because I got hoodwinked like everybody else.

因為我和其他人一樣被矇蔽了。

I thought that drugs were the source of the problems

我以為毒品是問題的根源。

that we were seeing in our community.

我們在我們的社區中看到了這一點。

- 'All of us agree that the gravest domestic threat

- 我們所有人都同意，最嚴重的國內威脅是

facing our nation today is drugs.'

我們國家今天面臨的問題是毒品。

- But it turns out, I was wrong.

- 但事實證明，我錯了。

Sometimes people ask,

有時人們會問。

"When was the precise moment when you had this epiphany

"當你有這種頓悟的確切時刻是什麼時候？

that, 'Oh, it's not the neurobiology of somebody,

這一點，'哦，這不是某人的神經生物學問題。

but instead it's the social context

而是社會環境

under which they operate?'"

'"

There wasn't a magical moment.

沒有一個神奇的時刻。

There was a gradual change over many years of studying.

在多年的學習中，有一個逐步的變化。

I learned that the vast majority of people

我瞭解到，絕大部分的人

who use drugs like crack cocaine

使用可卡因等毒品的人

or heroin did not become addicted.

或海洛因的人沒有成癮。

And these people behaved in ways that were so responsible,

而這些人的行為方式是如此負責任。

in ways so inconsistent based on anecdote,

在基於軼事的方式如此不一致的情況下。

based on media reports.

根據媒體報道。

So this dissident caused me to start to shift my thinking.

所以這個持不同意見的人使我開始轉變我的想法。

And then gradually over time,

然後隨著時間的推移逐步進行。

I realized much of what I had been told

我意識到我被告知的許多事情

about drugs is pure nonsense.

關於毒品的說法純屬無稽之談。

Between 1990 and 2000,

1990年至2000年間。

that is deemed the 'Decade of the Brain.'

這被認為是 "大腦的十年"。

There was a lot of money

有很多的錢

into studying brain illnesses, brain disease.

進入研究大腦疾病，大腦疾病。

There was a lot of money

有很多的錢

in terms of learning about the brain.

在對大腦的學習方面。

And during that time,

而在那段時間裡。

we are looking for some neural footprint of addiction.

我們正在尋找一些成癮的神經腳印。

And we thought that once cocaine interacted

而我們認為，一旦可卡因發生作用

with these dopamine neurons,

與這些多巴胺神經元。

it just had this almost magical power

它只是有這種近乎神奇的力量

over the person's behavior.

在這個人的行為上。

We've learned that that's not necessarily the case.

我們瞭解到，情況並不一定如此。

In fact, it's a lot more complicated than that,

事實上，它比這要複雜得多。

and it has a lot more to do

和它有更大的關係

with the psychosocial environment

與社會心理環境

under which the individual is operating-

個人在其中運作的--

like lack of opportunity, lack of education,

如缺乏機會，缺乏教育。

lack of healthcare.

缺乏醫療保健。

All of these issues are with us today,

所有這些問題今天都在我們身邊。

as they were in the 1980s and 1990s

正如他們在1980年代和1990年代那樣

when I thought that drugs were the source of the problem.

當我認為毒品是問題的根源。

Turns out not only was I wrong,

結果發現不僅是我錯了。

society was wrong.

社會是錯誤的。

One of the ways that we studied the brain

我們研究大腦的方法之一是

of drug users is through neuroimaging techniques:

麻醉劑的使用是通過神經影像學技術。

so, we bring people into a laboratory

是以，我們將人們帶入一個實驗室

and then we take pictures of their brains.

然後我們對他們的大腦進行拍照。

And if they are, for example, drug addicts,

而如果他們是，比如說，吸毒者。

we would put them in one category

我們會把它們歸為一類

and then we would compare their brains

然後我們會比較他們的大腦

to people who've never used a drug.

到從未使用過毒品的人。

And your pictures, you can say,

還有你的照片，你可以說。

"Well, if you look in this area of someone who uses drugs,

"好吧，如果你看在這個領域的人誰使用藥物。

you can see that it's not lighting up quite as much

你可以看到，它的燈光不那麼亮了。

as the same area in someone who doesn't use a drug."

作為不使用藥物的人的相同區域。"

And so therefore, that's evidence

是以，這就是證據

of neuropathology, neuro-damage.

的神經病理學，神經損傷。

It's a wild oversimplification

這是一個瘋狂的過度簡化的問題

because all you're doing is taking a snapshot

因為你所做的只是拍攝一個快照

of somebody's brain in one moment in time.

某個人的大腦在某一時刻的情況。

And secondly, what we are seeing is

其次，我們看到的是

people's brain structures being within the normal range

人們的大腦結構在正常範圍內

of human variability.

的人類變異性。

We have now mischaracterized people as being brain-damaged-

我們現在已經把人們錯誤地描述為腦損傷-

and that's wrong.

而這是錯誤的。

So when we think of drug addiction,

是以，當我們想到毒品成癮的時候。

it's important for the lay audience to keep the focus

對非專業觀眾來說，保持注意力是很重要的。

on the person's behavior, and not on the person's brain.

在這個人的行為上，而不是在這個人的大腦上。

The person's behavior will tell you

這個人的行為會告訴你

everything you need to know.

你需要知道的一切。

Are they not showing up for work?

他們沒有來上班嗎？

Are they not meeting their obligations at home?

他們是否沒有在家裡履行自己的義務？

Are they not meeting their obligations in school?

他們是否沒有履行自己在學校的義務？

Has the person had multiple unsuccessful attempts

該人是否有過多次不成功的嘗試？

at cutting down or scaling back or quitting their drug use?

在減少或縮減或戒除他們的藥物使用？

All of these sort of signs are important indicators

所有這些跡象都是重要的指標

of whether someone is drug addicted or not.

的人是否吸毒成癮。

And notice, I didn't look at anyone's brain,

而且注意，我沒有看任何人的大腦。

I'm really looking at the person's behavior.

我真的在看這個人的行為。