You're watching TopTenz and in the video we're looking at ten heartbreaking facts about homelessness.

10.

Number 10, life expectancy is shockingly low.

預期壽命低得令人震驚

If you're reading this from a developed nation, chances are you have a reasonable shot at reaching 80 years of age.

如果你從一個發達國家讀到這篇文章，你有可能有一個合理的在達到80歲的時候有機會。

Between 77-89 is the life expectancy for nations as diverse as the USA, UK, Czech Republic, Albania, Costa Rica, Japan and Monaco.

77-89歲是美國、英國、捷克共和國等不同國家的預期壽命。阿爾巴尼亞、哥斯達黎加、日本和摩納哥。

Even countries like Colombia, Morocco, and the West Bank have average life expectancies of over 75 years.

即使像哥倫比亞、摩洛哥和西岸這樣的國家也有平均預期壽命超過75年的歷史。

Unless that is you happen to be homeless.

除非你碰巧是無家可歸。

In the UK, the average homeless life expectancy is a shocking 47 years.

在英國，無家可歸者的平均預期壽命是令人震驚的47歲。

That's a shorter time on this Earth than you'd get living in Chad, Afghanistan or North Korea.

這比你在查德、阿富汗或其他國家生活的時間要短。北朝鮮。

While homelessness at contrary, it'd have by far the lowest life expectancy in the world.

如果無家可歸者是一個國家，它將是迄今為止地球上預期壽命最低的國家。

And here's the thing, the UK isn't an outlier.

事情是這樣的，英國並不是一個例外。

In parts of the US, homeless people die on average around the age of 42.

在美國的部分地區，無家可歸的人平均在42歲左右死亡。

In parts of Scotland, they can expect to live to 39.

在蘇格蘭的部分地區，他們可以預期在39歲時死亡。

The last time the US or UK had a life expectancy that low in their general population, Queen Victoria was still on the throne.

美國或英國上一次在其普通人口中出現如此低的預期壽命時，女王維多利亞仍在王位上。

That's right.

這就對了。

Homelessness is as bad for your health as living in a time before penicillin and mass-vaccinations.

無家可歸對你的健康不利，就像生活在青黴素和大規模疫苗接種之前的時代一樣。

And it certainly doesn't help the…

這當然沒有幫助...

Number 9, being homeless means being horribly ill.

9.無家可歸意味著病得很厲害

Remember that time you were caught outside in bad weather and came down with a stinking cold?

還記得上次你在惡劣的天氣下被抓到外面，並患上了臭氣熏天的疾病嗎？冷嗎？

Homelessness is that experience, 24/7.

無家可歸就是這種經歷，24/7。

Only, instead of a few days in bed or feeling gross at work, you get months of feeling like your entire body is going haywire.

只是，你不是在床上躺了幾天或在工作中感到噁心，而是有幾個月的時間感覺像你的整個身體都變得混亂不堪。

The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) has a list of some of the health problems associated with homelessness.

國家生物技術信息中心（NCBI）在這裡列出了一些健康方面的資訊。與無家可歸有關的問題。

It makes for pretty awful reading.

這讓人讀起來很難受。

Stuff like frostbite, disorders of the extremities, malnutrition and skin diseases are part for the course.

諸如凍傷、四肢失調、營養不良和皮膚病等都是正常的。的課程。

Tooth and gum problems, degenerative illnesses and infected wounds are prevalent, as are things like alcohol poisoning and sexually-transmitted diseases.

牙齒和牙齦問題、退行性疾病和感染性傷口很普遍，還有諸如酒精中毒和性傳播疾病。

Terrifyingly, one of the most common health problems comes from trauma.

可怕的是，最常見的健康問題之一來自於創傷。

A depressing number of people out there like nothing more than to attack the homeless and try and put them in the hospital.

令人沮喪的是，外面有很多人只喜歡攻擊無家可歸者和試著把他們送進醫院。

And speaking of hospitals, mental problems and social stigma also make the homeless less likely to seek medical help, meaning treatable problems get worse.

談到醫院，精神問題和社會汙名也使無家可歸者不那麼有可能尋求醫療幫助，這意味著可治療的問題會惡化。

The NCBI page includes the tale of a woman whose swollen legs eventually gave way to maggot-infested open sores.

NCBI頁面包括一個女人的故事，她的雙腿腫脹最終讓位於蛆蟲滋生的開放性潰瘍。

Number 8, you can be homeless and working.

8.你可以無家可歸，也可以工作

What's your mental image of homelessness?

你對無家可歸的心理印象是什麼？

We're betting its some grizzled old dude with a weatherbeaten face, muttering on the subway about the government planting radios in his teeth.

我們敢打賭，這是個灰頭土臉的老傢伙，臉上佈滿了風霜，嘴裡喃喃自語。關於政府在他的牙齒中植入收音機的地鐵。

We're not gonna deny those guys exist, but they're far from the whole story.

我們不會否認這些人的存在。但它們遠遠不是故事的全部。

There exists a whole branch of homeless people out there who we never hear anything about.

外面存在著一整支無家可歸的人，我們從未聽說過他們的情況。

These are the people who are homeless while still holding down a job.

這些人在無家可歸的同時，還在堅守一份工作。

A December 2016 Guardian article interviewed people who worked at pubs, at McDonald's, and even in an office making more than minimum wage. These people were still homeless.

2016年12月《衛報》的一篇文章採訪了在酒吧、在麥當勞工作的人。甚至在一個辦公室裡賺取超過最低工資，但仍然無家可歸。

Some were in temporary accommodation, some slept at their place of employment, and some simply slept in parks.

一些人住在臨時住所，一些人睡在他們的工作場所，還有一些人只是在公園裡睡覺。

While the story was London-specific, this happens in the United States, too.

雖然該報紙的故事是倫敦特有的，但這種情況在美國也會發生。

Al Jazeera reported in 2013 that as many as 25% of American homeless may have jobs.

半島電視臺在2013年報道，多達25%的美國無家可歸者可能有工作。

For the working homeless, life on the streets means pain and ill-heath and misery, but also keeping yourself clean and presentable enough to go to work every day.

對於工作的無家可歸者來說，街頭生活意味著痛苦、健康不良和苦難，但也意味著保持自己的清潔和體面，以便每天去上班。

It's a depressing existence, and one that's often ignored in videos like this one.

這是一種可怕的壓抑的存在，而且經常在諸如以下文章中被忽視。這一個。

"But how can someone possibly be holding down a long-term job and dealing with homelessness?" We hear you cry.

'但是，一個人怎麼可能在保持長期工作的同時處理無家可歸的問題？我們聽到你的哭聲。

Well, we're glad that you asked.

我們很高興你這麼問。

Because number 7, being hoemless is insanely expensive.

7.無家可歸者的費用高得離譜

Most of us probably assume there's no cheaper lifestyle than homelessness.

我們大多數人可能認為，沒有比無家可歸更便宜的生活方式了。

Most of us are wrong.

我們中的大多數人都是錯的。

For some people who find themselves out on the streets, homelessness isn't just a depressing pain.

對於一些發現自己流落街頭的人來說，無家可歸併不只是一個令人沮喪的問題。疼痛。

It's a financial black hole that sucks in all of their available funds.

這是一個財務黑洞，吸納了他們所有的資金。可用的資金。

Things many of us take for granted are not available on the streets.

我們許多人認為理所當然的事情，在街上是無法得到的。

Finding somewhere to shower costs money.

找地方洗澡要花錢。

Finding somewhere safe to leave your work clothes costs money.

找到一個安全的地方來放置你的工作服需要花錢。

Staying in even the worst motel costs more than paying rent, and sleeping in your car means you're still dealing with gas and maintenance.

住在哪怕是最差的汽車旅館都比付房租要貴，而睡在車裡也是如此。意味著你仍然要處理汽油和維修問題。

Then there are the homeless who wind up on the streets with their kids.

然後是無家可歸者，他們帶著孩子流落街頭。

If they're working, most of their money is probably going into paying someone to look after their child for a few hours every day so they don't wind up getting hurt or assaulted.

如果他們在工作，他們的大部分錢可能是用來支付給別人看的。每天照顧孩子幾個小時，這樣他們就不會受傷或受到攻擊。

But what about shelters?

但是避難所呢？

Sadly, most shelters will move you on after a few months.

可悲的是，大多數收容所在幾個月後就會把你轉走。

It all adds up to a world where the money coming in can be just enough to sustain your homeless lifestyle, but not enough to escape it.

這一切加起來，在這個世界上，進入的錢可能只夠維持你的生活。無家可歸的生活方式，但還不足以擺脫它。

Proper streets-and-sleeping-under-bridges homelessness is undoubtedly cheap.

適當的街頭和睡在橋下的無家可歸者無疑是廉價的。

Homelessness when you're desperately trying to cling onto your job and have a kid to take care of?

當你拼命想抓住你的工作並有一個孩子要帶時，無家可歸。照顧？

Well, not so much.

沒有那麼多。

Number 6, you can be homeless and studying.

6.你可以無家可歸而又在學習

Being homeless and working is bad enough.

無家可歸和工作已經很糟糕了。

But there's another sub-section of the homeless that we don't hear much about: those who are homeless and studying.

但是，還有一個無家可歸者的分支，我們更少聽到：那些人是無家可歸和學習。

In 2014 alone, over 56,000 college students in America were classified as homeless.

2014年，美國有超過56,000名大學生被列為無家可歸者。

Rather than safe spaces and trigger warnings, these kids are dealing with a daily fight for survival.

與其說是安全空間和觸發式警告，不如說這些孩子每天都在面對一場戰鬥為了生存。

The reasons are myriad and complex.

原因是多方面的，也很複雜。

Some come from poor families and went to college on a scholarship, only to lose their funding.

有些人來自貧困家庭，靠獎學金上了大學，但卻失去了資金。

Others were working class students who suffered a sudden injury or layoff and now can't bring money in.

還有一些是工人階級的學生，他們突然受傷或被解僱，現在不能把錢帶進來。

Yet others were homeless from the get-go, and are desperately trying to earn a college degree and escape into the middle class.

然而，還有一些人從一開始就無家可歸，正拼命掙錢上大學。學位並逃入中產階級。

Some sleep in the campus library, some in their cars.

有些人睡在校園圖書館裡。有些人在他們的車裡。

Yet others sofa surf friends' houses.

然而，還有一些人在朋友家的沙發上衝浪。

Some are even stuck in shelters.

有些人甚至被困在避難所裡。

As an added kick to the groin, many find the pressures of homelessness so stressful that they perform poorly in class, endangering their chances of escaping from poverty.

作為對腹股溝的補充，許多人發現無家可歸者的壓力如此之大，以至於他們在課堂上表現不佳，危及他們擺脫貧困的機會。

Graduating with a debt of around $30,000 doesn't help, either.

畢業時欠下約30,000美元的債務，也無濟於事。

Number 5, dealing with homelessness costs the State crazy money

5.處理無家可歸者的問題讓國家花費了大量資金

We mentioned a moment ago that homelessness is expensive.

我們剛才提到，無家可歸者是昂貴的。

We didn't just mean for the homeless themselves, though.

我們不只是指為無家可歸者本身。

Rough sleeping costs society crazy amounts of money.

露宿街頭讓社會花費了大量的金錢。

At the end of the last decade, it cost the mayor's office $36,000 per year to shelter a single family in New York City.

在上個十年末，市長辦公室每年花費36,000美元用於庇護在紐約市的一個單一家庭。

It was such a drain on the city's coffers that the Bloomberg administration began buying one way airline tickets to anywhere in the world for homeless people, paying over $6,000 in one instance to fly a homeless person to Paris.

這對城市的國庫造成了巨大的消耗，以至於布隆伯格政府開始購買為無家可歸者提供前往世界任何地方的單程機票，支付超過6,000美元的費用 有一次，他讓一個無家可歸的人飛往巴黎。

Do even the tiniest bit of research and the numbers quickly become mind-boggling.

即使做最微小的研究，這些數字也很快變得令人難以置信。

When HUD calculated the cost of homelessness, including increased use of public services due to health problems,

當HUD計算無家可歸的成本，包括增加使用公共服務時

they found a single homeless person in the US can cost the taxpayer $40,000 a year.

由於健康問題，他們發現在美國，一個無家可歸的人可以花費納稅人的錢。每年40000美元。

For those with mental health issues living in expensive parts of the country, that cost could rise as high as $150,000.

對於那些生活在該國昂貴地區的有精神健康問題的人來說，這種費用可能會上升到150,000美元。

Given there are around half-a-million American homeless we mentioned earlier, you can quickly see how those figures add up.

鑑於我們之前提到的50萬美國無家可歸者，你可以看到這些人是如何數字很快就加起來了。

Number, 4, middle class homelessness.

4.中產階級無家可歸

The Great Recession has been over for a while now, and the media is reporting on it less and less.

大衰退已經過去一段時間了，媒體對它的報道也減少了和更少。

Unemployment is down.

失業率在下降。

Growth is (kinda) back up, but the effects of the devastating '08 crash are still lingering.

增長是（有點）恢復。但08年毀滅性的崩潰的影響仍然揮之不去。

While the rich have rebounded, many in middle class have been forced into desperate situations that they're still trying to escape.

在富人反彈的同時，許多中產階級被迫陷入絕境他們還在試圖逃跑。

Some of them have even wound up becoming homeless.

他們中的一些人甚至最終成為無家可歸者。

In November 2015, homeless advocates estimated that there were more homeless living in cars than at any time since the Great Depression.

2015年11月，無家可歸者的倡導者估計，有更多的無家可歸者住在汽車裡比大蕭條以來的任何時候都多。

While the US government doesn't keep precise data on these mobile homeless, it is assumed that a great many of them are middle class.

雖然美國政府沒有保存這些移動無家可歸者的精確數據，但可以認為他們中的許多人是中產階級。

The American middle class rarely does full-on, on-the-streets homelessness.

美國中產階級很少做全面的、在街頭的無家可歸者。

Those who were in decent, white collar jobs tend to wind up in cheap motels, or sleeping in the houses of friends and relatives, or just living out of their cars.

那些從事體面的白領工作的人，往往會在廉價的汽車旅館中度過，或者睡在床上。在朋友和親戚的房子裡，或只是住在他們的汽車裡。

In effect, they're the invisible homeless, and you better believe that life is still tough for them.

實際上，他們是隱形的無家可歸者。而且你最好相信，對他們來說，生活仍然是艱難的。

Part of this is due to the general decline of the American middle class.

部分原因是由於美國中產階級的普遍衰退。

For the first time in decades, the middle class, as a group, has seen their combined wealth dip below that of the combined upper class.

幾十年來，中產階級作為一個群體，第一次看到他們的總和。財富下降到綜合上層階級的水準以下。

Being middle class just doesn't pay anymore.

成為中產階級已經沒有什麼好處了。

Number 3, non-homeless peoples' brains see the homeless as objects

3.非無家可歸者的大腦將無家可歸者視為物品

We've all heard people – friends, relatives, colleagues – complaining about homeless people before, often in language that suggests they don't see the poor as even human.

我們都聽過人們--朋友、親戚、同事--抱怨無家可歸的人。以前，他們經常用語言暗示他們甚至不把窮人當人看。

It's not a nice thing to hear, but there's a good chance it's not even their fault.

這不是一件好事情，但很有可能這甚至不是他們的錯。

Our brains respond in different ways to different groups, depending on our prejudices.

我們的大腦以不同的方式對不同的群體作出反應，這取決於我們的偏見。

Where the homeless are concerned, neuroimaging studies suggest thta we see them as objects.

就無家可歸者而言，神經影像學研究表明，我們看到他們簡直沒有與物體不同。

When we see images of other humans, our medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) typically activates.

當我們看到其他人類的影像時，我們的內側前額葉皮層（mPFC）通常會被激活。

Functional magnetic resonance imaging shows it has activity even when viewing groups we typically see as undesirable (hate preachers, for example).

功能性磁共振成像顯示，即使在觀看我們的群體時，它也有活動。通常被視為不受歡迎的人（比如說仇恨傳教士）。

On the other hand, there is no mPFC activity when we're looking at objects.

另一方面，當我們在看物體時，沒有mPFC的活動。

When a Princeton study measured our brains' responses to homeless people, it found there

當普林斯頓大學的一項研究測量我們的大腦對無家可歸者的反應時，發現有

was no mPFC activation.

是沒有mPFC的激活。

In other words, most non-homeless brains process rough sleepers in the exact same way we process

換句話說，大多數無家可歸者的大腦處理露宿者的方式與我們處理露宿者的方式完全相同。

objects.

對象。

This is consistent with how extreme 'out groups' are often seen in society.

這與社會上經常看到的極端 "外出群體 "的情況是一致的。

An analogy might be how the Tutsi were seen by the Hutu ethnic group prior to the Rwandan

一個比喻是，在盧旺達戰爭之前，胡圖族是如何看待圖西族的？

genocide.

滅絕種族罪。

While we doubt we're about to see a mass-killing of homeless people, these same mechanisms

雖然我們懷疑我們將看到大規模殺害無家可歸的人，但這些同樣的機制

do mean we care much less when we hear about the homeless being harassed or begging for

這意味著，當我們聽到無家可歸者被騷擾或乞討時，我們的關心要少得多。

help than we would if they came from another social group.

如果他們來自另一個社會群體，我們會比他們提供更多的幫助。

2.

2.

Elderly Homeless Numbers are Rising

老年無家可歸者人數不斷增加

We mentioned earlier that the homeless tend to die younger.

我們之前提到，無家可歸者往往死得更早。

That's because living on the streets is really, really not something the elderly are

這是因為流落街頭真的，真的不是老人的事。

well-equipped to deal with.

裝備精良，可以應對。

Nonetheless, old homeless people do exist, and always have.

儘管如此，無家可歸的老人確實存在，而且一直存在。

The difference is that now their numbers are rising.

不同的是，現在他們的人數正在上升。

In 2016, nearly a third of America's homeless population was over the age of 51.

2016年，美國近三分之一的無家可歸人口年齡超過51歲。

This is a relatively new phenomenon.

這是一個相對較新的現象。

Prior to 2007, the fraction was closer to a fifth.

在2007年之前，這一比例接近五分之一。

Then the Great Recession came, and older homeless numbers spiked by 10 percentage points.

然後，大衰退來了，老年無家可歸者人數激增了10個百分點。

Plenty of them are the same people who got caught when the Recession killed the US middle

他們中的很多人都是在經濟衰退殺死美國中產階級時被抓住的人。

class.

類。

They're former entrepreneurs, writers, artists, stay-at-home moms and business consultants

他們是前企業家、作家、藝術家、家庭主婦和商業顧問。

who thought they'd put enough away for the future in the heady credit-fueled days of

他們認為，在令人陶醉的信貸時代，他們已經為未來儲備了足夠的資金。

the early 21st century.

21世紀初。

Then the banks nearly collapsed, work dried up, money ran out and they found out they

然後，銀行幾乎崩潰，工作枯竭，資金耗盡，他們發現自己

were wrong.

是錯誤的。

Now they're scraping by, at the bottom of society, trying to survive in a world that's

現在，他們在社會底層勉強度日，試圖在這個世界上生存。

tough enough when you're young and fit.

當你年輕和健康的時候，這已經很艱難了。

Ignored by the government, with no hope for the future.

被政府忽視，對未來沒有希望。

1.

1.

Homelessness and Murder

無家可歸和謀殺

Just being homeless puts you at an increased risk of being assaulted or murdered.

僅僅是無家可歸就會增加你被攻擊或被謀殺的風險。

Go looking, and you'll find plenty of stories like that of the homeless woman who had her

去找找看，你會發現有很多像那個無家可歸的女人的故事，她有她的

head stamped on 7 times because a local man couldn't stand her “smell.”

因為一個當地人無法忍受她的 "氣味"，她的頭被踩了7次。

Or the homeless man who nearly burned to death when violent thugs set his tent on fire.

或者，當暴力暴徒點燃他的帳篷時，無家可歸的人幾乎被燒死。

While these crimes are serious enough in America, in other parts of the world they're truly

雖然這些罪行在美國已經足夠嚴重，但在世界其他地方，它們確實是

shocking.

令人震驚的是。

Take Colombia.

以哥倫比亞為例。

In Bogota, the army operated death squads that would execute the homeless, dress them

在波哥大，軍隊成立了行刑隊，處決無家可歸者，給他們穿上衣服。

up as fighters for the FARC rebel group, and claim a bounty on them.

作為FARC反叛組織的戰鬥人員，並要求對他們進行賞金。

Over a thousand were murdered this way, in a scandal now known as the 'false positives'.

在現在被稱為 "假陽性 "的醜聞中，超過一千人以這種方式被殺害。

Or take India, where homeless shelters are so thin on the ground that 33,000 died from

或者拿印度來說，那裡的無家可歸者收容所非常稀少，有33000人死於

exposure in Delhi alone in a single decade.

十年來，僅在德里，就有超過1,000人接觸過這個數字。

Or North Korea, where homeless children are interred in camps and left to die of malnutrition.

或者北韓，無家可歸的兒童被埋在營地裡，任由他們死於營養不良。

These are all extreme cases, but they're also a sad reality of life for many millions

這些都是極端情況，但也是數百萬人生活中的一個悲慘現實

of homeless across the world.

世界各地的無家可歸者。

Being homeless in America, Britain, or Europe is undoubtedly better.

在美國、英國或歐洲無家可歸，無疑會更好。

But that doesn't mean it's a walk in the park.

但這並不意味著它是在公園裡散步。