Name: 紐約 vs 東京的地鐵：日本的地鐵為何如此強大？ (New York vs. Tokyo’s Subway: How Japan Got So Far Ahead | WSJ U.S. vs. Japan)
Uploaded: 2023-10-08T21:01:10.000Z
Duration: 6 min 17 s

Japan's train system ranked by Statista is the most efficient in the world.

Statista排名的結果顯示，日本的火車系統在全球是最有效率的。

轉承詞

Roughly 15 million people ride the subway each day in Japan's capital city, around 11 million more daily riders than New York subway.

在日本的首都，每天大約有1500萬人乘坐地鐵，比紐約地鐵多約有1100萬乘客。

We compared the Tokyo and New York subways to find out how Japan's rail system got so far ahead of the United States.

我們比較了東京和紐約的地鐵，以找出為什麼日本的鐵路系統遠遠領先於美國。

Take a look at this map of New York City subway system.

看看這張紐約市地鐵系統的地圖吧。

Now, compare that to Tokyo's map, a key distinction: where the public transit connections intersect.

現在，將其與東京的地圖進行比較，一個關鍵的區別是公共交通連接的交匯處。

In New York, public transit commuters into Manhattan likely only have these options to disembark.

在紐約，進入曼哈頓的公共交通通勤者可能只有這些選項可以轉車。

Japan's map has more points of connection.

What's really distinctive about Tokyo and actually Japanese cities more generally is they all interconnect.

東京和實際上整個日本城市的一個獨特之處在於它們都相互連接。

Commuter rails connect directly with city subway tracks, which reduces congestion and unnecessary transfers.

通勤鐵路直接與城市地鐵軌道相連，這減少了擁擠和不必要的轉車。

If you just ride the train all the way out to your final destination, you don't have to be paying attention to your transfer station.

如果你坐火車一直坐到終點站，就不用一直注意轉車。

You just fall asleep and you know when you're gonna wake up near your station.

你可以入睡，而且你知道當你快到站時會醒來。

These easy commutes are key for the 2.4 million people traveling into Tokyo daily from outside the city.

這種輕鬆的通勤對於每天從城市外來東京的 240 萬人來說是關鍵。

On top of that, Tokyo Wides only need one of two cards to pay for most public transportation systems, not just in the city, but also in many parts of Japan.

此外，東京通票只需要其中的一張卡就可以支付大多數公共交通系統的費用，不僅僅在城市中，還包括日本的許多地區。

You have to often have a different card to get on any of the ridership system.

通常你得要有不同的卡才能搭乘任何一種搭乘系統。

It's not like an integrated pay system or governing system.

這不像是一個整合的支付系統或管理系統。

So you have to use all these different tickets to ride the public rail systems.

所以你必須使用這些不同的門票乘坐公共鐵路系統。

In some cases, these separate rail systems are the result of different jurisdictions that oversee transit.

在某些情況下，這些獨立的鐵路系統是由監管交通的不同司法管轄區造成的。

The subway, for example, is owned by the city and leased to the Metropolitan Transportation Authority,

例如，地鐵由市政府擁有，租給大都會交通局，

better known as the MTA, which in turn is controlled by the New York State government.

更廣為人知的是 MTA，它反過來受紐約州政府的控制。

And New Jersey Transit, which connects to New York City, is run by the New Jersey Department of Transportation.

還有與紐約市相連的新澤西運輸系統，由新澤西交通部運營。

While New York doesn't have fully integrated public transit connections, some aspects are improving.

雖然紐約的公共交通連接還沒有完全整合，但有些方面正在改善。

We now have the ability to pay with a credit card when you go into a subway, so you don't have to have a special metro card,

現在我們有能力使用信用卡進入地鐵，這樣你就不需要特別的地鐵卡。

I think the goal is to eventually have one fee in one rail system, and that will pay you through all of it.

我認為最終的目標是在一個鐵路系統中最終只需支付一種費用，而這將涵蓋所有的運輸。

Other than in 2020 and 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Tokyo Metro, the largest subway company in the city, has been profitable.

除 2020 年和 2021 年外，在COVID-19疫情期間，東京地鐵，該市最大的地鐵公司，一直在獲利。

Compare that to the MTA, which historically operates at a loss.

相較之下，MTA 的營運歷來處於虧損狀態。

Its outstanding debt is forecast to hit $47 billion by 2026.

預計到 2026 年，其未償債務將達到 470 億美元。

A key reason for this difference: central government funding.

造成這種差異的一個關鍵原因：中央政府資助。

Japan heavily invests in public transportation.

日本對公共交通進行了大量投資。

The national government owns about 53% of Tokyo Metro, and the Metropolitan Government of Tokyo owns about 47%.

國家政府擁有東京地鐵約 53% 的股份，而東京都政府擁有約 47% 的股份。

After the Second World War, there was a continuous investment in the public transit system,

第二次世界大戰後，在公共運輸系統中有一個持續的投資 ，

which is primarily the subways, the JR system, and the private commuter rail systems that all interconnect.

這主要是指地鐵、JR系統、和私營通勤鐵路系統，都是相互連接的。

There's never been a let up in continued investment in adding lines and making them work better.

他們一直在持續投資，增加新線路並使其更有效運作。

The MTA, on the other hand, is not owned by other private companies.

另一方面，MTA 並非由其他私營公司擁有。

Its funding comes from multiple places, including taxes, the city and state governments, and some federal funding.

資金來自多個地方，包括稅收、城市和州政府，以及一些聯邦資金。

The MTA also makes money by selling bonds.

It's one of the top issuers of municipal bonds in the entire U.S.

它是整個美國市政債券的頂級發行者之一。

One of the largest buckets of funding for both the New York and Tokyo Subways comes directly from riders.

對於紐約和東京地鐵來說，來自乘客的直接資金是其中一個最大的來源。

In Japan's capital, companies have flexibility to charge more.

在日本的首都，公司可以靈活地收取更多費用。

It's all fair by distance, so you get your fair at the end.

根據距離計價，所以最後你會得到公平的票價。

So depending on which system you take, the cost for riders can be anywhere from 170 to 430 yen, which converts to about $1.27 to $3.22.

因此，根據你乘坐的系統不同，乘客的費用可能介於170到430日元之間，相當於約1.27到3.22美元。

The main New York subway fares are flat, though the LIRR and Metro North prices vary by zone.

紐約的主要地鐵票價是統一的，雖然 LIRR 和 Metro North 的價格因地區而異。

Right now, about 40% of the MTA's funding comes from the fare box, from what the riders pay to ride.

現在，約40%的MTA資金來自車費箱，即乘客支付的乘車費用。

That number has gone down a lot, which is why we're redoing the funding model.

這個數字已經下降了很多，這就是為什麼我們要重做籌資模式。

Because many white-collar workers have worked from home since 2020, there have been less riders and thus less revenue.

因為許多白領階級自 2020 年以來，一直在家裡工作，乘坐者較少，收入也較少。

This has worsened the MTA's financial situation.

To help fill the funding gap and account for inflation, prices will increase slightly from $2.75 to around $2.86 later this year.

為了幫助填補資金缺口，並考慮到通貨膨脹，價格將從 2.75 美元略微增加到今年晚些時候的 2.86 美元左右。

In Japan, public transportation has a reputation for being staunchly on time.

在日本，公共交通以其非常準時而聞名。

In 2017, one commuter rail connecting Tokyo to Tsukuba famously apologized for having a train leave 20 seconds early, but the Tokyo Subways can face some hiccups.

2017年，一條連接東京和筑波的通勤鐵路因為一列火車提前出發了20秒而致歉，但東京地鐵可能會遇到一些小問題。

Tokyo Metro post delays from the past 35 days.

東京地鐵在過去35天發生延誤的情況。

In April of this year, several train lines were running about 10 minutes late.

今年 4 月，幾條火車線路遲到了大約 10 分鐘。

In 2022, New York City passengers waited an average of an additional 64 minutes on platforms cumulatively each month, as well as an extra 18 minutes on the train.

在2022年，紐約市的乘客每月在月台上平均額外等待了64分鐘，還有在列車上額外等待了18分鐘。

We have right now the best on time performance of our subway system in over ten years.

我們現在擁有超過十年來地鐵系統的最佳準點表現。

It may not be up to Asia's standards, but for New York, it's really a great step in the right direction.

它可能達不到亞洲的標準，但對紐約來說，這確實是朝著正確方向邁出的一大步。

We have an old system, so there are things that go wrong mechanically.

我們的系統老舊，因此在機械方面可能會出現問題。

You have a huge system of switches and interlocking, which require a ton of maintenance.

有一個龐大的開關和連鎖系統，需要大量的維護。

Japan's history of investment in public transportation gives Tokyo the upper hand for its rail system.

日本對公共交通的長期投資歷史使得東京的鐵路系統處於優勢地位。

It would take years, if not decades, of very significant investment in the New York subway system for it to match the levels of efficiency as the Tokyo subway system,

要使紐約地鐵系統達到東京地鐵系統的效率水平，可能需要數年，甚至幾十年的大規模投資，

because they've been working hard on that for the last 60 years.

因為他們在過去60年中一直在努力改進。