to keep heating and electricity supplies  running this winter and next.

以保持今冬和明年的供暖和電力供應運行。

We're heading toward the only fixed LNG terminal in Greece, which receives, stores and turns

我們正朝著希臘唯一的固定液化天然氣終端走去，該終端接收、儲存和轉換

this critical fuel back into gas. That gas is then piped around the country.

這種關鍵的燃料重新變成天然氣。然後這些氣體被輸送到全國各地。

Natural gas is often found  in secluded, far-flung areas.

天然氣通常在隱蔽、遙遠的地區被發現。

But its portability in the liquid form means  that it can be shipped anywhere in the world.

但其液體形式的便攜性意味著它可以被運送到世界任何地方。

Liquefied natural gas, or LNG, can be used  in the power sector to make electricity

液化天然氣，或稱LNG，可以在電力部門用於發電

and in the industrial sector to make fertilizers and petrochemicals.

以及在工業部門製造化肥和石化產品。

It can also be used for cooking and to heat homes.

它還可用於烹飪和為家庭供暖。

But how is LNG made?

但LNG是如何製造的？

First, natural gas is extracted from the ground.  It's then cleaned up and sent to a plant,

首先，天然氣被從地下開採出來。 然後，它被淨化並被送到一個工廠。

where it's cooled to approximately minus 260 degrees Fahrenheit

在那裡，它被冷卻到大約零下260華氏度

or minus 160 degrees Celsius.

或零下160攝氏度。

By turning the gas into a liquid,  its volume is 600 times smaller

將氣體變成液體，其體積就會縮小600倍

allowing it to be safely and easily  transported on LNG carriers.

允許它安全和容易地在液化天然氣船上運輸。

Once the liquid arrives at its  destination, it's turned back into gas.

一旦液體到達目的地，它就會變回氣體。

Aristotelis Nastos is the plant manager  at the Revithoussa LNG Terminal,

Aristotelis Nastos是Revithoussa液化天然氣碼頭的工廠經理。

the only LNG import terminal in Greece.

是希臘唯一的液化天然氣進口終端。

This is the gasification process. The LNG is in  minus 160 and must be in positive temperature.

這就是氣化過程。LNG處於零下160度，必須處於正溫度。

So, we had the heat exchangers with seawater, we take the thermal energy from the seawater,

是以，我們有帶海水的熱交換器，我們從海水中獲取熱能。

which is 20 degrees normally, and we need  this thermal energy to gasify the LNG.

這通常是20度，我們需要這種熱能來氣化液化天然氣。

What happens after the regasification  process? Where does the gas go?

再氣化過程之後會發生什麼？氣體去了哪裡？

The gas goes to the grid, in the pressure about  from 50 to 60 Bars, and comes all over Greece,

燃氣進入電網，壓力約為50至60巴，並在希臘各地使用。

and also the countries near Greece, Bulgaria and other European countries”

以及希臘、保加利亞和其他歐洲國家附近的國家"

There are two main types of LNG import facilities,

有兩種主要的液化天然氣進口設施。

Fixed terminals and ships called Floating Storage Regasification Units or FSRUs.

固定碼頭和船舶被稱為浮動存儲再氣化單元或FSRU。

Fixed terminals are very costly and take years to build, unlike FSRUs,

與FSRU不同，固定碼頭的成本非常高，需要數年才能建成。

which can be leased for a fixed number of  years and are moored near a pipeline.

可以租借固定年限，並停泊在管道附近。

The downside to the more flexible FSRUs is that  they cannot process large quantities of LNG,

更靈活的FSRU的缺點是，它們不能處理大量的LNG。

unlike the fixed terminals on land.

與陸地上的固定終端不同。

The biggest exporters of LNG are Australia, Qatar and the United States.

最大的液化天然氣出口國是澳洲、卡達和美國。

Since Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the U.S.

自俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭以來，美國。

has stepped up its supply efforts to Europe,  doubling its LNG exports to the continent.

已經加強了對歐洲的供應努力，將其對歐洲大陸的液化天然氣出口增加了一倍。

The U.S. is set to be the world's  biggest LNG exporter.

美國將成為世界上最大的液化天然氣出口國。

Before the invasion of Ukraine, Europe was  heavily reliant on Russian pipeline gas.

在入侵烏克蘭之前，歐洲在很大程度上依賴俄羅斯的管道天然氣。

As Russian supplies started dwindling,

隨著俄羅斯的供應開始減少。

Europe had to act fast and pivot  away from Russian gas to LNG.

歐洲必須迅速採取行動，從俄羅斯天然氣轉向液化天然氣。

What has it been like here in  the current energy crisis?

在目前的能源危機中，這裡的情況是怎樣的？

How has your regular business activity changed?

你的常規商業活動有什麼變化？

Normally, we receive four  to five vessels per month.

通常情況下，我們每個月會收到四到五艘船。

And now with the crisis, we are  receiving 10 vessels per month.

而現在隨著危機的發生，我們每個月要收到10艘船。

Also, the regasification rate is doubled,  normally is five to 800 cubic meters per hour 

同時，再氣化率提高了一倍，通常為每小時5至800立方米。

and now we are increasing up to the maximum which is 1,400 cubic meters per hour.

而現在我們正在增加到最大限度，即每小時1400立方米。

The fresh supply of LNG allowed Europe to successfully fill its gas storage sites

新的液化天然氣供應使歐洲成功地填補了其天然氣儲存點

to 95% ahead of the 2022 winter season.

在2022年冬季到來之前，將達到95%。

The influx of LNG to Europe has meant

湧入歐洲的液化天然氣意味著

that storage facilities on the  continent are filled to the brim.

該大陸的儲存設施已被填滿。

It's a happy problem, but it means that Europe is now scrambling for new capacity.

這是一個令人高興的問題，但這意味著歐洲現在正在爭相尋找新的產能。

While Europe's LNG infrastructure capacity is  significant, access is uneven across countries.

雖然歐洲的液化天然氣基礎設施容量很大，但各國的使用情況並不均衡。

France, Spain, Italy and the U.K. all have their own fixed terminals,

法國、西班牙、意大利和英國都有自己的固定終端。

while countries like Germany have none.  Germany, Europe's largest gas importer,

而像德國這樣的國家卻沒有。 德國，歐洲最大的天然氣進口國。

was instead reliant on Russian pipeline gas.

而是依賴俄羅斯的管道天然氣。

Without it, Germany and others had to hire  floating terminals to tide through the crisis.

沒有它，德國和其他國家不得不僱用浮動終端來渡過危機。

Plans are afoot to build more than a dozen more  LNG import facilities over the coming years.

計劃在未來幾年內再建十幾個液化天然氣進口設施。

I spoke to Greece's Environment  and Energy Minister Kostas Skrekas.

我採訪了希臘環境和能源部長Kostas Skrekas。

How would you say Europe is  doing in terms of its efforts 

您認為歐洲在這方面的努力如何？

to replace those Russian  pipeline gas flows with LNG?

用液化天然氣取代那些俄羅斯的管道天然氣流？

Europe is trying very hard. Greece is going to be

歐洲正在非常努力地嘗試。希臘將成為

transformed to the main entrance gate, import gate of LNG for the cell system in Europe.

轉變為主要的入口門，為歐洲的電池系統提供液化天然氣的進口門。

But it takes time for those infrastructure projects to be completed.

但這些基礎設施項目的完成需要時間。

Greece currently has one terminal  here on Revithoussa that can receive LNG,

希臘目前在Revithoussa有一個可以接收液化天然氣的碼頭。

temporarily store, regasify and supply it to the country's network of pipelines.

暫時儲存、重新氣化並供應給國家的管道網絡。

A new Floating Storage Unit has recently been added to the

最近增加了一個新的浮動存儲單元。

existing facilities at Revithoussa which will increase its storage capacity by 70%.

在Revithoussa的現有設施，這將使其儲存能力增加70%。

Unlike an FSRU which has regasification capabilities, an FSU can only store the LNG in its liquid form

與具有再氣化能力的FSRU不同，FSU只能以液體形式儲存LNG。

until there's space at the nearby terminal to begin the regasification process.

直到附近的碼頭有空間開始再氣化過程。

Laura Page is the Senior LNG Analyst at Kpler,

Laura Page是Kpler公司的高級液化天然氣分析師。

a data and analytics firm  focused on commodity markets.

一個專注於商品市場的數據和分析公司。

We're seeing a lot of import terminals coming  online over the next couple of months and years, 

我們看到在未來幾個月和幾年內有很多進口終端上線。

to enable Europe to import more LNG,  particularly from the United States.

以使歐洲能夠進口更多的液化天然氣，尤其是從美國進口。

How flexible is this new LNG import  capacity that Europe is investing in?

歐洲正在投資的這種新的液化天然氣進口能力的靈活性如何？

Many of those terminals are being  charted for a period of five years.

這些終端中的許多都是以五年為期限的圖表。

So once a period of five years is over,  and they can either be rechartered

是以，一旦五年期結束，他們可以重新獲得特許權

for a shorter period of time, or they can float elsewhere and  

在較短的時間內，或者他們可以漂浮在其他地方，並且

go to somewhere else in the world.

去世界上的其他地方。

While all this new capacity in the EU should help ease storage bottlenecks,

雖然歐盟的所有這些新產能應該有助於緩解存儲瓶頸。

supply of LNG is the bigger concern.

LNG的供應是更大的擔憂。

As business activity starts to recover  in parts of Asia, especially China,

隨著亞洲部分地區，特別是中國的商業活動開始復甦。

stiff competition for LNG  could lead to higher prices.

對液化天然氣的激烈競爭可能導致價格上漲。

For now, Europe looks likely to avert a worst-case  scenario this winter with muted demand from Asia

目前，歐洲看起來有可能在今年冬天避免出現最壞的情況，因為亞洲的需求不大。

and a milder than expected start to the season.  However, experts are warning against complacency.

和比預期更溫和的季節開始。 然而，專家們正在警告不要自滿。

Maria Rita Galli is the CEO of DESFA, Greece's  natural gas transmission system operator.

Maria Rita Galli是希臘天然氣傳輸系統運營商DESFA的CEO。

How worried are you about Europe's energy  situation, either this winter or next?

你對歐洲的能源狀況有多擔心，無論是今年冬天還是明年？

The situation for this winter is certainly in a  much stable situation because more than 90% of

今年冬天的情況肯定會更加穩定，因為90%以上的

the total storage capacity on Europe has been filled. The difficulty will be for the next summer

歐洲的總儲存量已被填滿。困難將是在明年夏天

to replace the gas that will be  utilized during the winter.

以取代將在冬季使用的天然氣。

So the key question for next year is,  what will the reopening in China mean

是以，明年的關鍵問題是，中國的重新開放將意味著什麼？

for China's LNG demand going forward?  And will that pull gas away from Europe?

中國未來的液化天然氣需求？ 這是否會將天然氣從歐洲拉走？

LNG is also not a long-term solution to Europe's  energy problems, given its green energy ambitions.

鑑於歐洲的綠色能源雄心，液化天然氣也不是歐洲能源問題的長期解決方案。

Prior to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Germany  aimed to abandon fossil-fueled power by 2035.

在俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭之前，德國的目標是在2035年前放棄化石燃料發電。

For now, LNG is seen as an important fuel to  get Europe through the current energy crisis.

就目前而言，液化天然氣被視為使歐洲度過當前能源危機的重要燃料。

And it doesn't hurt that some of Europe's new permanent LNG infrastructure

而且，歐洲的一些新的永久性液化天然氣基礎設施並沒有受到影響。

can be converted to work with  renewable resources in the future.

可以在未來轉換為使用可再生資源工作。

Over the longer term, we will be moving more  towards a renewable environment and gas

從長遠來看，我們將更多地朝著可再生環境和天然氣的方向發展。

is a great bridging fuel because obviously the  sun doesn't shine and the wind doesn't flow

是一種很好的銜接燃料，因為很明顯，太陽不會照耀，風也不會流動

all of the time. So, gas is a backup  fuel for when those situations arise.

所有的時間。是以，汽油是在出現這些情況時的一種備用燃料。

Do you see the risk that this investment into LNG in Greece and across many countries

你是否看到在希臘和許多國家投資液化天然氣的風險？

in Europe as undermining efforts  to power the green transition?

破壞了歐洲為綠色轉型提供動力的努力？

Nobody is planning infrastructure that is going  finally all projects that are going to end up

沒有人在規劃基礎設施，最後所有的項目都要結束了。

to be stranded assets. The LNG terminals

成為擱淺的資產。液化天然氣終端

could be used in the future for hydrogen maybe.

未來可能會被用於生產氫氣。

We have to plan projects in a very well-balanced manner.

我們必須以一種非常平衡的方式來規劃項目。