Name: 地獄信仰真的能嚇阻犯罪嗎？（Religious Fear: Does the concept of hell actually deter crime?）
Uploaded: 2023-09-03T05:12:11.000Z
Duration: 17 min 1 s

"If you keep lying, be careful or you'll end up in Hell where the Devil will pull your

“如果你繼續撒謊，要小心，否則你會下地獄，魔鬼會拔掉你的

"If you don't finish your meal and waste food, in the afterlife you'll be forced to eat the

“如果你不吃完飯，浪費食物，來世你就只能

"If you don't respect your elders, you'll be cast into Hell, where there are eternal

“不尊敬長輩，就會被打入地獄，永

flames and you will be forced to climb a mountain of thorns or be thrown into a cauldron of

火不滅，爬上荊棘山，扔進滾油鍋裡

Were you ever subjected to these kinds of "supernatural threats" when you were young?

你小時候有遭受過這種“超自然威脅”嗎？

Beyond the emotional blackmails of parents, many have come across religious pamphlets

除了父母的情感勒索之外，許多人

in churches warning about the "End Times" or handed out by missionaries.

還在教堂裡看到過警告“末日”或傳教士分發的

Such widely distributed religious literature often resorts to including detailed and terrifying

宗教小冊子 。 如此廣泛傳播的宗教文學常常訴諸對

illustrations of Hell, using fear as a means to encourage people to repent and turn to

地獄的詳細而可怕的插圖，利用恐懼作為鼓勵人們悔改和轉向

But have you ever wondered if these "supernatural threats" truly promote societal stability

但你有沒有想過，這些“超自然威脅”是否真正能促進社會穩定

Furthermore, can this method of teaching cast a shadow over a child's psyche?

而且，這樣的教育方式會不會給孩子的心靈蒙上陰影呢？

Hi, I am Shao Chieh Lo, welcome to what people also ask, where I answered some of the most

大家好，我是 Shao Chieh Lo，歡迎大家提問，我

Googled questions with even more Googling.

用更多的谷歌搜索回答了一些最常被谷歌搜索的問題。

Today's query is “Does the concept of hell actually detter crime?

今天的問題是“地獄的概念真的能阻止犯罪嗎？ ”，我們將

”, We will discuss some sociological and psychological research related to beliefs

與 PAA 討論一些與地獄信仰相關的社會學和心理學研究

about Hell and explore the effects these universally observed "supernatural threats" might have

，並探討這些普遍觀察到的“超自然威脅”可能對社會和個人心理產生的影響

on society and individual psychology, with PAA.

So let's start with our first question: So, can the belief in Hell really deter crime?

那麼，讓我們從第一個問題開始：那麼，地獄信仰真的能阻止犯罪嗎？

From a sociological perspective, analyzing the direct relationship between beliefs in

Hell and crime rates is quite challenging.

地獄信仰與犯罪率之間的直接關係是相當具有挑戰性的。

Firstly, defining the belief in Hell itself is a challenge.

首先，定義地獄信仰本身就是一個挑戰。

Different cultures and religious beliefs may have vastly different interpretations of the

不同的文化和宗教信仰對地獄的概念可能有截然不同的解釋

concept of Hell, making it difficult to measure on a standardized scale.

，因此很難用標準化的尺度來衡量。

Additionally, crime rates are influenced by numerous factors, including economic conditions,

此外，犯罪率受到多種因素的影響，包括經濟條件、

education levels, law enforcement strategies, and societal norms.

教育水平、執法策略和社會規範。

Even if a correlation exists between beliefs in Hell and crime rates, it may be difficult

即使地獄信仰與犯罪率之間存在相關性，也可能很難

to distinguish this relationship from these other factors and establish direct causality

將這種關係與其他因素區分開來並建立

Moreover, religious beliefs may change over time within a society, meaning that any correlation

此外，宗教信仰可能會隨著時間的推移在一個社會中發生變化，這意味著

observed at one point in time might not apply to another.

在一個時間點觀察到的任何相關性可能不適用於另一個時間點。

Despite these challenges, many sociologists have tried to analyze the effects of beliefs

儘管面臨這些挑戰，許多社會學家仍試圖分析 地獄

in Hell and "supernatural threats" on society.

信仰和“超自然威脅”對社會的影響

For instance, a study published in 2011 in "The International Journal for the Psychology

。 例如，2011年《國際宗教心理學雜誌

of Religion" pointed out that students who believed in a more benevolent deity were more

》發表的一項研究指出，信仰仁慈神靈的學生

likely to cheat in exams than those who believed in a more wrathful god.

比信仰憤怒神靈的學生更有可能在考試中作弊。

Initially, they recruited 61 college students from various religious backgrounds and asked

最初，他們招募了 61 名來自不同宗教背景的大學生，並要求

them to fill out a questionnaire about their views on God.

他們填寫一份關於上帝看法的調查問卷。

This survey included positive descriptors like forgiving, loving, and gentle, as well

這項調查包括積極的描述，如寬容、愛和溫柔，以及

as negative ones such as strict, angry, and fearful.

消極的描述，如嚴格、憤怒和恐懼。

The researchers then subjected them to a "cheating test."

研究人員隨後對他們進行了“作弊測試”。

Participants were asked to take a 20-question test.

參與者被要求參加 20 個問題的測試。

Before the test started, researchers pretended to inform them of a software glitch where

在測試開始之前，研究人員假裝告訴他們一個軟件故障，

if they didn't press the spacebar immediately after seeing a question, the answer would

如果他們在看到問題後不立即按空格鍵，答案就會

They were urged to press the spacebar promptly after viewing each question.

他們被敦促在查看每個問題後立即按空格鍵。

However, this "bug" was intentionally designed by the researchers to evaluate the participants'

然而，這個“bug”是研究人員故意設計的，目的是評估參與者的

honesty levels, as not pressing the spacebar to see the answer would be cheating.

誠實程度，因為不按空格鍵查看答案就是作弊。

The results revealed that regardless of the participants' religious beliefs, those who

結果顯示，無論參與者的宗教信仰如何，在之前的調查中對上帝持消極看法的人

had a more negative view of God in the previous survey were less likely to cheat than those

Thus, they inferred that individuals who believe in strict supernatural punishment tend to

。 因此，他們推斷，相信嚴格的超自然懲罰的人往往會

adhere more closely to societal moral norms.

Furthermore, a study published in June 2012 by psychologists Azim Shariff from the University

此外，俄勒岡大學心理學家 Azim Shariff

of Oregon and Mijke Rhemtulla from the University of Amsterdam also supported the idea of a

和阿姆斯特丹大學 Mijke Rhemtulla 於 2012 年 6 月發表的一項研究也支持了這一觀點：

negative correlation between beliefs in Hell and crime rates.

They drew on data from the World Value Survey and European Values Surveys from 1981-2007,

他們藉鑑了 1981 年至 2007 年世界價值觀調查和歐洲價值觀調查的數據，

encompassing 26 years and 67 countries with 143,197 participants, including followers

涵蓋 26 年、67 個國家、143,197 名參與者，包括

of Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Shintoism.

基督教、伊斯蘭教、印度教和神道教的信徒。

In these surveys, respondents were orally questioned about their beliefs in Heaven,

在這些調查中，受訪者被口頭詢問了他們對天堂、

They then sourced crime rates for various offenses (like kidnapping, drug trafficking,

的信仰。然後，他們 從聯合國毒品和犯罪問題辦公室

murder, theft, etc.) from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and analyzed the

獲取了各種犯罪行為（如綁架、販毒、謀殺、盜竊等）的犯罪率。 犯罪並分析了

relationship between different belief systems and crime rates.

不同信仰體係與犯罪率之間的關係。

Analysis revealed that countries inclined to believe in Hell had lower crime rates.

分析顯示，傾向於相信地獄的國家犯罪率較低。

In contrast, belief in Heaven not only failed to lower crime rates but was associated with

相比之下，相信天堂不僅不能降低犯罪率，反而會導致

Interestingly, when subtracting the percentage of people in each country who believed in

有趣的是，當將每個國家相信天堂的人減去相信地獄的人的百分比

Hell from those who believed in Heaven and then analyzing the result, there was a clear

positive correlation between the "Heaven minus Hell belief differential" and crime rates.

“天堂減去地獄的信仰差異”與犯罪率之間 存在明顯的 正相關關係。

This means the more a country's population leans towards belief in Hell, the lower its

這意味著一個國家的人口越傾向於相信地獄，其

crime rate, and vice versa for belief in Heaven.

However, the researcher also noted that the study only establishes a possible correlation

然而，研究人員還指出，這項研究只是確定了 地獄信仰與犯罪率之間

Whether the belief in Hell causes a decrease in crime rates requires further research for

對地獄的信仰是否會導致犯罪率下降，需要進一步研究才能得出

Does the supernatural threat and religious fear promote genuine altruistic behavior or

超自然的威脅和宗教恐懼是否會促進真正的利他行為，還是

By now, many progressive people might have already rolled their eyes.

說到這裡，很多進步人士可能已經翻白眼了。

Yes, many people might have already noticed one of the potential issues of using crime

是的，許多人可能已經註意到使用犯罪率作為反社會行為衡量標準的潛在問題之一

rates as a measure of antisocial behavior: crime doesn't necessarily mean antisocial.

：犯罪並不一定意味著反社會。

Although we usually consider law-breaking actions as antisocial behaviors, sometimes

雖然我們通常將違法行為視為反社會行為，但有時

certain criminal actions might stem from resistance against unjust laws or systems, rather than

某些犯罪行為可能源於對不公正法律或製度的抵制，而不是

Furthermore, in societies where the law favors specific classes or power holders, or where

此外，在法律有利於特定階級或權力持有者的社會中，或者

privilege or authority exists, the law is more often used to protect the interests of

存在特權或權威的社會中，法律更多地被用來保護

權力者的利益，而不是公眾的利益。

In such scenarios, a lower crime rate might merely reflect the degree of people's obedience,

在這種情況下，較低的犯罪率可能僅僅反映了人們的服從程度，

not their genuine altruistic actions and psychology.

而不是他們真正的利他行為和心理。

If people are simply obeying the law due to fear of punishment, then a low crime rate

如果人們只是因為害怕受到懲罰而遵守法律，那麼低犯罪率

might not signify societal harmony and progress but only demonstrates people's compliance.

可能並不意味著社會的和諧與進步，而只能表明人們的遵守。

So, the topic we must delve further into becomes: does the supernatural threat foster genuine

那麼，我們必須進一步探討的話題就變成了：超自然的威脅是否會促進真正的

altruistic behavior, or is it just obedience to authority?

利他行為，還是只是對權威的服從？

A study published in the Journal of Research on Adolescence in 2019 employed a different

2019 年發表在《青春期研究雜誌》上的一項研究採用了不同的

In this study, researchers conducted an online survey of 760 adolescents.

在這項研究中，研究人員對 760 名青少年進行了在線調查。

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地獄信仰真的能嚇阻犯罪嗎？（Religious Fear: Does the concept of hell actually deter crime?）

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