Panpsychism is a philosophical  view asserting that consciousness,  

泛心論是一種哲學觀點，主張意識

or some form of it, is a fundamental  and ubiquitous feature of the universe.

或其某種形式是宇宙的基本且普遍存在的特徵。 泛心論

Instead of seeing consciousness as  exclusive to humans or certain animals,  

並不認為意識是人類或某些動物所獨有的，而是

panpsychism proposes that all matter, from  the smallest particles to the largest cosmic  

認為所有物質，從最小的粒子到最大的宇宙

structures, has some elementary form  of experience or subjective quality.

結構，都具有某種基本形式的經驗或主觀品質。

This perspective contrasts  with traditional materialism,  

這種觀點與傳統唯物論形成鮮明對比，傳統唯物論

which posits consciousness as emerging from  complex arrangements of unconscious matter.

認為意識是從無意識物質的複雜排列中產生的。

Proponents argue that panpsychism offers a  solution to the "hard problem of consciousness”,  

支持者認為，泛心論為「意識的難題」提供了解決方案，

explaining how subjective experience  arises from physical processes.

解釋了主觀體驗如何從物理過程中產生。

Critics, however, question how  individual conscious entities  

然而，批評者質疑個體意識實體

might combine to form more complex consciousness.

如何組合形成更複雜的意識。

The theory, while ancient in origin,  has seen a resurgence in modern times  

該理論雖然起源古老，

due to persistent challenges in  explaining subjective experience.

由於解釋主觀經驗的持續挑戰，這種現像 在現代出現了復甦 。