It was the deadliest day in modern history for both countries and more than 75,000 separate buildings were destroyed.

那是兩國現代史上最致命的一天，超過75,000座獨立建築物被摧毀。

If you're wondering if it's somehow Erdogan's fault, the answer is basically yes, but also just this time, a little bit no.

如果你想知道這是否某種程度上是埃爾多安的錯，基本上是的，但這次也有一點點的不是。

It does admittedly make sense that these countries weren't totally prepared for an earthquake like this.

誠然，這些國家並沒有為這樣的地震做好充分準備，這確實是有道理的。

The last time this region saw a larger earthquake was more than 80 years ago, but that doesn't mean that earthquakes of this size are rare it's just as they happen in other parts of the world.

該地區上一次發生較大地震已經是 80 多年前的事了，但這並不意味著這種規模的地震很罕見，就像世界其他地區發生的那樣。

Specifically here.

特別是在這裡。

This region is called the Pacific Ring of Fire and it's the most seismically active place on Earth.

該地區被稱為環太平洋火山帶，是地球上地震最活躍的地區。

Why? It doesn't really matter. It has to do with old rocks and stuff.

為什麼？ 這並不重要。 它與古老的岩石和東西有關。

But all you need to know is that if you're planning on building the largest city on Earth, you should probably do it anywhere other than in this red area here.

但你需要知道的是，如果你計劃建造地球上最大的城市，你可能應該在除了這裡的紅色區域之外的任何地方進行。

Now unfortunately this video was slightly delayed and we didn't get it out in time for the founding of Japanese society 14,000 years ago so they didn't get the memo

不幸的是，這個影片製作的時間稍微延遲了，我們沒有及時在 14,000 年前日本社會建立前發布，所以他們沒有收到備忘錄。

And now you have Tokyo the largest city in the world and home to 14 million people built on an island that gets hit with earthquakes the same size as the one that leveled Turkey every few years, sometimes multiple times per year.

東京是世界上最大的城市，擁有 1,400 萬人口，建在一座島嶼上，該島每隔幾年就會遭受一次地震，其規模與土耳其夷為平地的地震規模相同，有時甚至每年多次。

And though these earthquakes do invariably lead to some casualties and some destruction, Tokyo isn't this. But how?

儘管這些地震總是會造成一些傷亡和一些破壞，但東京卻不是這樣。 但為何呢？

Well, the main ingredients in any municipal mering is buildings and while the buildings in Tokyo, look like the sort of buildings that might turn to soup with enough vibration, there's a lot going on behind the scenes to keep them in one piece.

嗯，任何城市地震的主要成分就是建築物，雖然東京的建築物看起來在足夠震動的情況下可能會像湯一樣，但背後有很多事情在起作用，讓它們保持完整。

Every building in Tokyo falls under one of Japan's three different tiers of earthquake-proofing.

東京的每棟建築都屬於日本三個不同抗震等級之一。

Except for a small handful of buildings built before 1981, these are pretty much all low-cost residential buildings so fortunately the only ones who are going to die are poor people.

除了少數1981年以前建造的建築外，這些建築幾乎都是廉價住宅，幸運的是，唯一死去的都是窮人。

Anyway, we don't need to worry about those buildings because they're all going to be gone soon enough whether Japan wants them to or not.

無論如何，我們不需要擔心這些建築物，因為無論日本是否願意，它們很快就會消失。

So instead, let's talk about the buildings that do fall under Japan's three tiers of earthquake-proofing.

因此，我們來談談屬於日本三級抗震等級的建築物。

The first and most basic set of standards is called the taishin and it applies to every building constructed after 1981 from simple detached houses to everything else.

第一套也是最基本的標準稱為「耐震』，它適用於 1981 年之後建造的每一棟建築，從簡單的獨立式住宅到其他所有建築。

This mostly just dictates a building's general sturdiness, having a certain thickness of walls and a certain strength of beams and columns.  

這主要決定了建築物的整體堅固性，具有一定的牆壁厚度和一定的樑柱強度。

Pretty much every low-rise building in Japan is built in a frame of steel or wood.

在日本，幾乎所有的低層建築都是用鋼架或木架建造的。

You won't see the sort of stone houses you might find in Europe or America because, unlike a flexible wood frame, a stone frame is either upright or it's not.

你不會看到在歐洲或美洲看到的那種石屋，因為與靈活的木框架不同，石框架要么是直立的，要么不是直立的。

That being said, this tier is only the baseline.

話雖這麼說，這一等級只是基礎。

These buildings will still shake during an earthquake and your Funko Pops are still at risk of falling off the shelf.

這些建築物在地震期間仍然會搖晃，你的 Funko Pop 公仔仍然有從架子上掉下來的風險。

Taishin buildings are mostly built to resist the smaller four to five-magnitude earthquakes that Japan experiences every day, and to avoid total collapse in the event of something larger.

耐震的建築物大多是為了抵禦日本每天都會發生的四到五級地震而建造的，並避免在發生更大的地震時完全倒塌。

But for buildings taller than a simple detached house or small business, this might not cut it which is what the next tier of earthquake-proofing is for.

但對於比簡單的獨立式住宅或小型企業更高的建築物，這可能無法滿足要求，而這正是下一層抗震的目的。

This tier called seishin are features you'll find in many of Tokyo's high-rise office buildings and they're designed to counteract the sort of swing that might shake a house but top a skyscraper.

這一層稱為ㄉ「制震」，是東京許多高層辦公大樓的特色，它們的設計目的是抵消那種可能會搖晃房屋但能覆蓋摩天大樓頂部的搖擺。

This is typically done with a device called a seismic damper which can look like a whole bunch of different things.

這通常是透過一種稱為地震阻尼器的設備來完成的，它看起來像是一大堆不同的東西。

If your building's engineer is boring, they'll install a bunch of giant industrial springs in your building's frame that essentially pulls it back upright when an earthquake shakes it in one direction or another.

如果你的建築工程師很無聊，他們會在你的建築框架中安裝一堆巨大的工業彈簧，當地震朝一個方向或另一個方向搖晃時，這些彈簧基本上會將其拉回直立狀態。

But if your building's engineer is cool, they'll install a giant swinging egg that weighs several hundred tons and swings through your building to remind everyone that deadly city-ending earthquakes are inevitable.

但如果你所在建築的工程師很酷，他們會安裝一個重達數百噸的巨型擺動蛋，並在你的建築中擺動，以提醒每個人致命的城市毀滅地震是不可避免的。

This basically does the same thing as the springs by moving opposite to the building's frame and pulling its momentum backwards while also keeping everyone in the building humble.

這基本上與彈簧的作用相同，透過與建築物框架相反的方向移動並將其動量向後拉，同時也使建築物中的每個人保持謙遜。

Japanese buildings have actually had some version of this for well over a thousand years.

事實上，日本的建築在一千多年來就已經有這樣的設計了。

If you look at for example old Japanese pagodas, you'll see that they're built differently than Korean or Chinese pagodas.

例如，如果看看古老的日本寶塔，你會發現它們的建造方式與韓國或中國寶塔不同。

They have a central wooden column called a shinbashira that essentially acts as a seismic damper.

它們有一個稱為「心柱」的中央木柱，其本質上起到了地震阻尼器的作用。

Some buildings actually still use this exact method like the Tokyo Sky Tree which is supported by a massive concrete shinbashira running through the full height of the tower.

一些建築物實際上仍然使用這種精確的方法，例如東京晴空塔，它由貫穿塔樓整個高度的巨大混凝土信柱支撐。

But the Sky Tree, which is one of the tallest buildings in the world needs more than just that to survive an earthquake.

但作為世界上最高的建築之一的晴空塔需要的不僅僅是這些才能在地震中倖存下來。

That's why it's one of the 2600 or so buildings in Tokyo designed for the third tier of earthquake resistance called menshin.

這就是為什麼它是東京 2600 棟左右的三級抗震建築（稱為「免震」）的原因之一。

These buildings which are usually over 20 stories are constructed in such a way that they are almost entirely isolated from the ground itself.

這些建築物通常超過20層，其建造方式幾乎完全與地面隔離。

It sounds weird but pretty much all of Tokyo's skyscrapers aren't actually on the ground.

這聽起來很奇怪，但東京幾乎所有的摩天大樓實際上並不在地面上。

Instead, they're built on top of extremely thick rubber legs that allow the building to sway independently from the earth and when combined with seismic dampers and decent enough construction, even the tallest of SkyTree's can live to do whatever the Sky Tree does another day.

相反，它們建在極厚的橡膠腿上，使建築物能夠獨立擺動，與地球分離。再加上地震減震器和足夠堅固的建造，即使是最高的晴空塔，也能在繼續屹立不倒。

Now, well-designed buildings are great and all, but they're not worth much without their plucky sidekick: responsible, municipal infrastructure.

現在，設計良好的建築固然很重要，但如果沒有他們那個機智的助手——負責任的市政基礎設施，它們就不會有太大價值。

Marvel might have turned me down, but I am right.

Marvel 可能拒絕了我，但我是對的ㄡ

The city needs to be able to detect measure and respond to earthquakes in a matter of seconds because here's a fun fact: it's not actually possible to predict earthquakes before they happen.

城市需要能夠在幾秒鐘內檢測到地震並做出反應，因為一個有趣的事實：在地震發生之前預測地震其實是不可能的。

The forces that cause earthquakes build up really slowly over hundreds or thousands of years, so even a fairly accurate earthquake forecast is give or take a few centuries. And that doesn't really answer my question of: Do I have to go to work today, or will I be dead by noon anyway?

引發地震的力量在數百年或數千年的時間裡慢慢積累，因此即使是相當準確的地震預報也需要幾個世紀的時間。 這並不能真正回答我的問題：我今天必須去上班嗎？還是說我到中午就死了？

All that is to say, once an earthquake has started every second matters and Tokyo is designed to use those seconds well.

也就是說，一旦地震發生，每一秒鐘都很重要，東京的設計就是要充分利用這些秒數。

The entire country of Japan and much of its surrounding ocean floor is covered in a network of 4,235 seismometers, all of which are recording the Earth vibrations around the clock.

日本全國及其周邊大部分海底都被 4,235 個地震儀網路覆蓋，所有這些地震儀都在全天候記錄地球振動。

And they're there to buy Tokyo and other Japanese cities about half a minute of time before the actual earthquake hits.

他們在地震實際發生前大約半分鐘就在那裡幫東京和其他日本城市爭取一些時間。

To explain how this works, I need to say science words for like 15 seconds so just plug your ears if that goes against your morals.   

為了解釋這是如何運作的，我需要說大約 15 秒的科學詞彙，所以如果這違背了你的道德，請堵住你的耳朵。

Basically, an earthquake happens in two waves.

基本上，地震分兩波發生。

There's the S-wave, which is the thing that actually causes major tremors, and there's also a weaker but faster traveling P-wave, which is like a polite little Messenger to tell you that the S-wave is on its way to come mess your whole day up.

有 S 波，它實際上會引起大的震動，還有一種較弱但傳播速度更快的 P 波，它就像一個禮貌的小信使，告訴你 S 波即將到來打亂你的一整天。

So when one of the nodes in this massive, country-size grid of seismometers detects a P-wave, Japan can immediately calculate where the earthquake is coming from, how strong it is, and when it will hit which parts of the country.

因此，當這個龐大的國家級地震儀網格中的一個節點檢測到 P 波時，日本可以立即計算出地震來自何處、強度有多大以及何時會襲擊該國的哪些地區。

With these 30 or so seconds, the government can activate pretty much every phone and television in the country to tell people to take cover and even more pressingly, they have time to stop the trains that would otherwise be derailed in the earthquake.

在這 30 秒左右的時間裡，政府可以啟動全國幾乎所有電話和電視，告訴人們躲避，更緊迫的是，他們有時間阻止火車，否則火車可能會在地震中脫軌。

And all that, in addition to being about 5,000 miles from Erdagon's sphere of influence is why Tokyo is still here today.

所有這一切，再加上距離埃爾達貢勢力範圍約 5,000 英里，這就是東京今天仍然存在的原因。