Name: 為什麼鐵達尼號上的救生艇數量遠遠不夠？（Why the Titanic didn't have enough lifeboats）
Uploaded: 2023-02-18T21:01:20.000Z
Duration: 8 min 26 s

關係子句

There's this moment in James Cameron's 1997 blockbuster, Titanic, where Kate Winslet's character, Rose, notices something about the lifeboats that ends up being kind of important...

在詹姆斯·卡麥隆 1997 年的大片《鐵達尼號》中有這樣一個場景，凱特·溫絲蕾飾演的角色蘿絲注意到救生艇的一些問題，在最後變得極為重要⋯⋯

"It seems that there are not enough for everyone aboard."

「看來救生艇不夠運載船上的每個人。」

To which Victor Garber, who played Titanic's architect Thomas Andrews, responds in a flawless Irish accent:

扮演鐵達尼號造船家湯瑪斯·安德魯斯的維克多·賈博用完美的愛爾蘭口音回應：

"I have built a good ship, strong and true. She's all the lifeboat you need."

「我建造了一艘很棒的船，堅固耐用。這艘船就是你需要的救生艇。」

Since the viewer already knows how this story ends....

由於觀眾已經知道這個故事的結局....

This line comes off as either tragic arrogance or some sort of bad joke.

所以這個台詞要麼是悲劇的傲慢自大，要麽是某種糟糕的笑話。

But it's central to understanding how the Titanic was designed...

但它對於理解鐵達尼號的設計方式至關重要……

The Titanic actually had more lifeboats than was required by British law.

鐵達尼號上其實上擁有比英國法律要求更多的救生艇。

The Merchant Shipping Act of 1894 required that big ships — those weighing over 10,000 tons have at least 16 lifeboats that could hold 990 people.

1894 年的《商船法》要求大型船舶——重量超過 10,000 噸的船舶至少配備 16 艘可容納 990 人的救生艇。

Ships only got bigger and bigger from there, but the minimum didn't change.

從那時起，船隻越造越大，但救生船的最低數量卻沒有改變。

When the Titanic first launched in 1911, the ship weighed over 45,000 tons, but still only needed 16 lifeboats by law.

鐵達尼號於 1911 年首次下水時，船重超過 45,000 噸，但仍只需要 16 艘法律規定的救生艇。

Titanic had 20, which, if filled to maximum capacity could carry a total of 1,178 people.

鐵達尼號有 20 艘，如果滿載，總共可以搭載 1,178 人。

Nowhere near enough to accommodate the approximate 2,240 passengers and crew on board when the ship sank.

當船沉沒時，這些救生艇根本無法容納船上大約 2,240 名的乘客和船員。

But at least from a design perspective, the builders of the Titanic had every reason to believe that they had constructed the safest passenger ship the world had ever seen.

但至少從設計的角度來看，鐵達尼號的建造者完全有理由相信他們建造了世界上最安全的客輪。

「這艘船就是你需要的救生艇。」

This line might be made up for the movie but it's how people talked about the Titanic even after it went down.

這句台詞可能是為了電影而編造出來的，但即使在鐵達尼號沉沒之後，人們也是這樣談論它的。

讓我們來解讀一下這表示什麼。

The Titanic was designed to stay afloat even after taking on serious damage.

鐵達尼號的設計目的是即使在遭受嚴重損壞後也能保持漂浮狀態。

The bottom of the ship was divided into 16 compartments by these partitions called bulkheads.

船底被這些稱為艙壁的隔板分成 16 個艙室。

If the ship's hull was breached, these compartments could be sealed off from each other with the flick of a switch that closed watertight doors connecting them.

如果船體被破壞，只需輕按一個開關，關閉連接它們的水密門，這些隔間就可以相互密封。

Once sealed off, the water in the affected compartments would rise to the height of the sea called the waterline but prevent the rest of the ship from flooding.

一旦被封住，受影響的艙室中的水將上升到稱為吃水線的海面高度，但會防止船的其餘部分被淹沒。

The idea was that the giant ocean liner even after taking on water would still be the safest place to wait as lifeboats methodically ferried passengers to a rescue ship.

這個想法是，即使在進水後，這艘巨型遠洋客輪仍然是最安全的等待地點，因為救生艇有條不紊地將乘客運送到救援船上。

This bulkhead plus lifeboat strategy had worked successfully just a couple of years earlier when a ship accidentally rammed straight into the side of the RMS Republic.

幾年前，當一艘船不小心直接撞到英國郵輪共和國號的一側時，這種艙壁加救生艇的策略就成功地發揮了作用。

Newspaper diagrams from 1909 showed how the Republic was ripped wide open, and where it was taking on water.

1909 年的報紙圖表顯示了共和國號的船體是怎樣被撞裂的的，以及哪裡進水。

But the crew remained calm and didn't evacuate the ship right away.

但船員們保持冷靜，沒有立即撤離船上的人員。

Their confidence was due in large part to a brand new piece of technology they had on board: the Marconi Wireless Telegraph system.

他們的信心在很大程度上歸功於他們擁有的一項全新技術：馬可尼無線電報系統。

When the Republic was hit, its telegraph operator tapped out the Morse code signal C-Q-D, the distress call that later became SOS to all nearby ships.

當共和國號被擊中時，它的電報員發出了摩斯電碼信號 C-Q-D，這個求救信號後來變成了向附近所有船隻發出的求救信號。

A few hours later, a rescue ship arrived and the crew carefully transferred everyone off the Republic in small groups using lifeboats.

幾個小時後，一艘救援船抵達，船員們小心翼翼地使用救生艇將所有人分成小組轉撤離共和國號。

The Republic eventually sank but except for six people killed in the initial collision, every single person on board was saved.

共和國號最終沉沒了，但除了在最初的碰撞中死亡的六人之外，船上的每一個人都獲救了。

The Republic was the first shipwreck to make use of a wireless distress signal and its operator was hailed as a hero.

共和國號是第一艘利用無線求救信號的遇難船，而其電報員被譽為英雄。

This incident seemed to prove that on the busy North Atlantic route with other ships always nearby,

這件事似乎證明，在繁忙的北大西洋航線上，其他船隻總是在附近，

a combination of careful ship design and this miraculous piece of new technology had made disasters at sea a thing of the past.

精心設計的船舶與這項奇蹟般的新技術相結合，使海上災難成為過去。

This 1909 news article, The Triumph of Wireless, pretty much sums up the optimism of the time:

這篇 1909 年的新聞文章《無線電的勝利》，幾乎總結了當時大眾抱持的樂觀情緒：

"The passenger on a well-equipped transatlantic liner is safer than anywhere else in the world."

「乘坐裝備精良的跨大西洋班輪的乘客比世界上任何其他地方都安全。」

When the Titanic was built, regulations recommended that all passenger ships should be able to remain afloat with any two adjacent compartments flooded.

建造鐵達尼號時，法規建議所有客船都應能夠在任何兩個相鄰艙室被淹沒的情況下保持漂浮狀態。

I talked to Sam Halpern, an engineer and long time Titanic researcher who created this diagram based on data from a 1996 forensic analysis of the Titanic's design.

我訪談了 Sam Halpern，他是一位工程師，也是長期研究鐵達尼號的人員，他根據 1996 年對鐵達尼號設計的取證分析數據創建了這張圖表。

He showed me how the ship was built to stay afloat even with three — and in these scenarios up to four adjacent compartments flooded.

他向我展示了這艘船是如何建造的，即使有三個艙室也能保持漂浮——在這些情況下，多達四個相鄰的艙室被淹沒了。

The key was to keep the ship level so the waterline never reached the top of the bulkheads and flooded over into the other compartments.

關鍵是要保持船的水平，這樣水位線就不會到達艙壁的頂部並淹沒到其他艙室。

These scenarios show the ship was protected from almost any crash  imaginable at the time including from rocks, colliding with another ship and even hitting an iceberg.

這些場景表明，這艘船幾乎不會受到當時可以想像的到的任何碰撞的影響，包括岩石碰撞、與另一艘船相撞，甚至撞上冰山。

But the Titanic didn't hit the iceberg head on.

但鐵達尼號並沒有正面撞上冰山。

Instead, it scraped along the side of it.

相反地，它沿著冰山的側面刮了一下。

And sonar analysis shows the ship was most likely breached here, here, here, here.

聲納分析顯示這艘船的這些地方被破壞了。

And most crucially, here: Boiler Room six.

而最關鍵的是這裡：六號鍋爐房。

The movie actually does a really good job of explaining this so I'm going to let Victor Garber take it from here.

這部電影其實針對這個問題解釋的很好，所以我打算讓維克多·賈博來講解。

"That's five compartments. She can stay afloat with the first 4 compartments breach, but not 5."

「那是五個隔間。這艘船在前四個隔間破裂的情況下仍可以保持漂浮狀態，但不是五個都破裂就不行了。」

"Titanic will flounder. It is a mathematical certainty."

「泰坦尼克號會完蛋。這是數學證明的。」

Flooding the first 5 compartments overwhelmed the design.

淹沒前五個隔間使船身的設計不堪重負。

It was just too many for the ship to stay upright.

水進得太多讓船身無法保持直立。

And as the bow dipped farther into the ocean, the water flowed over the bulkheads, flooding the watertight compartments one at a time.

隨著船首進一步沉入海洋中，水流過艙壁，一個一個地淹沒水密艙室。

The Titanic sent out its first wireless distress call at 12:15 AM, 35 minutes after hitting the iceberg.

鐵達尼號在撞上冰山 35 分鐘後，於凌晨 12 點 15 分發出了第一個無線電求救信號。

From there, the messages became increasingly desperate.

從那以後，這些求救信號變得越來越絕望了。

and "Cannot last much longer. Women and children in boats."

和 「稱不了多久了。婦女跟孩童在救生船上了。」

But the nearest ship to the Titanic that night, SS Californian never got these messages.

但是那天晚上離鐵達尼號最近的船，加州人號從來沒有收到這些求救信號。

That ship's sole wireless operator had turned off the radio for the night and gone to bed.

那艘船上唯一的無線電接線員已經關掉了晚上的無線電，然後上床睡覺了。

The Titanic's wireless operators were communicating with other ships like the Olympic, and the Baltic that started to head to its coordinates but were a long way off.

鐵達尼號的無線電操作員正在與奧林匹克號和波羅的海號等其他船隻進行通信，它們開始駛向其坐標但距離很遠。

The last message from the Titanic received by RMS Carpathia at 1:45 AM was "Engine room full up to boilers."

卡柏菲亞號在凌晨 1 點 45 分從鐵達尼號收到的最後一條消息是「機艙已淹滿了」。

Without a rescue ship, all the Titanic had left was its lifeboats.

沒有救援船的情況下，鐵達尼號只剩下救生艇了。

By the time the Carpathia got there around 4 AM, the ship had disappeared into the ocean, taking down more than 1,500  passengers and crew with it.

當卡柏菲亞號在凌晨 4 點左右到達那裡時，這艘船已經消失在大海中，帶走了 1,500 多名乘客和船員的性命。

The only survivors were 706 people who made it in to the Titanic's lifeboats.

唯一倖存只有 706 人，他們登上了鐵達尼號的救生艇。

The disaster permanently altered the public's view on the necessity of lifeboats.

這場災難永久地改變了公眾對救生艇必要性的看法。

You can see how quickly things changed when you compare this photo of RMS Olympic, Titanic's near identical twin in 1911 to this one of the Olympic in 1912 immediately following the Titanic disaster,

當你比較這張 1911 年鐵達尼號幾乎一模一樣的雙胞胎船隻奧林匹克好的照片與 1912 年鐵達尼號災難發生後立即拍攝的這張奧林匹克號照片時，你可以馬上看到發生了變化，

showing double the number of lifeboats along the top deck.

照片顯示頂層甲板上的救生艇數量增加了一倍。

The biggest impact of the Titanic disaster had on safety regulations and ship design was the enacting of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea or SOLAS,

鐵達尼號災難對安全法規和船舶設計的最大影響是因它制定了國際海上人命安全公約或簡稱 SOLAS，

a 1914 international treaty that required wireless telegraph communication to be active 24/7 and upped the lifeboat minimum to account for everyone on board.

這是一項 1914 年的國際條約，要求無線電報通信24小時處於活躍狀態，並提高了救生艇的最低數量以考量到船上的每個人。

Today, SOLAS requires cruise ships to be able to accommodate 125% of the ship's capacity in small boats in the event of emergency.

現在，SOLAS 要求遊輪在緊急情況下能夠容納 125% 的小船載客量。

Ultimately, the Titanic disaster was less about a fatal flaw in design and more about tragic timing in the early days of wireless communication,

追根結底，鐵達尼號的災難與其說是致命的設計缺陷，不如說是無線通信早期的悲慘狀況，

and a collision scenario too extreme to have been considered possible until it happened.

並且碰撞的過於嚴重以至於在它發生之前都被認為是可能的。

Oh, and one more thing about that foreshadowing lifeboat scene in Titanic.

哦，關於鐵達尼號中那個預示救生艇場景的另還有一件事沒說。

"Waste of deck space as it is, on an unsinkable ship!"

「在一艘永不沉沒的船上，放置這些真是浪費甲板空間！」

The Titanic was never advertised as unsinkable.

鐵達尼號號從未被宣傳為永不沉沒。

Although this 1911 edition of the trade magazine, The Shipbuilder did describe both the Titanic and  the Olympic as "practically unsinkable"

儘管這本 1911 年版的貿易雜誌《The Shipbuilder》確實將鐵達尼號和奧林匹克號描述為「幾乎不會沉沒」，

and there are reports from 1912 that some of the passengers who  went down with the ship refused to believe it was really sinking.

還有 1912 年有報導稱，一些隨船沉沒的乘客拒絕相信它真的沉沒。

But the term only became widely associated with the Titanic in the media after the disaster.

但只有在災難發生後，這個詞才在媒體上與鐵達尼號廣泛連結。

Especially with adapting this 1911 side plan of the Titanic to help visualize how the watertight bulkheads were supposed to work.

尤其是對 1911 年的鐵達尼號側面圖進行調整，以幫助想像防水艙壁的工作原理。

You can help support our work and keep it free by making a gift to Vox at vox.com/support-vox-video.

你可以通過在 vox.com/support-vox-video 上向 Vox 贈送禮物來幫助支持我們製作影片。

With your support, we're able to keep telling these stories and answering questions you  didn't know you had.

在你的支持下，我們才能夠繼續講述這些故事並回答你不知道的問題。