
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Why we think that we are really such masters of our lives
為什麼我們會覺得自己有厲害到
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that we can rationally make the best ideal choices,
可以做出最理性、最理想的抉擇
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that we don’t accept losses and risks?
而拒絕蒙受損失或承擔風險?
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And for me, it’s very shocking to see sometime very poor people,
看到很多非常貧窮的人
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for example, not supporting the idea of the rich being taxed more.
不支持政府對富人增稅 讓我很詫異
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Quite often here they still identify with a certain kind of a lottery mentality.
他們常常都抱著類似中樂透的心態
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Okay, maybe they don’t think that they will make it in the future,
也許這輩子已沒機會成為富翁
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but maybe they think, my son might become the next Bill Gates.
但自己的兒子可能會是下一個蓋茲
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And who would want to tax one’s son?
誰希望自己的兒子被課比別人更多的稅?
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Or, a question for me is also, you know why would people who have no health insurance not embrace universal healthcare?
另一個問題是 為什麼沒有健保的人會不支持該制度的普及呢?
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Sometimes they don’t embrace it, again identifying with the idea of choice, but they have nothing to choose from.
有時候是因為 他們覺得自己是「選擇」不支持 但其實他們根本沒得選
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Now, Margaret Thatcher famously said,
柴契爾夫人說過一句聞名世界的話
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that there is nothing like a society.
沒有任何事物可與「社會」比擬
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Society doesn’t exist.
「社會」根本不存在
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It is only individuals and their families.
存在的只有「個人」和「家庭」
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Sadly, this ideology still functions very well,
很不幸的 依然有人支持那種論調
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which is why people who are poor might feel ashamed for their poverty.
那就是為何窮人會對赤貧感到羞愧
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We might endlessly feel guilty that we are not making the right choices and that’s why we didn’t succeed.
我們可能一輩子都被罪惡感纏擾-因為我一直做錯選擇 才會老是失敗
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We are anxious that we are not good enough.
害怕自己不夠好
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That’s why we work very hard, long hours at the workplace
所以日以繼夜的努力工作
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and equally long hours on remaking ourselves.
一次又一次 不斷重塑自己
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Now, when we are anxious over choices,
怕自己選擇會帶來傷害
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sometimes we easily give our power of choice away.
我們有時候會很輕易把選擇的權力拱手讓人
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We identify with the guru who tells us what to do, self-help therapists,
我們想要一個智慧導師告訴我們該做什麼; 自我診療師
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or we embrace a totalitarian leader who appears to have no doubts about choices, who sort of knows.
或者某個極權主義領導者 一個就是知道該選什麼、絕不會出差錯的人
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Now, often people ask me,
人們常問我
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“What did you learn by studying choice?”
「妳研究『選擇』都學到了些什麼?」
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And there is an important message that I did learn.
我確實有個很重大的領悟:
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When thinking about choices, I stopped taking choices too seriously, personally.
不再過分檢視每一個選項
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First, I realized a lot of choice I make is not rational.
我了解自己的抉擇並非完全客觀、公正
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It’s linked to my unconscious, my guesses of what others are choosing,
下意識、別人的選擇
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or what is a socially embraced choice.
和社會觀感都會影響我的決定
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I also embrace the idea that we should go beyond thinking about individual choices,
我也認為人們應該跳脫「思索個人選擇」這個框框
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that it’s very important to rethink social choices,
開始反省可能對社會產生影響的選擇
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since this ideology of individual choice has pacified us.
我們滿足於「個人選擇」的意識形態
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It really prevented us to think about social change.
因此忽略了社會變遷
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We spend so much time choosing things for ourselves and barely reflect on communal choices we can make.
我們花了這麼多時間為自己挑這選那 卻從沒想過可以做什麼讓社會更好
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Now, we should not forget that choice is always linked to change.
一定不要忘記選擇必然會帶來變動
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We can make individual changes, but we can make social changes.
我們可以改變自己 當然也可以改變社會
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We can choose to have more wolves.
我們可以選擇復育更多狼
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We can choose to change our environment to have more bees.
我們可以打造一個更適合蜜蜂居住的環境
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We can choose to have different rating agencies.
我們可以建立不同的信用評等機構
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We can choose to control corporations instead of allowing corporations controlling us.
我們可以選擇主導公司企業 而不是被它奴役
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We have a possibility to make changes.
我們有改變事物的潛能
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Now, I started with a quote from Samuel Johnson,
我以賽繆爾˙詹森的名言開場
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who said that when we make choice in life, we shouldn’t forget to live.
他說「在生活中選擇的同時 不要忘了把握當下」
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Finally, you can see I did have a choice to choose one of the three quotes with which I wanted to start my lecture.
現在你知道 我確實能從三個當中 選出一個作為開場白
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I did have a choice, such as nations, as people,
我擁有選擇 但每個國家、每位人民
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we have choices too to rethink in what kind of society we want to live in the future.
也都一樣 他們可以選擇「未來想活在什麼樣面貌的社會裡」
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Thank you.
謝謝