Name: 為什麼我們的食物中含有化學物質？ (Why do we have chemicals in our food?)
Uploaded: 2023-11-18T21:01:20.000Z
Duration: 9 min 25 s

It's a busy morning in London and I'm on my way to the CNBC office.

這是倫敦一個繁忙的早晨，我正在前往 CNBC 辦公室的路上。

情態副詞

But first, I'm going to pick up a coffee and probably a cookie too.

但首先我要去買杯咖啡，可能還要買塊餅乾。

When it comes to food, this is usually how I start my day.

在食物方面，我通常是這樣開始一天的工作的。

Then it's usually a sandwich for lunch and a ready meal I purchased from the supermarket for dinner.

然後午餐通常是三明治，晚餐是從超市購買的即食食品。

And every once in a while, a cheeseburger after a night out.

偶爾，晚上外出後吃一個起司漢堡。

All these food items have something in common: they all fit in the category of ultra-processed foods.

所有這些食品都有一個共同點：它們都屬於超加工食品的類別。

A 2021 study found that ultra-processed foods account for more than half of calories consumed in the US and UK.

2021 年的一項研究發現，超加工食品占美國和英國消耗熱量的一半以上。

And about 20 to 40% of calories consumed in other high and middle-income countries.

約佔其他高收入和中等收入國家消耗熱量的20%至40%。

And the bad news for me and many others is that recent studies have linked consumption of UPF to serious diseases like diabetes, obesity and even cancer.

對我和其他許多人來說，壞消息是最近的研究表明，食用超加工食品與糖尿病、肥胖甚至癌症等嚴重疾病有關。

So, how widespread is this problem, and should ultra-processed foods be off the menu?

那麼，這個問題有多普遍，以及超強加工食品是否應該退出菜單呢？

Firstly, I'm speaking to Tim Specter, professor of genetic epidemiology at King's College, London and the co founder of Zoe, a personalized nutrition app.

首先，我要採訪 Tim Specter，他是倫敦國王學院的遺傳流行病學教授，也是個人化營養應用程式 Zoe 的共同創辦人。

I'm showing tim my lunch menu; a tuna sandwich, a lemonade and a bag of chips.

我給 Tim 看我的午餐菜單，一個鮪魚三明治、一杯檸檬水和一袋薯片。

It's made with real lemon juice and no added sugar to make sure they're not adding sugar, they're adding artificial chemicals, artificial chemical sweeteners.

它是用真正的檸檬汁製成的，不添加糖，以確保他們不添加糖，而是添加人造化學物質、人造化學甜味劑。

So you're getting this chemical composite which has this health halo of being healthy and source of vitamin C and all this nonsense.

所以你得到的是一種化學複合材料，它擁有健康的光環，是維生素 C 的來源，以及所有這些無稽之談。

But it's actually really, really bad for us.

但實際上，這對我們非常非常不利。

More than half of the calories consumed by the average UK household are ultra-processed.

英國普通家庭攝入的卡路里有一半以上是經過超級加工的。

It's seen the UK food industry become increasingly lucrative for food companies.

對食品公司來說，英國食品工業的利潤越來越豐厚。

The food and beverage industry is the largest manufacturing sector in the country, contributing $34 billion to the economy and employing over 400,000 people.

食品和飲料業是該國最大的製造業，為經濟貢獻了 340 億美元，僱用了超過 40 萬人。

The British Food and Drink Federation which represents the $128 billion food industry says there are many benefits to processing food,

代表價值 1280 億美元食品工業的英國食品和飲料聯合會表示，加工食品有很多好處，

such as turning raw ingredients into edible food, increasing shelf life, improving texture and offering a variety of options.

如將原材料變成可食用的食品、延長保質期、改善口感和提供多種選擇。

The first time early humans processed food was about a million years ago when our ancestors decided to cook meat with fire.

早期人類第一次加工食物是在大約一百萬年前，當時我們的祖先決定用火煮肉。

Then came other interventions like baking, fermentation and salting of food.

隨後又出現了烘烤、發酵和醃製食物等其他干預措施。

The industrial revolution brought new techniques like pasteurization.

工業革命帶來了巴氏殺菌等新技術。

All of this allowed us to consume and store food in a safer way free of infections.

所有這些都使我們能夠以更安全的方式食用和儲存食物，免受感染。

By the 1950s, with growing prosperity around the world, food processing became less about preservation and focused more on convenience, enhancing the taste, color and texture.

到了 1950 年代，隨著全球經濟的日益繁榮，食品加工的重點不再是保存，而更多地放在了方便、提高口感、色澤和質地上。

There's chemicals, there's brilliant food scientists in these companies that come up with these foods that are just got that right mix of fats and sugars and salt, just to really make you want more and more and overeat.

這些公司裡有化學物質，有傑出的食品科學家，他們想出了這些食品，這些食品就是脂肪、糖和鹽的完美組合，讓你越吃越想吃，越吃越暴飲暴食。

Most of the ultra-processed food that you found that higher in salt, fat and sugar, they are designed extremely tasty, they are ready to eat and they are also really aggressively marketing, especially to children.

你們發現的大多數超強加工食品鹽分、脂肪和糖分含量都很高，它們設計得非常美味，即開即食，而且還非常積極地進行營銷，尤其是針對兒童。

Dr Kerry Chang is the author of an Imperial College London study that links UPF consumption to increased risk of cancer.

Kerry Chang 博士是倫敦帝國學院一項研究的作者，該研究將食用超級加工食品與癌症風險增加聯繫起來。

We follow up almost 200,000 participants who were aged between 40 and 69 years old and we follow them up for about 10 years.

我們對近 20 萬名年齡在 40 歲至 69 歲之間的參與者進行了長達 10 年的跟蹤調查

And we found that for every 10% of their proportion of their diets that's coming from ultra-processed food, every 10% of that is was associated with a higher risk of developing cancer.

結果發現，在他們的飲食中，超加工食品所佔比例每增加 10%，患癌症的風險就會增加 10%。

What's the link between obesity and consumption of ultra-processed food in your research?

在你們的研究中，肥胖與食用超強加工食品之間有什麼關聯？

We also found that higher consumption was associated with a higher risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes as well.

我們也發現，較高的超加工食品消費與肥胖和第 2 型糖尿病的較高風險有關。

Non communicable diseases like heart disease, cancer and diabetes which are not spread through infection, kill 41 million people each year.

心臟病、癌症和糖尿病等不透過感染傳播的非傳染性疾病每年導致 4,100 萬人死亡。

The World Health Organization says that most of these diseases are the result of four particular behaviors: tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, physical inactivity and, of course, an unhealthy diet.

世界衛生組織指出，這些疾病大多是由四種特殊行為造成的：吸菸、酗酒、缺乏運動，當然還有不健康的飲食。

Here in the UK, one in four people are obese. That's the highest rate in Europe.

在英國，四分之一的人肥胖。 這是歐洲最高的比率。

And rising obesity comes at a time when there is serious food insecurity.

而肥胖症的增加正值糧食嚴重不安全之時。

According to the Food Foundation, healthier foods are twice as expensive as less healthy options, especially fruits and vegetables.

根據食品基金會的數據，健康食品的價格是不太健康食品的兩倍，尤其是水果和蔬菜。

I visited the Food Foundation and spoke to Rebecca Toby, a nutritionist and business manager.

我訪問了食品基金會，並與營養師兼業務經理麗貝卡-託比進行了交談。

How do you think we can find the balance?

Because the problem is most of those ultra-processed food items are quite accessible and cheap, so it's an important option for a lot of people.

因為問題在於，大多數超加工食品都很容易買到，而且價格便宜，所以對很多人來說，這是一個重要的選擇。

I think we need to acknowledge that not everybody has the time or the mental bandwidth to spend on food, you know.

我認為，我們必須承認，不是每個人都有時間或精力花在食物上。

If you're working multiple shifts and your food budget is really constrained.

如果你輪班工作並且你的食物預算確實很有限。

You know, we need to make sure that the government and businesses are acting to actually change the food environment people are living in.

我們需要確保政府和企業採取行動，切實改變人們的飲食環境。

It mustn't be about individual choice because, really, choice is severely constrained it when it comes to what people can buy.

這一定不是個人選擇的問題，因為在人們可以購買的東西方面，個人選擇確實受到了嚴重限制。

In recent years, Britain's food system increasingly became a controversial issue.

近年來，英國的食品體系日益成為一個備受爭議的問題。

Health campaigners have been calling for the industry and the government to take action to improve access to better food.

健康運動人士一直呼籲食品行業和政府採取行動，改善人們獲得更好食品的機會。

A group of investors have also joined the conversation.

We noticed that investors did not have a seat at the table when it came to advocating for the well-designed regulation.

我們注意到，在倡導精心設計的監管措施時，投資者並沒有參與其中。

Really, that will be able to support us, build a healthy, sustainable and affordable food system.

真正能夠支持我們的，是建立一個健康、可持續和負擔得起的食品系統。

Sophie Lawrence leads a group of investors called The Investor Coalition on Food Policy.

索菲-勞倫斯上司著一個名為「糧食政策投資者聯盟」的投資者團體。

他們管理著價值 7 萬億美元的資產。

What sort of regulation would you like to see?

What we specifically are calling for within the mandatory reporting, legislation is for food sector companies to report a set of health and sustainability metrics.

我們在強制報告中特別呼籲立法要求食品業公司報告一套健康和永續性指標。

And what history has told us is that the voluntary reporting standards have really been inadequate in driving the necessary scale of change.

歷史告訴我們，自願報告標準確實不足以推動必要的變革規模。

But by reporting this data in a consistent way, it means that as investors, we can understand the risks that are facing these companies

但是，通過以一致的方式報告這些數據，意味著作為投資者，我們可以瞭解這些公司去年面臨的風險。

Last year, another investor coalition called the Healthy Markets Initiative run by Share Action called on the world's biggest food manufacturers to disclose the health profile of their sales.

另一個由 "分享行動 "發起的名為 "健康市場倡議 "的投資者聯盟呼籲全球最大的食品製造商披露其銷售產品的健康狀況。

The investor letter said British supermarkets were flooded with less healthy foods, causing significant harm to population health and creating systemic risks to investor returns.

投資者信中說，英國超市充斥著不太健康的食品，對人們的健康造成了重大損害，並給投資者的回報帶來了系統性風險。

The industry has responded to calls for more transparency.

業界對提高透明度的呼籲作出了迴應。

Nestle, the world's largest food company reported the nutritional value of its products for the first time in 2022.

全球最大的食品公司雀巢公司在 2022 年首次報告了其產品的營養價值。

Unilever revealed in its annual report that 64% of its products met World Health Organization aligned nutritional standards.

聯合利華在其年度報告中披露，其 64% 的產品符合世界衛生組織的營養標準。

In a statement to CNBC, Unilever said they now have a new target, making sure 8% to 5% of their food portfolio meets the company's nutrition criteria by 2028.

聯合利華在給 CNBC 的一份聲明中說，他們現在有了一個新的目標，即到 2028 年，確保其食品組合中有 8%至 5%符合公司的營養標準。

However, these steps are voluntary and at the moment, companies mark their own homework.

不過，這些步驟都是自願的，目前各公司都是自己做功課。

If you are leading business and you know, you want to invest in healthier food, you're essentially taking a big commercial risk in doing that because it's not a level playing field.

如果你是企業的領導者，你知道，你想投資更健康的食品，那麼你這樣做基本上是在冒很大的商業風險，因為這不是一個公平的競爭環境。

So none of your competitors will be doing that.

是以，你的競爭對手都不會這麼做。

And so that we see as being quite unfair and something that the government needs to act on.

是以，我們認為這是很不公平的，政府需要對此採取行動。

There's been some really good research in the last couple of years that says that actually consumers want their retailers and their manufacturers to provide healthier products.

過去幾年有一些非常好的研究表明，消費者希望零售商和製造商提供更健康的產品。

You know, they recognize that the cost of a kind of healthy food is actually really prohibited to lots of people.

要知道，他們認識到，對很多人來說，健康食品的成本實在是太高了。

Clearly, many of us want to eat healthier and better.

顯然，我們很多人都希望吃得更健康、更美味。

But is it even possible to avoid ultra-processed foods altogether?

但是，有可能完全避免食用超強加工食品嗎？

Now, you can do it, but you've got to live a bit like a monk.

現在，你可以做到這一點，但你的生活得有點像僧侶的食物。

Food is there to be savored but just eating this stuff regularly, every single day, every meal, accumulating all these chemicals in our body.

我們每天、每頓飯都吃這些東西，在體內積累了大量的化學物質，這是否值得品味呢？

And for people who may not have yet access to a service like Zoe, for example, do you have a few simple tips?

例如，對於那些可能尚未獲得像 Zoe 這樣的服務的人，你有一些簡單的提示嗎？

Eat for your gut microbes. So I've got five simple rules that most people can follow.

所以，我有五條大多數人都能遵守的簡單規則。

Eat the rainbow, lots of colors, which means you're getting defense chemicals polyphenols in your food.

吃彩虹色的食物，這意味著你的食物含有防禦化學物質多酚。

Try and leave a gap ID 14 hours overnight where you're not eating your gut microbes can rest and finally cut down, way down on the ultra-processed foods.

嘗試在整夜 14 小時內留出一個間隙，讓腸道微生物可以休息並最終減少超加工食品的攝取。

And if everyone did that, the whole country would be a lot healthier.

如果每個人都這樣做，整個國家就會健康許多。