And in the short term I can ask, you can interface with, uh, any given section of your brain and, and solve a tremendous number of things that, that cause debilitating issues for people.

在短期內，我可以問，你可以與你的大腦的任何部分對接，並解決大量的事情，這些事情會導致人們的衰弱。

So, so you wanna be able to read the signals from the brain.

所以，所以你想能夠讀取來自大腦的信號。

You want to be able to, to write the signals.

你希望能夠，寫出信號。

Uh, you want to be able to ultimately do that for the entire brain.

呃，你希望最終能夠為整個大腦做這件事。

Um, and then also extend that to, uh, communicating to the rest of your nervous system.

嗯，然後還擴展到，嗯，與你的神經系統的其他部分進行交流。

If there's a, if you have a sort of a severed spinal quarter neck, I've often said that prototypes are easy production is hard.

如果有一個，如果你有一種被切斷的脊柱四分之一的脖子，我經常說，原型容易生產難。

Um, it's really, I'd say 100 to 1000 times harder to go from go from prototype to a device that is safe, reliable, works under a wide range of circumstances is affordable.

嗯，從原型到一個安全、可靠、在各種情況下都能正常工作的設備，真的，我想說是100到1000倍的難度。

Um, and done at scale were submitted I think most of our paperwork to the FDA and were, we think probably in about six months we should be able to have a first neuralink in a human.

嗯，在規模上已經完成，我想我們的大部分文件都提交給了美國食品和藥物管理局，我們認為大概在六個月內，我們應該能夠在人類身上獲得第一個神經鏈接。

So before we would even think of putting a device in an animal, we, we do everything we possibly can with rigorous bench bench top testing.

是以，在我們考慮將一個設備放入動物體內之前，我們會盡一切可能進行嚴格的工作臺測試。

So we're not cavalier and putting devices into animals were extremely careful and uh, we, we always want the device whenever we do the implant, uh it's a sheep or a pig or monkey to be confirmatory.

是以，我們並不輕率，將設備放入動物體內是非常謹慎的，而且，我們每次做植入手術時都希望設備，呃，是羊、豬或猴子，都是確認性的。

Um not exploratory listen, since since the page demo, we've expanded to work with a troop of six monkeys, we've actually upgraded Pager.

嗯不是探索性的聽，自從頁面演示以來，我們已經擴展到與六隻猴子的隊伍一起工作，我們實際上已經升級了Pager。

Um They do very tasks.

嗯，他們做了非常多的任務。

Um and we do everything possible to ensure that that things are stable and replicable and things like that.

嗯，我們盡一切可能確保這些東西是穩定的，可複製的，諸如此類的東西。

The device lasts for a long time without degradation.

該設備可持續很長時間而不退化。

And here you can see sake, it's one of other monkeys typing on a keyboard.

在這裡你可以看到清酒，它是其他猴子在鍵盤上打字的一個。

But now this is telepathic typing.

但現在這是心靈感應式的打字。

So to be clear, this is the he's not actually using a keyboard, he's moving the cursor with his mind uh to the highlighted key.

是以，明確地說，這是他實際上沒有使用鍵盤，他是用他的思想呃移動遊標到高亮的鍵。

Now, technically, um uh can't can't actually spell and so I don't want to oversell this thing because that's that's the next version.

現在，從技術上講，嗯嗯不能不能實際拼寫，所以我不想過度推銷這個東西，因為那是那是下一個版本。

Um So the but what's really cool here is is um sake, the monkey is moving the mouse cursor using just his mind moving the cursor around to the highlighted key and then spelling out what we what we want.

所以，但這裡真正酷的是，嗯......清酒，猴子正在移動滑鼠遊標，只用他的思想把遊標移到突出顯示的鍵上，然後拼出我們想要的東西。

Something that could be used for somebody who's who's say uh uh quadriplegic or paraplegic human um even before we make the spinal cord stuff work is being able to control a mouse cursor control the phone.

一些可以用於四肢癱瘓或截癱的人的東西，甚至在我們使脊髓的東西發揮作用之前，就是能夠控制滑鼠遊標控制手機。

Um And we were confident that that uh someone who is has basically no other interface to the outside world would be able to uh control their phone better than someone who has working hands.

我們相信，一個基本上沒有其他與外界聯繫的人能夠比一個有雙手的人更好地控制他們的手機。

And I mentioned upgradability, upgradability is very important because our first production device will be much like an iPhone one and I'm pretty sure you would not want an iPhone one stuck in your head with the iPhone 14 is available.

而且我提到了可升級性，可升級性非常重要，因為我們的第一個生產設備將很像iPhone一，我很肯定你不會希望iPhone一卡在你的腦子裡，而iPhone14已經上市。

Um so it's gonna be, it's uh um be able to demonstrate full reverse ability and upgradability, so you can remove the device and replace it with the latest version or if it stopped working for any reason, um replace it.

是以，它將是，它呃呃能夠證明完全的反向能力和可升級性，所以你可以刪除設備，並用最新的版本替換它，或者如果它因任何原因停止工作，呃呃替換它。

It's that's that's that's a fundamental uh requirement for the device at neuralink.

這就是那是那是那是在neuralink的設備的一個基本呃要求。

I think it's also important to show that um sake actually likes doing the demo um and it's not like strapped to the chair or anything.

我認為這也很重要，表明嗯，清酒實際上喜歡做演示，嗯，它不像被綁在椅子上或什麼。

So uh it's yeah, so um like our monkeys are pretty happy, you know, so you can see quick decision maker on the fruit front.

所以，嗯，是的，所以嗯，就像我們的猴子很高興，你知道，所以你可以看到水果方面的快速決策者。

The first two applications we're gonna aim for in humans are restoring vision and uh I think this is like notable in that even if someone has never had vision ever, like they were born blind, we believe they can they can we can still restore vision.

我們要在人類身上的前兩個應用是恢復視力，呃，我認為這就像值得注意的是，即使有人從來沒有過視力，比如他們生來就是盲人，我們相信他們可以他們可以我們仍然可以恢復視力。

Um so because the visual part of the visual part of the cortex is still still there and then the uh the other application being in the motor cortex where we would initially enable someone who uh has no ability, almost no ability to operate there, their muscles, you know, sort of like a sort of Stephen hawking type situation and enable them to operate their phone faster than someone who has working hands.

嗯，所以因為大腦皮層的視覺部分仍然存在，然後呃，另一個應用是在運動皮層，我們最初會使那些呃沒有能力，幾乎沒有能力操作的人，他們的肌肉，你知道，有點像斯蒂芬-霍金類型的情況，使他們能夠比有工作的人更快地操作他們的手機。

Um But then even obviously even better than that would be to bridge the connection.

嗯，但然後甚至顯然比這更好的將是連接的橋樑。

Um So uh take out the signals from the motor cortex and um let's say somebody's got a broken neck.

所以，呃，把運動皮層的信號拿出來，嗯，比方說某人的脖子斷了。

Uh Then uh bridging those signals to neuralink device is located in the spinal cord.

呃然後呃將這些信號橋接到位於脊髓中的neuralink設備。

We're confident there are no there are no physical limitations to enabling full body functionality.

我們相信，在實現全身功能方面沒有任何物理限制。

How do you create a high bandwidth generalized interface to the brain?

你如何創建一個高帶寬的通用接口來連接大腦？

So our first steps along these dimensions for our device is what we call the N.

是以，我們的設備沿著這些維度邁出的第一步就是我們所說的N。

One implant.

一個植入物。

It's a size of about a quarter, and It has over 1000 channels that are capable of recording and stimulating its micro, fabricated on a flexible thin film arrays that we call threats.

它的大小約為四分之一，它有超過1000個通道，能夠記錄和刺激其微觀，製作在一個靈活的薄膜陣列上，我們稱之為威脅。

It's fully implantable and wireless.

它是完全可植入的，而且是無線的。

So no wires.

所以沒有電線。

And after the surgery, the implant is under the skin and it is invisible.

而在手術後，植入物在皮下，它是看不見的。

It also has a battery that you can charge wirelessly and you can use it at home.

它還有一個可以無線充電的電池，你可以在家裡使用它。

Unlike many consumer electronic devices which can simply offer a physical connector, charging a fully implantable device poses several unique challenges.

與許多可以簡單提供物理連接器的消費類電子設備不同，為完全植入式設備充電會帶來一些獨特的挑戰。

First, the system must operate over a wide charging volume without relying on magnets for perfect alignment.

首先，該系統必須在廣泛的充電量上運行，而不依靠磁鐵進行完美對準。

The system must be robust to disturbance and complete quickly so as not to be overly burdensome.

該系統必須對干擾有很強的抵抗力，並迅速完成，以免造成過重的負擔。

However, most important is safety in contact with brain tissue.

然而，最重要的是與腦組織接觸的安全性。

The outer surface of the implant must not rise more than 2°C our current production charger which charges our current generation of implants, is implemented in an aluminum battery base which also includes the drive circuitry, a remote coil four times the size of our original device.

植入物的外表面不能上升超過2°C。我們目前生產的充電器為我們這一代的植入物充電，是在一個鋁製的電池底座中實現的，其中還包括驅動電路，一個遠程線圈的大小是我們原始設備的四倍。

Also disconnect herbal this uh this remote coil has increased switching frequency, driving improved coil coupling.

同時斷開草藥這呃這個遠程線圈的開關頻率增加，驅動改進的線圈耦合。

I'd like to show you one of these applications here with the device we call our simple charger And the coil has been embedded into the habitat with the addition of one new outer control loop plus a banana smoothie pump.

我想在這裡向你展示其中的一個應用，我們稱之為我們的簡單充電器 而線圈已經被嵌入到棲息地中，增加了一個新的外部控制迴路，外加一個香蕉冰沙泵。

The troop has been trained to charge themselves on the right.

這支部隊已被訓練成在右邊衝鋒。

Were streaming real time diagnostics from pages N one.

從第N頁到第1頁都是實時診斷。

When he climbs up and sits below the coil, you can see the charger automatically detect his presence and transition from searching to charging.

當他爬起來，坐在線圈下面時，你可以看到充電器自動檢測到他的存在，並從搜索過渡到充電。

We see the regulated power output on a scale of 0-1 and the current driven into this battery.

我們在0-1的刻度上看到調節後的功率輸出，以及驅動到該電池的電流。

So, similarly for implanting our device safely into the brain, we built the surgical robot that we call the R.

是以，同樣為了將我們的設備安全地植入大腦，我們建立了手術機器人，我們稱之為R。

One robot.

一個機器人。

It's capable of maneuvering these tiny threats.

它有能力操縱這些微小的威脅。

They're only on the order of a few red blood cells wide and inserting them reliably into a moving brain while avoiding vasculature.

它們只有幾個紅細胞寬的數量級，並且在避開血管的情況下將它們可靠地插入移動的大腦。

It's quite good at doing this.

它在這方面做得相當好。

Um Reliably and in fact because we've never shown an end to an insertion of a robot in action.

嗯 可靠的，事實上，因為我們從來沒有顯示過機器人在行動中的插入的結束。

Uh We're going to do a live demo of the robot doing surgery in our brain proxy.

呃 我們要做一個機器人在我們的大腦代理中做手術的現場演示。

So who wants to see some insertions?

那麼，誰想看一些插入的內容呢？

So here it is, that's our R1 robot with our patient alpha who is lying comfortably on the patient bed.

所以在這裡，這就是我們的R1機器人和我們的病人阿爾法，他正舒適地躺在病床上。

This is what we call the targeting view.

這就是我們所說的目標定位的觀點。

So what you're seeing is this is a picture of our brain proxy.

是以，你所看到的是這是我們的大腦代理圖片。

And the pink represents the cortical surface that we want to insert our lectures into.

而粉色代表的是我們要插入講座的皮質表面。

And the black represents the vasculature.

而黑色代表脈管。

Is that we want to avoid?

那是我們想要避免的嗎？

And what you're seeing is this hash mark with numbers that represents where we intend to put each of our threats.

你所看到的是這個帶有數字的哈希標記，代表我們打算把每個威脅放在哪裡。

So this is another view real quick.

是以，這是另一個真正快速的觀點。

On the left is the view of the insertion area and on the right.

左邊是插入區的視圖，右邊是插入區的視圖。

What the robot is going to do is it's going to peel the array.

機器人要做的是，它要剝離陣列。

Uh the threats one by one from silicon backing and inserted into the targets that we predetermine in the targeting view.

威脅一個接一個地從硅備份中被插入到我們在目標定位視圖中預先確定的目標。

So there you go.

所以，你去那裡。

That's the first insertion.

這是第一次插入。

So we're going to see a couple more insertions.

是以，我們將看到更多的插入物。

The whole process of inserting about 64 threads in our first product is going to be around 15 minutes for this robot to get an n.

在我們的第一個產品中，插入大約64個線程的整個過程，這個機器人將在15分鐘左右得到一個N。

One device is essentially these steps targeting.

一個設備基本上是這些步驟的目標。

And the incision drill the craniectomy, remove the tough outer layer called the Dura.

而切口鑽出的顱骨切除術，去除堅韌的外層，稱為硬腦膜。

Then insert the thin flexible threads of electrodes placed the implant into the hole we created.

然後將電極的細軟線放置在植入物上，插入我們創建的孔中。

and then that's it.

然後就這樣了。

You've got an implant under the skin.

你在皮下有一個植入物。

The surgical robot does the threat insertion part of the surgery.

手術機器人負責手術中的威脅插入部分。

This is because it would be very difficult to do manually.

這是因為手動操作會非常困難。

The rest of the surgery is done by the neurosurgeon.

其餘的手術是由神經外科醫生完成的。

There's still a lot for us to do to get to that procedure where we reduce the role of the neurosurgeon and make it affordable and accessible.

我們仍有許多工作要做，以達到減少神經外科醫生的作用，並使其負擔得起和容易獲得的程序。

The primary, the two elements of the surgery that demand the most skills from the neurosurgeon are the craniectomy and the direct to me you've got to hear about the advancements we've made over the past year.

主要的，對神經外科醫生技能要求最高的兩個手術要素是顱骨切除術和直接對我說，你得聽聽我們在過去一年取得的進展。

We've improved implant robustness, battery and charging performance, bluetooth usability, realistically every new device version is going to be significantly better.

我們已經改進了植入物的堅固性、電池和充電性能、藍牙的可用性，現實中每一個新的設備版本都會有明顯的改進。

We need to keep this new technology accessible for our early adopters.

我們需要讓我們的早期採用者能夠獲得這項新技術。

This means that we need a solution to make device upgrade or replacement just as easy as it is to initially install.

這意味著我們需要一個解決方案，使設備升級或更換與最初的安裝一樣簡單。

We've explored many different avenues for designing around this healing process and finding a solution to make device upgrade seamless.

我們已經探索了許多不同的途徑，圍繞這個癒合過程進行設計，並找到一個解決方案，使設備升級無縫。

Our best successes have come from making the procedure less invasive instead of directly exposing the brain surface.

我們最好的成功來自於使手術的侵入性降低，而不是直接暴露大腦表面。

We instead keep the dura in place maintaining the body's natural protective barrier.

相反，我們保持硬膜的位置，維持身體的自然保護屏障。

The same properties of the dura that make it a good protector of the brain.

硬腦膜的相同特性使其成為大腦的良好保護者。

Also make it really difficult for us to insert the threads into In humans, the door can be over a millimeter in thickness, which doesn't sound like a lot, but compared to our 40 micron needles, it actually is a lot.

也使我們真的很難將線插入 在人類中，門的厚度可以超過一毫米，這聽起來不是很多，但與我們40微米的針相比，它實際上是很多。

For example, if you scaled up the needles to the size of a pencil, the dura would scale over four inches in thickness.

例如，如果你將針頭按比例放大到鉛筆大小，那麼硬腦膜的厚度將超過四英寸。

Take a look at how far you have to zoom in to even see it.

看看你要放大到什麼程度才能看到它。

By the time the features of the needle come into frame, you can see individual red blood cells in the same frame.

當針頭的特徵進入畫面時，你可以在同一畫面中看到單個紅細胞。

One challenge is that we have to use the needle and the protective cannula that it sits in to grab onto the thread and to hold it while we peel it from this protective silicon backing and then we have to keep holding it while we bring it over to the surface and then release it from the cannula during insertions.

一個挑戰是，我們必須使用針頭和它所處的保護套管來抓住線，並在我們將它從這個保護性的硅襯墊上剝離時保持它，然後我們必須在將它帶到表面時保持它，然後在插入時從套管中釋放它。

Another challenge is that the brain is really soft beneath the tough dura.

另一個挑戰是，大腦在堅硬的硬腦膜下真的很柔軟。

And so if the needle isn't sharp enough it'll just keep dimpling the surface without puncturing.

是以，如果針不夠鋒利，它就會一直在表面上留下凹痕而不被刺破。

And if this free length gets too long, it can actually just buckle the needle like this.

如果這個自由長度變得太長，它實際上可以像這樣直接扣住針。

Another challenge is that we don't just have to get the needle through.

另一個挑戰是，我們不只是要把針打通。

We have to get the thread through as well.

我們也要把這條線弄通。

So we really have to focus on optimizing the combined profile of the needle and thread together.

是以，我們真的必須專注於優化針和線的組合輪廓。

It's very typical for us to have our engineers who design also work on the physical manufacturing line to build and debug and this has been extremely, extremely critical in reducing our iteration, cycle time.

對我們來說，非常典型的做法是讓我們的設計工程師也在物理生產線上工作，以建立和調試，這對減少我們的迭代和週期時間非常非常關鍵。

And we've also scaled up our surgery.

而且我們還擴大了手術的規模。

So we now have a dedicated our own O.

所以我們現在有一個專門的我們自己的O。

R.

R.

In fact a double O.

事實上是一個雙O。

R.

R.

In Austin.

在奧斯汀。

And this is just a stepping stone before we eventually build our own neuralink clinic.

而這只是我們最終建立我們自己的神經鏈接診所之前的一個墊腳石。

So with this product, N one and R one, our initial goal is to help people with paralysis from complete spinal cord injury, regain their digital freedom by enabling them to use their devices as good as if not better than they could before the injury.

是以，通過這個產品，N one和R one，我們的最初目標是幫助因完全脊髓損傷而癱瘓的人，通過使他們能夠使用他們的設備，即使不比受傷前更好，也能重獲數字自由。

And as you mentioned over the last year, this has been the central focus of the company and we've been working very closely with the FDA to get approval and to launch our first in human clinical trial in the US, hopefully in the six in the next six months, the primary purpose of this update is recruiting.

正如你所提到的，在過去的一年裡，這一直是公司的核心重點，我們一直在與美國食品和藥物管理局密切合作，以獲得準許並在美國啟動我們的第一個人體臨床試驗，希望在未來六個月內，這次更新的主要目的是招募。