Name: 癌症究竟是怎麼發生的呢？跟著影片一起了解吧！（A New Way to Understand Cancer）
Uploaded: 2023-07-17T21:01:30.000Z
Duration: 10 min 25 s

情態副詞

Soldiers and police ruthlessly shooting down waves of zombies that flood from infected streets trying to escape and infect more cities.

軍人和警察無情地槍擊一波波湧入感染街道的殭屍，它們試著逃脫並感染更多城市。

This is what happens when your body fights cancer⏤more exciting than any movie.

這就是你身體與癌症對抗的情境，比任何電影都要刺激。

How does this battle for survival unfold?

It all begins with a single corrupted cell.

這一切都始於一個被破壞的細胞。

It's no longer able to repair its genetic code, it can't kill itself anymore, and it's beginning to multiply rapidly.

它不再能夠修復其遺傳密碼、不能再自我毀滅，而且開始迅速繁殖。

At this point, things are not great, not terrible; this cell is not yet dangerous, but if nothing happens, it soon will be.

在這個階段，情勢不好不壞、這個細胞還不太危險，但如果不發生什麼事，它很快就會變得危險。

Over a few weeks, the corrupted cell keeps making copies of itself.

在幾週內，被破壞的細胞不斷自我複製。

One cell turns into dozens, hundreds, thousands.

一個細胞變成數十、數百、數千個。

Because the original was broken, its copies are breaking and mutating even more.

因為原始細胞已經壞了，其複製品更頻繁地分裂、變異。

They turn into different genetic lineages, clans that are working together and competing. 

它們變成了不同的基因系，合作與競爭的部族。

Some mutate in a way that makes them weaker, others' mutations don't change anything, while a few become fitter and better at survival.

有些變異方式使它們變得更弱、其它的變異沒有改變什麼，而少數則變得更健康、更擅長生存。

Together, they now form a tiny, tiny tumor; not cancer yet, but getting there.

它們現在一起形成了一個極小的腫瘤，還不是癌症，但已經開始發展。

The growing tumor needs a lot of resources. 

不斷成長的腫瘤需要大量資源。

If the cells don't get food and oxygen, they'll die, and the problem just solves itself. 

如果細胞得不到食物和氧氣，就會死亡，而問題就會自行解決。

Unfortunately, a few corrupted cells unlock a new mutation that saves them:

不幸的是，一些被破壞的細胞解鎖了一個自救的新變異：

The ability to order the growth of new blood vessels.

And, so, your body provides the supply they need to survive.

因此，你的身體提供了它們生存所需的供應。

But as the tumor continues to grow, it starts causing damage.

但隨著腫瘤繼續增長，它開始造成損害。

Neighboring healthy cells begin to starve and die, which attracts attention.

鄰近的健康細胞開始捱餓和死亡，這引起了注意。

In a sense, this tiny tumor is like a rogue town.

就某方面而言，這個小腫瘤就像一座流氓鎮。

Imagine a group of rebels in Brooklyn decide that they're no longer part of New York,

想像布魯克林一群反叛者決定他們不再是紐約的一部分，

and start a new settlement called Tumor Town, which happens to occupy the same space.

開創了一個稱為「腫瘤鎮」的新定居點，恰好佔據了相同空間。

The new city wants to grow, so it orders tons of steel beams, cement, and drywall.

這個新城市想要發展，所以它訂購了成噸的鋼樑、水泥和幹牆。

New buildings follow no logic, are badly planned, ugly, and dangerously crooked. 

新建築不遵循任何邏輯、它們的規劃很糟糕、醜陋，且危險地歪曲。

They're built right in the middle of streets, on top of playgrounds, and on existing infrastructure.

它們建造在街道正中央、在遊樂場上，以及現有的基礎設施上。

The old neighborhood is torn down or overbuilt to make room for new stuff.

老街區被拆毀或過度建設，以便為新東西騰出空間。

Many of the former residents are trapped in the middle of it and begin to starve.

許多前任居民被困在其中，開始捱餓。

This goes on for a while until the smell of death finally attracts attention.

這種情況持續一段時間，直到死亡的氣味最終吸引了注意。

In your body, attracted by the stench of dead cells, your immune system is activated.

在你體內，免疫系統被壞死細胞的臭味吸引而啟動了。

The first responder immune cells invade the tumor.

The macrophages and natural killer cells police forces that go right to work, killing and eating tumor cells.

巨噬細胞和天然殺手細胞警察部隊直接開工，撲殺並吞噬腫瘤細胞。

They release chemical signals that let the whole immune system know that there is cancer to be eradicated.

它們釋放讓整個免疫系統知道有癌症需要根除的化學訊號。

Dendritic cells, the intelligence officers of your immune system, collect samples of dead tumor cells and begin activating your heavy weapons:

樹突細胞是你免疫系統的情報員，它們會收集死亡腫瘤細胞的樣本並開始啟動你的重型武器：

We explained these specialized super weapons in another video,

我們在另一部影片中解釋了這些專門的超級武器，

but all you really need to know is that they have a library listing every bad thing that can come into your body.

但你真正需要知道的是，它們有一個圖書館，列出了可能進入你身體的每一種壞東西。

While each cancer is unique, there are genetic corruptions that they can't hide.

雖然每一種癌症都是獨特的，但有一些基因破壞是無法掩飾的。

And your T-cells know what to look for; they are the deadliest cancer killers you have.

而你的 T 細胞知道要尋找什麼，它們是你擁有的最致命癌細胞殺手。

By the time they arrive, the tumor has grown to hundreds of thousands of cells, but this is about to change.

到它們抵達的時候，腫瘤已經增長到數十萬個細胞，但這即將改變。

T-cells block the growth of new blood vessels, which starves thousands of tumor cells and puts an end to their growth.

T 細胞阻止新血管的生長，使數以千計的腫瘤細胞捱餓，並遏止它們的生長。

Imagine the building inspectors switching off electricity and water,

想像建築檢查員把水、電切斷，

and putting up roadblocks to Cancer Town so no more food or materials can be delivered.

然後設置前往癌鎮的路障，讓食物和材料都無法順利送達。

With no way to hide from the carnage unfolding, the tumor collapses as hundreds of thousands of tumor cells are massacred.

由於無法躲避正在發生的大屠殺，隨著數萬顆腫瘤細胞被屠殺，腫瘤滅亡了。

Their carcasses are cleaned up and consumed by macrophages that then order healthy tissue to regenerate.

巨噬細胞清理併吞噬它們的屍體後，命令健康組織再生。

Your body has crushed the illegal Tumor Town without mercy.

你的身體毫不留情地粉碎了非法的腫瘤鎮。

You'll never know about this fight or how many times this has happened inside your body.

你永遠不會知悉這場戰鬥的存在，也不會知道這在你的體內發生過多少次。

Except in this case, something didn't go as planned.

除了在事情未如預期發展的這種情況下。

Unfortunately, natural selection spoils your victory.

不幸的是，物競天擇破壞了你的勝利。

By doing its best to destroy the tumor, your immune system accidentally selects the fittest tumor cells.

透過盡全力摧毀腫瘤，你的免疫系統意外地選擇了最健康的腫瘤細胞。

Remember, the tumor consists of different lineages that keep growing and keep mutating.

記住，腫瘤由不同、持續生長且變異的基因系組成。

Most of these are eradicated, but just a few are more resilient.

多數被根除，但會有幾個生命力比較強。

One cell survives; it comes from the fittest tumor lineage and was just a bit better at surviving the massacre than anyone else.

一個細胞存活了，它來自最健康的腫瘤基因系，不過是比其它細胞更擅長逃過大屠殺。

It decides to do it all over again, but better this time.

它決定重來一次，但做得更好。

This tumor cell is much stronger than any of the thousands that were killed.

這個腫瘤細胞比被數千個被屠殺的戲報要強壯。

Maybe it is better at hiding or fighting back.

Maybe it grows faster or is better at stealing resources.

或許它生長得更快或更會偷竊資源。

Maybe it can survive with much less oxygen.

或許它可以在氧氣更少的狀況下存活。

It's like the surviving rebels that started Tumor Town have learned their lessons.

彷彿是建造腫瘤鎮存活的反叛者學到了教訓。

Now they know the law better and how to break it, what permits help them, and how to avoid the police.

它們現在更了解法律並知道如何違反、哪些許可證對它們有幫助，以及如何躲避警察。

And, so, the surviving tumor cell makes thousands of copies that mutate and form new lineages,

於是，倖存的腫瘤細胞製造出成千上萬的複製品，開始變異並形成新的基因系，

until, once again, a tumor has grown, made up of more resilient cells.

直到再次長出一個腫瘤，由更強韌的細胞所組成。

The immune system doesn't care, though, and this time, it even has experience.

但免疫系統並不在意，而這一次，它甚至有了經驗。

Instead of starting with police, swat teams go right in to tear Tumor Town down, killing its inhabitants without mercy.

與其由警察帶領出動，特警隊直接進入拆毀腫瘤鎮，毫不留情地撲殺其居民。

But, once again, they don't get everyone; one of them survives⏤a fitter tumor cell from an already fitter lineage.

但它們再次沒能一網打盡，其中一個活了下來，一個來自較健康基因系、較健康的腫瘤細胞。

This time, it gets a cheap suit and studies the building code, pretending to be a lawyer to start Tumor Town all over again.

這一次，它準備了一套廉價西裝並研究建築規範，假扮律師再次重建腫瘤鎮。

This struggle now repeats a few times, each time, the rebels learn a bit more about how to avoid the law.

這種鬥爭現在重複了好幾次，叛軍每次都多學了一點規避法律的方式。

If, at any point, the immune system gets all of the tumor cells, the story ends.

如果免疫系統能夠在任何一個時間點將腫瘤細胞趕盡殺絕，故事就結束了。

Finally, a tumor cell changes in a way that makes it properly dangerous⏤cancer.

最後，腫瘤細胞發生了變化，使其確實具有危險性，也就是癌症。

Immune cells have an off switch that deactivates them before they can attack, which, in principle, is a good idea.

免疫細胞有一個關閉的開關，在它們進行攻擊之前就會停用它們，這在原則上是好主意。

The immune system is extremely dangerous, and, in many cases, it needs to be shut down, like around your central nervous system.

免疫系統是非常危險的，而在許多情況下，它需要被關閉，像是你中樞神經系統附近。

The mutated tumor cell finds a way to switch the immune system off by targeting inhibitor receptors on anti-cancer cells.

變異的腫瘤細胞找到透過瞄準抗癌細胞抑制劑受體關閉免疫系統的方法。

Inhibitor receptors stop immune cells from, well, killing. 

抑制劑受體阻止免疫細胞的殺戮行為。

This cell is now the powerful founder of a new lineage of cancer cells,

這個細胞現在是新癌症基因系的強大創始人，

and mass produces thousands of new copies that once again change and mutate further, building yet another Tumor Town.

大量生產數千個複製品，再次改變並進一步變異，又建立了力另一個腫瘤鎮。

The new cancer cells have become immune to the immune system, and everything is different this time.

新的癌細胞已經對免疫系統產生了免疫力，這次一切都不同了。

Tumor Town has been rebuilt, even uglier and stranger than before, but now, the cancer city council has forged all sorts of permits.

腫瘤鎮已經重建，比以前更醜陋、更奇怪、但現在，癌症市議會偽造了各種許可證。

As building inspectors come to shut down construction, they get confused.

當建築檢查員來關閉施工時，它們被搞混了。

Stunned, they wander off, unable to order the destruction of the sprawling buildings.

它們震驚地離開，無法下令摧毀這些龐大的建築物。

Police try to enter the illegal city to arrest the builders and execute inhabitants.

警方試圖進入非法城市，逮捕建築商並處決居民。

But this time, Tumor Town has erected its own roadblocks that keep the law from entering.

但這一次，腫瘤鎮自行設立了路障，阻擋執法單位進入。

Confused officers stand around helplessly.

As Tumor Town slowly envelops the former Brooklyn and more and more civilians die, T-cell swat teams arrive to end this travesty.

隨著腫瘤鎮慢慢地籠罩曾經的布魯克林、越來越多公民死亡，T 細胞特種部隊前來結束這起悲劇。

New lineages of Tumor Town officials have started to forge court documents that order police to shoot at the swat teams.

腫瘤鎮官員的新基因系已經開始偽造法庭文件，命令警察向特種部隊開槍。

What the cancer cells are doing at this point is actively shutting down immune defenses by sending corrupt signals.

癌細胞此時正在做的事是主動地透過發送錯誤訊號已關閉免疫防禦。

The now malignant tumor is no longer a pushover and has begun creating the cancer microenvironment⏤

現在變成惡性的腫瘤不再任人宰割，並切開始創造癌症為環境，

a sort of borderland that's hard to cross.

All avenues of attack have been shut down, and uncontrollable growth is the consequence.

所有攻擊的途徑都已經被關閉，結果是無法控制的增長。

Cells that are strong and able to fight, push your immune system back, and expand further. 

強壯且能夠戰鬥、對你的免疫系統進行反擊併進一步擴展的細胞。