In fact, billions of people worldwide are considered physically inactive.

事實上，全世界有數十億人被認為是不愛運動的。

But what if I told you science could change that with a pill.

但是，如果我告訴你，科學可以用一種藥丸來改變這種狀況。

Meat couch, potato mouse and Lance Armstrong mouse.

肉沙發、馬鈴薯老鼠和蘭斯-阿姆斯特朗老鼠。

Both are being fed the same Western diet, which is mostly high fat and high sugar, tastes kind of like cookie dough and they're both raised under the exact same conditions.

兩者都被餵食相同的西方飲食，其中大部分是高脂肪和高糖，味道有點像餅乾麵糰，而且它們都在完全相同的條件下飼養。

They live in the same setup and are both extremely limited in how much exercise they are allowed.

他們生活在同一個環境中，在允許的運動量方面都受到極大限制。

And yet scientists have recently found a way to keep Lance Armstrong mouse lean and fit with a perfectly healthy shiny coat without exercise or the need to move a muscle.

然而，科學家們最近發現了一種方法，可以讓蘭斯-阿姆斯特朗老鼠保持瘦削和健康，擁有完美的健康光澤的毛髮，而不需要運動，也不需要動一根筋。

A simple daily dose of a drug has effectively given Lance Armstrong mouse the benefits of exercise this is real and happening at the Salk Institute in SAn Diego.

一種簡單的每日劑量的藥物已經有效地給蘭斯-阿姆斯特朗滑鼠運動的好處，這是真實的，併發生在SAn Diego的Salk研究所。

The drug is called G W 501516 or just 516 for short.

這種藥物被稱為G W 501516，或簡稱為516。

And when given to healthy mice that are allowed to exercise, it increased their endurance by 75%.

而當給被允許運動的健康小鼠服用時，它使它們的耐力增加了75%。

After only four weeks shrank their body fat, reduced insulin resistance and shifted muscle composition ratio to slow twitch fibers.

僅僅四個星期後，他們的身體脂肪就縮小了，胰島素抵抗減少了，肌肉成分比例也轉向了慢速抽動纖維。

And it's not the only drug like this.

而且這並不是唯一這樣的藥物。

But before we can fully understand the mechanisms and whether you should or would even want to take these drugs, we first have to understand exercise a little more.

但在我們能夠充分了解其機制以及你是否應該或甚至想要服用這些藥物之前，我們首先要對運動有更多的瞭解。

The benefits of exercise have been known for centuries with the first evidence of organized exercise for health occurring in china in 2500 Bc.

鍛鍊的好處已經知道了幾個世紀，最早的證據是公元前2500年在中國發生的有組織的健康鍛鍊。

Between then and now, different cultures have had differing beliefs about physical movement, but it wasn't until the 19 forties and fifties that scientists in the west really became obsessed with the benefits of exercise.

從那時到現在，不同的文化對身體運動有不同的信念，但直到19世紀40年代和50年代，西方的科學家才真正迷戀上運動的好處。

And it all started because of the famous red Decker busses in London England.

而這一切都起源於英國倫敦著名的紅色德克巴士。

No joke.

不是開玩笑。

In fact, they provided the first ever quit Quantitative systematic medical study of exercise.

事實上，他們提供了有史以來第一個關於運動的戒菸定量系統醫學研究。

You see.

你看。

In the 1940s, medical professionals began realizing that rates of heart attack were way up and suspected it may be due to modern in activity.

在20世紀40年代，醫學專家開始意識到心臟病發作率大幅上升，並懷疑這可能是由於現代活動的原因。

Turns out these double decker busses were the perfect environment to test their hypothesis.

結果發現這些雙層巴士是測試他們假設的完美環境。

On the one hand, you have the driver who sits around 90% of the time and on the other you have the conductor who goes up and down the stairs all day to the tune of around 750 stairs.

一方面，你有一個90%時間都坐著的司機，另一方面，你有一個整天上下樓梯的售票員，大約有750級樓梯。

After analyzing these two groups, scientists found that the drivers were twice as likely to drop dead of a sudden heart attack or yet congestive heart disease than the conductor's.

在對這兩組人進行分析後，科學家發現，司機因突發心臟病或尚有充血性心臟病而摔死的可能性是指揮家的兩倍。

Now, even though it's been shown thousands of times that exercise benefits humans in so many ways it's even known to help prevent 25 diseases exactly how it does, what it does or what biological pathways or chemicals come into play is almost completely unknown to scientists like we know it's good for us but we haven't been able to pin down exactly what's happening inside inside the human body.

現在，儘管已經有數千次證明，運動在許多方面對人類有益，它甚至被認為有助於預防25種疾病，究竟它是如何做到的，它的作用或什麼生物途徑或化學物質發揮作用，科學家們幾乎完全不知道，就像我們知道它對我們有好處，但我們還不能確定在人體內究竟發生了什麼。

That makes it good.

這使得它很好。

In fact, a recent study biopsied people before and after 10 minutes of hard cycling and found thousands of changes of which only 10% were currently understood.

事實上，最近的一項研究對人們在進行10分鐘艱苦的自行車運動前後進行了活體檢查，發現了數以千計的變化，其中只有10%是目前所瞭解的。

Even the National Institutes of Health is running a five year study to try and document every major molecule changed by exercise in 3000 people.

甚至美國國家衛生研究院正在進行一項為期五年的研究，試圖記錄3000人中因運動而改變的每一個主要分子。

So what do we know that we could implement into pill form?

那麼，我們知道什麼可以落實到藥片上呢？

Well, exercise is known to increase antioxidant production in your body.

那麼，眾所周知，運動可以增加你體內的抗氧化劑生產。

When our body breaks oxygen, it can form reactive oxygen species or R.

當我們的身體分解氧氣時，它可以形成活性氧或R。

O.

O.

S.

S.

S.

S.

That can cause damage to our cells.

這可能會對我們的細胞造成損害。

But when we exercise, our body is able to increase the production and activity of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione and aniseed oil system.

但當我們運動時，我們的身體能夠增加谷胱甘肽和茴香油系統等抗氧化酶的生產和活性。

To protect against the stress roos puts on ourselves.

為了保護我們免受羅斯給我們帶來的壓力。

So that would be useful in a pill.

是以，這在藥片中會很有用。

Cata cola means are also one of the most well studied benefits of exercise.

卡塔可樂手段也是研究得最充分的運動益處之一。

When you exercise, you release dopamine adrenaline and nor adrenaline, adrenaline initially increases blood pressure and heart rate when you exercise.

當你運動時，你會釋放多巴胺腎上腺素和也不是腎上腺素，腎上腺素最初在你運動時增加血壓和心率。

But after you exercise your blood pressure and heart rate have a new lower baseline.

但在你運動後，你的血壓和心率有一個新的較低基線。

This is why athletes tend to have lower heart rates than the average person.

這就是為什麼運動員的心率往往比普通人低。

Dopamine when produced through exercise, reduces pain perception and reduces the release of the stress hormone cortisol.

多巴胺通過運動產生時，可以減少疼痛感，並減少壓力荷爾蒙皮質醇的釋放。

Another important known changes.

另一個重要的已知變化。

Epigenetic modifications which could be one of the most important factors in an exercise pill.

表觀遺傳學的修改，這可能是運動藥丸中最重要的因素之一。

Epigenetic is how your D.

表觀遺傳學是指你的D。

N.

N.

A.

A.

Is expressed.

是表示。

In other words your D.

換句話說，你的D。

N.

N.

A.

A.

Is the language that tells your body how to function, how you read.

是告訴你的身體如何運作的語言，你如何閱讀。

The language is epa genetics and studies in mice have even shown that epigenetic inheritance can occur when parental exercise benefits are passed on to their child.

語言是epa遺傳學，對小鼠的研究甚至表明，當父母的運動益處傳遞給他們的孩子時，會發生表觀遺傳。

Scientists in Germany used a mouse model where mice were given either a high fat diet or a normal diet and were allowed to exercise while others were made to be sedentary.

德國的科學家們使用了一個小鼠模型，給小鼠提供高脂肪飲食或正常飲食，並允許它們運動，而其他小鼠則被弄成靜止不動。

And they found that the Children of mice that exercised had improved glucose metabolism regardless of their diet compared to mice parents that were set terry, this is the path that many modern exercise and appeal drugs are taking.

而且他們發現，與被設定為特里的小鼠父母相比，進行鍛鍊的小鼠的子女無論飲食如何都有葡萄糖代謝的改善，這就是許多現代鍛鍊和上訴藥物所走的道路。

How can they turn on or off genes that lead to a beneficial outcome.

他們如何能打開或關閉導致有益結果的基因。

The drug 516 from earlier targets the gene PPR delta.

早先的藥物516針對基因PPR delta。

It binds to the receptor and boost the signal to break down and burn fat and because mice are now burning fat instead of carbs, they're able to run longer before feeling the physical sensation of exhaustion which results from using their glucose stores.

它與受體結合並促進分解和燃燒脂肪的信號，由於小鼠現在燃燒的是脂肪而不是碳水化合物，它們能夠在感覺到因使用葡萄糖儲存而產生的身體疲憊感之前跑更長時間。

If the Lance armstrong mouse was allowed to run it would be able to go 1.5 hours longer than the couch potato mouse.

如果讓蘭斯-阿姆斯特朗的老鼠跑步，它就能比沙發洋芋的老鼠多跑1.5小時。

If it could run as well ironically, even though scientists understand this is the mechanism of 516, they don't understand which molecule is naturally responsible for this process during exercise.

如果它也能跑起來，具有諷刺意味的是，儘管科學家們明白這是516的機制，但他們並不瞭解哪種分子在運動中自然負責這一過程。

Another drug called compound 14 being developed at the University of Southampton, effectively trick cells into thinking they are running out of energy, which triggers them to burn more fuel.

南安普頓大學正在開發的另一種名為化合物14的藥物，有效地欺騙細胞，使其認為自己正在耗盡能量，從而引發它們燃燒更多的燃料。

A major discovery this year found that one of the most significant change after exercise was the production of an amino acid called blackfeet.

今年的一項重大發現發現，運動後最顯著的變化之一是產生了一種叫做黑羽的氨基酸。

Blackfeet is made from lactate, the thing responsible for the burning sensation in your muscles.

Blackfeet是由乳酸鹽製成的，是導致你的肌肉有燒灼感的東西。

When you work out when lack fee was given to mice with diet induced obesity, it decreased their food intake by 50% without affecting their movement or energy expenditure, ultimately burning fat and reducing weight.

當你鍛鍊的時候，當缺乏費給飲食誘導的肥胖小鼠，它減少了他們的食物攝入量的50％，而不影響他們的運動或能量消耗，最終燃燒脂肪和減少體重。

Now these are just a few of the many compounds and molecules being tested and explored to induce the benefits of exercise without the need to actually move.

現在，這些只是正在測試和探索的許多化合物和分子中的一小部分，以誘發運動的好處，而不需要實際移動。

Though it may be increasingly obvious to you that it's extremely unlikely that any one drug will end up creating all these benefits.

儘管對你來說可能越來越明顯，任何一種藥物最終創造所有這些好處的可能性極小。

Now, some of you might be yelling why not just exercise And I hear you, but despite the fact that simply telling somebody to exercise more or explaining the benefits of exercise doesn't actually increase activity and the fact that a lot of people don't have the time or resources to afford a gym membership or equipment, there are a lot of other use cases for these kind of drugs.

現在，你們中的一些人可能會大喊，為什麼不直接鍛鍊呢？我聽到了，但儘管簡單地告訴某人多鍛鍊或解釋鍛鍊的好處實際上並沒有增加活動，而且很多人沒有時間或資源來負擔健身房會員資格或設備，這類藥物還有很多其他用途。

For example, people who are recovering from surgeries or the elderly who lose muscle mass at a rate of around 8% each decade after 45 and are often unable to exercise as much could take these pills.

例如，正在從手術中恢復的人或45歲以後每十年以大約8%的速度失去肌肉品質並經常無法進行大量運動的老人可以服用這些藥丸。

I'm not calling 45 year old elderly by the way, I'll be there soon enough.

順便說一句，我不叫45歲的老人，我很快就會到了。

I'm just saying that's when a lot of muscle loss begins.

我只是說那是很多肌肉流失的開始。

Or even astronauts who lose a huge amount of muscle and bone density while in space and require physical therapy on their return.

甚至是太空人，他們在太空中失去了大量的肌肉和骨密度，返回時需要物理治療。

They could take an exercise pill for a short period of time, but but there's a catch.

他們可以在短時間內服用運動藥，但是，但是有一個問題。

There's always a catch, isn't there?

總會有收穫的，不是嗎？

It turns out that the drug 516, for instance, when given to mice in large doses causes them to develop cancer way faster than other mice.

事實證明，例如，當給小鼠大劑量的藥物516時，會使它們比其他小鼠更快地發展成癌症。

Not given the drug any antioxidant production, we talked about could have negative effects to increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke and lung cancer, increased cata cola.

不給藥物任何抗氧化劑的生產，我們談到可能有負面影響，以增加心臟疾病，中風和肺癌的風險，增加卡塔可樂。

Mean production can increase blood pressure, causing palpitations, anxiety and chest pain, and a lot of these other drugs being studied in research also have their tradeoffs at least for now.

平均產量可以增加血壓，引起心悸、焦慮和胸痛，而且至少目前正在研究的這些其他藥物也有其利弊。

While scientists continue to try and modify and adapt them in ways that could be less harmful at the end of the day.

雖然科學家們繼續嘗試修改和調整它們的方式，最終可能會減少傷害。

If you're interested in the benefits of exercise, you're probably best off just exercising, but that doesn't mean it's not an incredibly useful field of medicine that may have a huge impact on human quality of life in the future.

如果你對運動的好處感興趣，你可能最好只做運動，但這並不意味著它不是一個非常有用的醫學領域，可能在未來對人類的生活品質產生巨大影響。

Where one day we might have a pill or many, many pills that we can take to confer the benefits of exercise with as little risk as possible until then keep lifting.

有一天，我們可能會有一種或許多種藥片，我們可以服用這些藥片來賦予運動的好處，並儘可能地減少風險，直到那時，繼續提升。

Yeah, No, but honestly, just moving your body is an amazing thing.

是的，不，但說實話，僅僅是移動你的身體就是一件了不起的事情。

Even if it's just walking, the benefits are awesome.

即使只是散步，其好處也是非常大的。

I'm curious what you think if you would ever actually take a pill that could give you the benefits of exercise without actually having to move.

我很好奇，如果你真的會服用一種藥片，可以讓你在不用實際行動的情況下獲得運動的好處，你會怎麼想。

Thanks for watching.

謝謝你的觀看。

Make sure you like the video subscribe and we'll see you next time for some more science piece.

請確保你喜歡這個視頻，並在下一次為你提供更多的科學作品，我們會看到你。