There is a deep rooted belief in our culture that success means never failing.

有一種根深蒂固的信念在我們的文化中，成功意味著永不失敗。

That failure's unacceptable, that if I fail, it means there's something wrong with me.

失敗是不可接受的，如果我失敗了，這說明我有問題。

Of course, that's nonsense.

當然，這是無稽之談。

We all make mistakes, and failure is part of the journey towards success.

我們都會犯錯，失敗是通向成功的旅程的一部分。

My name is Amy Edmondson, and I am the Novartis Professor of Leadership and Management at Harvard Business School.

我叫 Amy Edmondson，是諾華教授哈佛商學院領導力與管理學教授。

My most recent book is called "Right Kind of Wrong: The Science of Failing Well."

我最近的一本書叫做《正確的錯誤：成功失敗的科學》。

I identify three archetypes of failure, and only one of them is the good kind.

我確定了失敗的三種原型，而其中只有一種是好的。

The first kind, basic failure.

第一種，基本失敗。

A basic failure is something in known territory where a simple error led to the failure.

基本失敗是指在已知的領域，一個簡單的錯誤導致了失敗。

Sometimes that failure is small.

有時，這種失敗很小。

That's tomato juice.

那是番茄汁。

No big deal.

沒什麼大不了的。

Sometimes it's enormous.

有時是巨大的。

A Citibank employee accidentally transfers $900 million instead of the 8 million that they were supposed to transfer to a client.

花旗銀行一名員工意外轉賬 9 億美元而不是原定的 800 萬給客戶。

Big, huge failure, simple mistake.

巨大的失敗，簡單的錯誤。

I define complex failure as a failure with multiple causes.

我將複雜失敗定義為具有多種原因的失敗。

It's a kind of perfect storm.

這是一場完美風暴。

Supply chain breakdowns during a global pandemic would be an example of complex failures, multiple factors from workers not being able to come to work because they were ill,

全球新冠疫情期間的供應鏈失敗是複雜失敗的一個例子，員工因生病而無法上班等多種因素、

weather patterns, government leaders' decisions, all of those factors coming together, creating this massive breakdown.

天氣模式、政府領導人的決定，所有這些因素結合在一起，造成了這次大規模的失敗。

Intelligent failure is the right kind of wrong.

智慧的失敗是正確的錯誤。

It's where new knowledge and discovery come from.

新知識和新發現就來自於此。

Intelligent failures are essentially the results of an experiment, and there are four criteria for calling a failure intelligent.

智慧失敗本質上是實驗的結果，將失敗稱為智慧失敗有四個標準。

Criterion number one: it's in new territory.

標準一：這是一個新領域。

We don't yet have the knowledge we need to produce a success.

我們尚未掌握所需的知識以取得成功。

Criterion two: it is in pursuit of a goal, whether that's learning a new sport or discovering a new molecule.

標準二：追求目標，無論是學習一項新的運動或發現一種新分子。

Number three: it's hypothesis-driven.

第三：假設驅動。

You've done your homework.

你已經做足了功課。

It's not randomly trying things to see if anything works.

這不是隨意嘗試，看看是否有效果。

And number four: the failure is as small as possible, just big enough to learn from.

第四：失敗盡可能小，大到足以從中學到教訓。

It means we don't waste resources.

這意味著我們不會浪費資源。

Whereas I am in favor of minimizing the basic failures and I am in favor of trying to catch and correct all the problems that lead to complex failures,

雖然我贊成盡量減少基本失敗，並且我贊成嘗試發現並糾正導致複雜失敗的所有問題，

I think it's a good idea to have more intelligent failures.

我認為，有更多聰明的失敗是個好主意。

If you want to have more intelligent failures in your life, in your work, essentially, you have to think like a scientist.

如果你想有更多的智慧失敗出現你的生活、工作中，基本上，你必須像科學家一樣思考。

They have trained themselves to not just tolerate failure but to really welcome the lessons that each failure brings.

他們訓練自己不僅要容忍失敗，且要歡迎每一次失敗帶來的教訓。

Most scientists, when they're on the leading edge of their craft, they are hypothesizing something that's never been shown before.

大多數科學家，當他們處於技術前沿時，他們會假設一些以前從未被證明過的東西。

So they understand that there's a very real likelihood that they will be wrong.

所以他們明白，很有可能他們會錯。

- Uh oh. You did it again. - Gee, what a mess.

- 啊哦，你又來失敗了。- 哎呀，真是一團糟。

They're testing something, and if they were wrong, they are a step closer to making a real big discovery.

他們正在測試一些東西，如果他們錯了，他們就離真正的重大發現更近了一步。

Now, you could be experimenting with a new hairstyle or you could be experimenting with a chemical compound,

你可能正在嘗試一種新髮型，或者你可能正在嘗試一種化合物，

but you're going to experiment with something that you're not 100% sure will work.

但你要嘗試一些你並不能 100% 確定會起作用的東西。

Here's some questions you need to ask yourself.

以下是你需要問自己的一些問題。

What is it I'm really hoping to do?

我到底想做什麼？

What's the progress I'd really love to make?

我最想取得的進步是什麼？

What do I know currently about how to achieve that goal?

關於如何實現這一目標，我目前知道些什麼？

What do I not know?

我不知道什麼？

That's a gap that you now want to figure out how to close.

這就是你現在要想辦法彌補的差距。

So then you ask yourself, what might I try next to see what will happen?

那麼，你會問自己下一步我該做什麼？

Now, it is never a good idea to conduct experiments in highly risky environments.

在高風險環境中進行實驗從來都不是一個好主意。

So for example, in aviation, you learn and experiment with new moves in a simulator, not in a real flight with real passengers.

例如，在航空領域，你在飛行模擬器中學習和嘗試新動作，而不是搭載真實乘客的實際飛行中。

In healthcare, the same is true.

在醫療保健領域，也是如此。

We experiment in the lab, we don't experiment at the bedside.

我們在實驗室裡做實驗，而不是做臨床實驗。

So intelligent failures can really only happen in situations where the stakes are medium to low.

所以智慧失敗實際上只能發生在在中低風險的情況下。

One of the things that holds us back from taking risks, from experimenting is that we erroneously think the stakes are too high.

阻礙我們冒險、嘗試的原因之一是我們錯誤地認為風險太高。

We think if we get it wrong, it'll be awful when in reality, if we get it wrong, it's just wrong.

我們認為如果我們做錯了，那就太糟糕了，但實際上，如果我們做錯了，那就是錯的。

Sometimes it's inconvenient.

有時很不方便。

It's almost always disappointing, but it's not awful.

它幾乎總是令人失望，但並不可怕。

It's just new knowledge.

這只是新知識。

So we have to remind ourselves of the true rational-stakes of a situation.

所以我們必須提醒自己，真正的理性利害關係的情況。

Low-stakes might be, ah, someone might laugh at us or disagree with us.

低風險可能是有人可能嘲笑我們或不同意我們的觀點。

Who cares, right?

誰在乎，對嗎？

So you remind yourself that those things really don't matter and should not hold you back.

所以提醒自己，那些事情其實不重要，也不該阻礙你。

I'm going to learn.

我要學習。

Julia Child, the famous chef, would often have a mistake during her show as she's cooking an omelet or baking a chicken and something would go wrong, and she would just laugh and say.

著名廚師茱莉亞·柴爾德在節目中經常會犯錯誤，例如在煮煎蛋捲或烤雞肉時會出問題，但她只是笑著說：

Well, that didn't go very well.

這進展並不順利。

See, when I flipped it, I didn't have the courage to do it the way I should have.

看，當我翻轉它時我沒有勇氣按照我本應該要做的方式去做。

But you can always pick it up and if you're alone in the kitchen, who is going to see?

但如果你一個人在廚房，你可以隨時撿起來，畢竟誰會看到？

She rightly coded the situation of being on a national television program, cooking an omelet as low stakes, but it is.

她正確地將在國家電視節目中煮煎蛋捲的情況描述為低風險，但事實確實如此。

It's just an omelet. Who cares if it falls on the counter?

這只是一個煎蛋捲。 如果它掉在流理臺上，誰會在乎？

Whereas, I think most of us would inaccurately code that situation as just catastrophic if we made a mistake like that in front of such a large audience.

然而，我認為如果我們在這麼多觀眾面前犯了這樣的錯誤，我們大多數人都會錯誤地認為這種情況是災難性的。

It is natural to want to avoid failure.

避免失敗是人之常情。

But when we avoid failure, we also avoid discovery and accomplishment.

但當我們避免失敗時我們也避免了發現和成就。

The only way to succeed in any endeavor worth trying is to be willing to experiment, to try new things, knowing full well that many of them will yield failures.

在任何值得嘗試的努力中取得成功的唯一方法是願意嘗試，嘗試新事物，並且充分了解其中許多都會失敗。

We have to embrace those kinds of failures because that's where great advances and even joy come from.

我們必須接受這些失敗因為這就是巨大進步甚至快樂的源泉。

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