These are the ones that you should avoid using.

這些是你必須避免使用的技巧。

Hey, welcome back to the channel.

嗨，歡迎回到這個頻道。

If you're new here, my name is Mike.

如果你是新來的，我的名字是 Mike。

I'm a doctor working in California and co-founder of RemNote.

我是在加州工作的醫生以及 RemNote 的共同創辦人。

This is another video from our series on evidence-based learning strategies,

我們的系列當中還有另一部影片，介紹有證據基礎的學習策略，

where Matty and I take the research in cognitive and neuroscience and show you how to apply it to your studies to get better grades.

我和 Matty 會研究認知學和神經科學的研究，並向各位展示如何應用在學業上以獲得更好的成績。

So, if that sounds good to you, be sure to subscribe for weekly videos.

所以如果那聽起來不錯，請務必訂閱以每週觀看影片。

In school, we're mainly told what to study, but we aren't always taught how to study.

我們在學校時，通常會被告知要讀什麼書，但我們不會被教導該怎麼讀書。

Most students, including me, start off by just copying what other people do.

包括我在內的多數學生一開始都會模仿其他人做的事。

We all go through years of trial and error, and many students never end up figuring it out.

我們都經歷多年的反覆考驗，許多學生最終從未找到方法。

In fact, some students gravitate toward the least effective techniques and end up wasting a lot of their time and effort.

事實上，有些學生會受最無效的技巧吸引，最後會浪費許多時間與力氣。

Just to demonstrate how poorly students were taught about learning how to learn,

為了說明學生被教導學習的方式有多麼糟糕，

let's look at a few studies by Dr. Jeffrey Karpicke, a professor of cognitive psychology.

我們來看看認知心理學 Jeffery Karpicke 教授的幾項研究。

So, in this first study, he asked college students to do two things.

那麼在這第一份研究當中，他要求大學學生做兩件事。

First, list all the study techniques that you use, and then, rank them in order by how often you use them.

首先，條列你使用的讀書方式，接著以你的使用頻率替它們排名。

So, the graph on the left shows that, by far, the most used technique is rereading.

左邊的圖表顯示，最常被使用的技巧是重複閱讀。

Basically, reading your material over and over as many times as you can in order to study for your exam.

基本上就是盡可能地為了考試一次又一次閱讀教材。

Well, spoiler alert.

嗯，小心劇透。

Rereading is one of the worst ways to study, as we'll discuss in just a second,

重複閱讀是最糟的讀書方式之一，這我們等等會討論，

but as you can see, over 80% of students use this strategy.

但如同你可以看到的，超過八成的學生都用了這個策略。

And this graph on the right shows that most students rank rereading as their favorite strategy.

而右邊的這張圖表顯示多數學生都將重複閱讀列為他們最喜歡的策略。

And the reason why so many students chose rereading as their favorite strategy

這麼多學生選擇重複閱讀為他們最喜歡策略的原因，

is because they truly thought it was the best way to learn, according to the second study by Roediger and Karpicke.

因為他們真心以為那是最佳的學習方式，而這是 Roediger 與 Karpicke 第二份研究中指出的。

So, you may have guessed by now that rereading is not that great, but what other strategies should you also avoid?

那麼，你現在可能已經猜到重複閱讀不太好，但你還應該避免哪些其它策略？

Well, this study by Dunlosky et al. analyzed hundreds of papers to pinpoint the best and the worst.

Dunlosky 等人做的這份研究分析了數百份報告以精準點出最佳與最差的。

They looked at 10 different strategies and found that active recall and spaced repetition were the best, as we already know.

他們研究了十種不同的策略，發現主動回憶及間隔重複是最好的方法，如同我們已知的。

But here are the strategies that they ranked as the worst.

但這些是他們列為最差的策略。

We have rereading, highlighting or underlining, and summarizing.

有重複閱讀、螢光標記或畫記底線以及總結內容。

They also argued that mnemonics also aren't that great because they're difficult to use well and focus more on short-term rather than long-term retention.

他們也辯稱助記方法也不太好，因為它們難以被良好使用並多專注於短期記憶，而非長期記憶。

So, here's the main reason why these strategies are so ineffective.

那麼，以下是這些策略如此無效的主要原因。

Think of learning as consisting of two steps.

將學習視為包含兩個階段。

Step one is putting the information into your brain, and step two is retrieving that information when you need to use it, like, for solving problems or taking a test.

第一步是把資訊輸入到你的腦中，而第二步則是在你需要時，提取那個資訊，例如解題或考試。

To study effectively, you need to nail both step one and step two.

要有效地讀書，你必須掌握第一及第二階段。

Well, rereading, highlighting, and summarizing all help you put the information into your brain, but they don't help you practice retrieving it.

那麼，重複閱讀、螢光標記以及總結內容都會幫你把資訊輸入到腦中，但它們不會幫你練習提取資訊。

They only help you with step one.

它們只會幫你達成第一步。

So, the reason why students do so poorly is that they spend all their time with step one, and some students never even practice step two until the day of the test.

所以說，學生表現糟糕的原因是，他們把時間都花在第一步上，而有些學生直到考試當天甚至都沒練習過第二步。

If you don't practice the way you're actually going to be tested, you're not gonna do very well.

如果你們有依照實際的考試方式練習，你就不會表現得太好。

So, be careful that you don't fall into the trap of spending too much time highlighting and summarizing.

所以說，要小心你不要落入花太多時間做螢光標記或總結內容的陷阱。

It can be difficult because I know a lot of students love to highlight with all the different colors and make aesthetic summary sheets and share them on Instagram or wherever.

那可能很難，因為我知道很多學生喜歡用不同顏色做標記、製作美觀的總結表並在 Instagram 上分享。

While I think it's great that you're enjoying the learning process, don't forget that if you want to get good grades, you got to practice recalling the information as well.

雖然我覺得你享受學習過程是很棒的，別忘了，如果你想要拿高分，你也必須練習提取資訊。

Peter Brown, author of "make it stick", says that "if you aren't getting the results that you want", chances are "you just aren't testing yourself enough".

《make it stick》一書作者 Peter Brown 表示：「如果你沒有獲得想到的結果」，你很可能「自我測試的量還不夠」。

Next, I want to talk about some science that we thought would work, but actually turned out to not be that useful.

我接著想要討論一些我們本以為會奏效的科學方式，但結果卻不太有用。

And it's no surprise because our understanding of psychology and cognitive sciences continue(s) to change very quickly.

那不太令人意外，因為我們對心理學和認知科學的了解繼續非常快速地改變。

So, for example, scientists have recently debunked the myth of learning styles.

所以舉例而言，科學家最近攻破了學習方式的迷思。

Learning styles is the idea that different people learn better in different ways.

所謂學習方式是，不同人學習更好的方式有所不同。

For example, some people might be visual learners, some people might be auditory learners, some might be kinesthetic learners, and so on.

舉例來說，有些人可能是視覺性學習者、有些人可能是聽覺型學習者、有些人可能是動態學習者，等等。

Well, these studies by Pashler and McDaniel, and more recently, Husmann and O'Loughlin, show that changing the learning method doesn't make a difference on the students' results.

嗯，Pashler 及 McDaniel 的研究以及近期 Husmann 和 O'Loughlin 的研究都顯示，改變學習方法並不會對學生的學習成果造成影響。

Dr. Scott Kaufman also states that relying on learning styles could potentially be harmful in that it encourages a fixed mindset rather than a growth mindset.

Scott Kaufman 博士也表示，仰賴學習方式可能有潛在危險，因為它會鼓勵固定思維而不是成長思維。

Another example of science that sounded promising but doesn't actually work is the idea of brain training games.

另一個聽起來有前景但沒效的科學案例是腦力訓練遊戲的想法。

Companies have built these apps with cognitive games that claim to do things like improve your memory or increase your mental fitness.

有許多公司推出了具被認知遊戲的應用程式，聲稱可以提升你的記憶力或心理健康。

Some of them even claim that they can prevent disease(s) like dementia and Alzheimer's.

有些產品甚至宣稱它們可以預防失智症或阿茲海默症等疾病。

Well, a study by Owen and Hampshire show(s) that playing brain training games only makes you better at playing brain training games,

一項 Owen 與 Hampshire 的研究顯示，玩腦力訓練遊戲只會讓你更擅於玩腦力訓練遊戲，

but it doesn't actually translate to the memory and cognitive fitness that we were hoping for.

但它實際上不會轉變為我們所希望的記憶或認知能力。

So, in summary, we've just covered a handful of learning strategies that are either ineffective or a complete waste of time.

所以作為總結，我們剛提到了一些無效或完全浪費時間的學習策略。

If you want to learn about the strategies that actually do work, check out the first video in the series; I'll leave a link in the description below.

如果你想要了解哪些策略實際有效，可以看看系列中第一部影片，我會把連結放在影片敘述欄。

If this video was helpful for you, please give it a like.

如果這部影片對你有幫助，請幫忙點讚。

It also really helps us get discovered by more students and spread the knowledge.

那也會幫助我們被更多學生發現並散播知識。

For the next video in the series, I want to talk about another skill that we aren't taught much about in school, and that is the science of note-taking.

在這個系列的另一部影片中，我想要討論一個我們沒怎麼被教遇到的技巧，那就是做筆記的科學。

So, if that sounds interesting to you, be sure to subscribe to the channel to be notified when we post that video.

如果那引起你的興趣，請勿並訂閱頻道以在我們上傳影片時接收到通知。

Trust me, I'm always excited to be talking about taking notes.

相信我，我總是很興奮能夠討論做筆記的事。

Hopefully, you've gotten a chance to try out our free note-taking app, called RemNote, the first smart notes tool that applies science to your studies.

希望你有機會嘗試我們稱為 RemNote 的免費筆記應用程式，那是首個將科學應用在學業上的智慧筆記工具。

Check out this video over here for my top three favorite study strategies, and you can find the complete playlist right here.

可以看看這部影片認識我最喜歡的前三個讀書策略，然後可以在這裡找到完整清單。

And, if you wanna chat, just follow us on Twitter or Instagram and send us a message.

如果你想要聊天，可以在 Twitter 或 Instagram 上追蹤並傳訊息給我們。

As always, thanks for watching, and I'll see you in the next video.

一如既往地，謝謝各位觀看，我們下部影片見。