Over the years, the lake is becoming more popular and one day a large hotel gets built.

多年來，這個湖越來越受歡迎，有一天，一個大型酒店被建了起來。

The hotel obscures all the sunlight and the guests leave their trash on the beach . To

酒店遮住了所有的陽光，客人把垃圾留在沙灘上。對

Tony these are negative externalities.

託尼這些都是負面的外部因素。

Although, the good smell of the freshly roasted coffee from the coffee shop that opened right

雖然，就在這時開張的咖啡店裡傳來了新鮮烤制的咖啡的好味道

next to the hotel is a positive externality though

雖然在酒店旁邊是一個積極的外部因素

Things start getting complicated when a paper factory begins polluting the river that flows

當一家造紙廠開始汙染流經的河流時，事情開始變得複雜。

down the mountain into the lake where Tony and other fishermen earn a living.

從山上下來，進入托尼和其他漁民謀生的湖中。

Can you think of the effects the factory may have on the community?

你能想到工廠可能對社區產生的影響嗎？

You may pause the video and share your thoughts before we continue!

在我們繼續之前，你可以暫停視頻，並分享你的想法!

The paper factory is using the clean water from the mountain river.

造紙廠使用的是山河的清潔水。

Through the production process, the water gets dirty and afterwards the polluted water

通過生產過程，水變得骯髒，之後被汙染的水

is put back into the river.

被放回河中。

This water then kills a lot of fish downstream - a cost to society that no one covers.

然後，這些水在下游殺死了大量的魚--社會的成本沒有人承擔。

Tony and the fishermen start to fear for their existence.

託尼和漁民們開始擔心他們的生存。

And then things get worse…

然後事情變得更糟...

The paper mill, which doesn't factor the cost of the dead fish into their cost of production,

造紙廠，沒有把死魚的成本計入他們的生產成本。

is therefore charging too little when selling the paper.

是以，在出售報紙時收費太低。

As a consequence, the paper is so cheap that the coffee shop starts using disposable cups

其結果是，紙張非常便宜，以至於咖啡店開始使用一次性杯子

where they were using porcelain before.

他們以前使用的是瓷器。

This again leads to more production of paper, more polluted water, more fish dying and more

這又導致了更多的紙張生產，更多的水被汙染，更多的魚死亡，更多的

trash on the beach.

海灘上的垃圾。

Tony is getting anxious.

託尼越來越焦急了。

To change the situation, the fishermen decide to stage public protests until the local government

為了改變這種狀況，漁民們決定舉行公開抗議活動，直到當地政府

announces a new law.

宣佈一項新的法律。

The factory is now forced to fully internalize the costs of their waste management through

工廠現在被迫通過以下方式將其廢物管理的成本完全內部化

the installation of filters.

安裝過濾器。

Soon after, the water is clean again and Tony and the other fishermen can go back to selling

不久之後，水又幹淨了，託尼和其他漁民又可以回去賣魚了。

the same amount of fish they used to.

他們過去的魚的數量是一樣的。

And since the price of the paper goes up to cover the costs of the filtration systems,

而由於紙張的價格上漲，以支付過濾系統的費用。

the coffee shops begin serving drinks in real cups again.

咖啡店又開始用真正的杯子提供飲料。

We can illustrate what is happening on a supply and demand chart with price and quantity demanded

我們可以用價格和需求量來說明在供求關係圖上所發生的情況

for the paper:

為論文。

In an unregulated market, the factory supplies its products based on so-called private costs,

在一個無監管的市場中，工廠根據所謂的私人成本來供應產品。

such as construction, salaries and the raw materials.

如建築、工資和原材料。

Demand meets supply accordingly.

需求相應地滿足了供應。

If the paper factory would have added the costs of the damages that it causes to society,

如果造紙廠會加上它對社會造成的損失的成本。

the supply curve would have shifted to the left, leading to an equilibrium reflecting

供應曲線就會向左移動，導致反映出平衡的情況。

the true costs, including the social costs.

真正的成本，包括社會成本。

Now the price of paper is higher and the quantity of paper demanded is lower.

現在紙的價格提高了，而紙的需求量卻降低了。

Pollution and other negative externalities are especially prevalent where people lack

汙染和其他負面的外部因素在人們缺乏的地方尤其普遍。

the same moral values and where things tend to be free of charge.

同樣的道德價值觀，而且事情往往是免費的。

Such is the case with water or air.

水或空氣的情況就是如此。

Fishing at high seas is such a case.

在公海上捕魚就是這樣一個案例。

Since no one can fully control the oceans and the high sea doesn't really belong to

由於沒有人能夠完全控制海洋，而且公海並不真正屬於

anyone, everyone takes as much as they can - a phenomenon called the tragedy of the commons.

任何人，每個人都會盡可能多地索取--這種現象被稱為公地的悲劇。

To combat negative externalities and avoid such a tragedy, we can do four things: create

為了消除負外部性，避免這種悲劇的發生，我們可以做四件事：創建

public awareness, assign property rights appropriately, force the internalization of negative externalities

公眾意識，適當地分配產權，迫使負外部性的內部化

or turn to regulation and fines.

或轉向監管和罰款。

Let's summarize:

讓我們來總結一下。

Externalities are consequences of an activity experienced by a third party.

外部性是指第三方所經歷的某項活動的後果。

Negative externalities that are not internalized, distort supply and demand at the expense of

沒有內部化的負外部性，扭曲了供應和需求，損害了

third parties.

第三方。

To avoid market distortion and a tragedy of the commons, we can combat negative externalities.

為了避免市場扭曲和公地悲劇的發生，我們可以打擊負面的外部因素。

Ready to help us think how to do that in order to curb CO2 emissions?

準備幫助我們思考如何做到這一點，以遏制二氧化碳的排放？

People that drive cars that run on petrol cause emissions, including CO2 which is responsible

駕駛以汽油為燃料的汽車的人造成了排放，包括二氧化碳，而二氧化碳是負責任的。

for air pollution and climate change.

為空氣汙染和氣候變化。

In order to reduce emissions, some governments give their citizens a financial incentive

為了減少排放，一些政府給他們的公民提供了經濟激勵措施

if they buy an electric car.

如果他們購買電動汽車。

Imagine you are the Minister of Transportation in your country.

想象一下，你是你們國家的交通部長。

Could you think of another way to increase the number of electric cars on the streets

你能想到另一種方法來增加街道上的電動汽車數量嗎？

by applying the concept of externalities?

通過應用外部性的概念？

Please write down your ideas in the comments below!

請在下面的評論中寫下你的想法!

If you found this helpful, check out our other videos and subscribe.

如果你覺得這很有幫助，請查看我們的其他視頻並訂閱。

If you want to support our work, join us on patreon.com/sprouts.

如果你想支持我們的工作，請在patreon.com/sprouts上加入我們。

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欲瞭解更多資訊和其他內容，請訪問sproutsschools.com。