I'm adam in today's video.

在今天的視頻中，我是亞當。

I want to talk to you about the zero article.

我想和你談談《零》文。

Now, some of you might not be familiar with this word.

現在，你們中的一些人可能對這個詞不熟悉。

The zero article is basically the situations in which we don't use any article.

零條款基本上是指我們不使用任何條款的情況。

Ah and the ah these are definite and indefinite articles.

啊和啊這些是定語和不定語。

zero article means no article.

零文章意味著沒有文章。

So I'm gonna give you nine situations or nine rules where you should not use an article and like it is with english in many ways.

所以我將給你九種情況或九條規則，在這些情況下你不應該使用冠詞，就像英語在許多方面一樣。

There are also exceptions.

也有例外的情況。

So the rule is pretty general, but there are specific exceptions or situations where the rule does not apply.

是以，該規則是相當普遍的，但也有具體的例外情況或該規則不適用的情況。

And I will point these out as well.

我也會指出這些。

So we're gonna start with a few very basic ones.

所以我們要從幾個非常基本的開始。

Uh to be honest with you, the only way to understand, like not understand to remember these is just to memorize them and practice them.

呃，跟你說實話，要理解，比如不理解要記住這些，唯一的辦法就是把它們背下來，然後練習。

Just know the rules and just keep remembering them.

只要知道規則，並不斷記住它們就可以了。

Whenever you're writing.

每當你在寫作的時候。

When I get to the last two or three rules, it gets a little bit trickier, but for the beginning it's just very straightforward just to remember.

當我講到最後兩三條規則時，就會變得有點棘手，但對於開始的時候，只是非常直接地記住。

Okay, so we're gonna start with country names.

好的，所以我們要從國名開始。

All country names.

所有國家的名稱。

Do not take an article.

不要拿一篇文章。

So Canada or England or brazil or Iran or china or Vietnam etcetera.

是以，加拿大、英國、巴西、伊朗、中國、越南等等。

No article but there are exceptions and I wrote this for short, I'll just write it out for you if you want to make sure an exception is the one or two times, whether the rule does not apply.

沒有文章，但也有例外，我寫這個是為了簡短，我就給你寫出來，如果你想確定例外是那一兩次，是否不適用這個規則。

So any country that has the word Republic Federation or United in the name of the country takes the so for example Korea.

是以，任何在國家名稱中帶有共和國聯邦或聯合字樣的國家都會採取這樣的做法，例如韓國。

There's two ways to refer to the to the country.

有兩種方法可以指代到國家。

South Korea.

韓國。

One is just Korea or South Korea.

一個只是韓國或南朝鮮。

Or the more technical formal name is the Republic of Korea Russia or the Russian Federation.

或者更專業的正式名稱是韓國俄羅斯共和國或俄羅斯聯邦。

So as soon as you see these words in the name of the country at the if the country is plural at the so the Philippines, the Virgin Islands, the Seychelles etcetera.

是以，只要你在國家名稱中看到這些詞，如果國家是複數，那麼菲律賓、維爾京群島、塞昔耳等等。

The Bahamas, as soon as there's an s as a plural, add the and of course there's the Vatican which is technically its own country, it's special.

巴哈馬，只要有一個s作為複數，就加上the，當然還有梵蒂岡，技術上它是自己的國家，它很特別。

There's only one.

只有一個。

So we put the otherwise no article.

所以我們把本來沒有的文章。

Now that's country name.

現在這就是國名。

Now we're talking about the people who live in these countries.

現在我們談論的是生活在這些國家的人。

So nationalities.

所以國籍。

When we're making a general reference.

當我們在做一個一般性的參考時。

So if you go to the U.

是以，如果你去美國。

N.

N.

Like in that side of the building, that's where the americans are sitting on the Russians sit on the other side, they separate from each other.

就像在大樓的那一側，美國人坐在那裡，俄羅斯人坐在另一側，他們彼此分開。

So when you're talking about people and you're describing people then you use the otherwise in a general reference nationalities.

是以，當你在談論人，你在描述人的時候，那麼你就用其他方式來泛指民族。

You don't use the no article but again there's an exception.

你不使用 "不 "字，但同樣有一個例外。

If the nationality is the same word as the language that they speak, then you use the then you use the definite article right?

如果國籍與他們所講的語言是同一個詞，那麼你就使用定冠詞，對嗎？

So the french, speak french, the french means the french people speak french.

所以法國人，說法語，法國人的意思是法國人說法語。

The french language Canadians.

法語系的加拿大人。

However, speak english.

然而，說英語。

So Canadians and english.

所以加拿大人和英國人。

Two different words.

兩個不同的詞。

No article, same word for nationality and language, the nationality gets an article, but that leads us to rule number three languages, languages don't get an article, no exceptions.

沒有冠詞，國籍和語言的冠詞是一樣的，國籍得到一個冠詞，但這讓我們看到了第三條規則語言，語言不得到冠詞，沒有例外。

All languages english, french, Russian, Persian, Arabic, chinese, japanese, whatever.

所有語言英語、法語、俄語、波斯語、阿拉伯語、中文、日語，等等。

No, uh, no article four sports.

沒有，呃，沒有四條運動。

So all sports don't get an article but and this is not really an exception, but it can often be confused.

是以，所有的運動都不會有文章，但這並不是真正的例外，但它往往會被混淆。

Sporting events do get an article because there's only one of them.

體育賽事確實能得到一篇文章，因為只有一個。

There are definite events or the olympics, The US open, the whatever other events there are.

有一些明確的活動或奧運會、美國公開賽，以及其他一些活動。

Again, some of them are not Wimbledon tennis match.

同樣，他們中的一些人不是溫布爾登網球賽。

I'm not sure if there's an actual formal name for it or if it's just Wimbledon tennis match.

我不確定它是否有一個實際的正式名稱，或者它只是溫布爾登網球賽。

But most sporting events get because they're very specific and only one of them.

但大多數體育賽事得到，因為它們非常具體，只有一個。

So these are very easy, you just have to remember the rules and most importantly remember the exceptions that's where people get a little bit confused.

是以，這些都很容易，你只需記住規則，最重要的是記住例外情況，這是人們有點困惑的地方。

Let's look at some more.

讓我們再看一些。

Okay, so now we have a few more rules and again, these are the ones that you're just gonna memorize and try to remember and keep in mind that most of these rules are especially important in writing.

好了，現在我們還有一些規則，同樣，這些是你要記住的規則，儘量記住，並記住這些規則中的大多數在寫作中特別重要。

Of course they're important in speaking as well.

當然，他們在說話方面也很重要。

But if you make mistakes, people will still generally understand what you're saying in writing, it can make a big difference to the flow to the feel of the writing.

但是，如果你犯了錯誤，人們一般還是會理解你在寫作中所說的內容，這對寫作的流暢性和感覺會有很大的不同。

So try to remember these and apply them whenever you can.

是以，儘量記住這些，並在任何時候應用它們。

So next number five we're looking at academic subjects.

是以，接下來的第五個數字，我們正在看學術科目。

Now, individual subjects don't take an article but when you group them into a category then the category will take an article, it will take the so for example, philosophy is just a subject, it doesn't take an article but philosophy is part of the humanities.

現在，單個學科不需要一篇文章，但當你把它們歸入一個類別時，這個類別就會有一篇文章，它就會有，所以，例如，哲學只是一個學科，它不需要一篇文章，但哲學是人文科學的一部分。

The humanities like philosophy, english all these things that go together.

像哲學這樣的人文學科，英文的所有這些東西都是一起的。

The sciences, the arts.

科學，藝術。

Whenever you have a grouping at the individual subjects, no article number six.

每當你在個別科目有分組時，沒有第六條。

So now we have a few geographical or geographic features.

所以現在我們有一些地理或地理特徵。

These you have to really, they're a little bit hard to remember because you're not going to use these things.

這些你必須真的，他們有點難以記住，因為你不會使用這些東西。

You're not gonna refer to geographic regions very often but you should still remember when to use an article and when not to and again it's just memorization.

你不會經常提到地理區域，但你還是應該記住什麼時候使用文章，什麼時候不使用，同樣這只是記憶。

So single mountains that are named don't take an article.

是以，被命名的單體山不需要做文章。

So for example, Mount Fuji, Mount Everest, Mount Kilimanjaro.

是以，例如，富士山、珠穆朗瑪峰、乞力馬扎羅山。

Because you have the Mt, the Mt acts as the identified as the definite modifier to the name.

因為你有Mt，Mt作為確定的作為名字的定語修飾。

So Mount fuji.

是以，富士山。

But when you have mountain ranges when you have a group of mountains then and you name the group again it's the same as the subjects.

但是當你有山脈的時候，當你有一群山的時候，你再給這群山命名，它就和主題一樣了。

The categories then you add the so the rockies, the Swiss alps, the Himalayan range etcetera.

這些類別然後你再加上落基山脈、瑞士阿爾卑斯山脈、喜馬拉雅山脈等等。

Next we have lakes and bays.

接下來我們有湖泊和海灣。

Bay is like a lake except one end is open to the sea or the ocean A lake is within land surrounded by land.

海灣和湖泊一樣，只是一端向大海或海洋開放，湖泊在陸地上，被陸地包圍。

So lakes and bays don't take an article.

是以，湖泊和海灣不需要一篇文章。

So lake baikal in Russia or the Hudson bay in Canada.

是以，俄羅斯的貝加爾湖或加拿大的哈德遜灣。

No article.

沒有文章。

Again if you're gonna put a group like in North America between Canada and the US, there are the Great Lakes, there are five lakes, Lake Ontario Lake area like here on etcetera.

同樣，如果你要把一組像在北美的加拿大和美國之間，有五大湖，有五個湖，安大略湖湖區像這裡等等。

The Great Lakes as the group individuals not but seas, oceans, gulfs and rivers.

大湖區作為群體性的個體，不但是海、海洋、海灣和河流。

The the Mississippi, the mediterranean sea, the pacific ocean, the gulf of Mexico.

密西西比河、地中海、太平洋、墨西哥灣。

Okay the Mississippi River, the Nile river etcetera.

好比密西西比河、尼羅河等等。

Other features like canyons, valleys or fjords.

其他特徵如峽谷、山谷或峽灣。

All these things because they are only because there's only one of them.

所有這些事情，因為它們只是因為只有一個人。

If it's named then you add the because you're specifying one only but again it's not that often you're going to be talking about the Grand Canyon so you should be able to remember next number seven proper names and this is where it gets, it starts to get a little bit confusing.

如果它被命名了，那麼你就加上，因為你只指定了一個，但同樣，你並不經常談論大峽谷，所以你應該能夠記住接下來的七個適當的名字，這就是它變得，它開始變得有點混亂了。

Seven and then eight and nine are a little bit more confusing so I'll slow it down when you're talking about person.

第七個，然後第八個和第九個就有點混亂了，所以當你說到人的時候我會放慢速度。

So an individual person who you who you whom you're referring to by name does not take an article.

是以，一個你誰誰誰指名道姓的個人，並不佔用一篇文章。

You don't say the bob the Wendy, you just say their names right?

你不說溫迪的波波，你只是說他們的名字，對嗎？

Cos you don't say the apple, you just say apple corp or IBM or amazon or whatever company you're talking about schools Now schools generally do not take an article, but we have an exception here.

因為你不說蘋果，你只是說蘋果公司或IBM或亞馬遜或任何你正在談論的公司，現在學校一般不接受文章，但我們這裡有一個例外。

Schools that have of in their name take the so for example, Harvard University know the the University of Toronto with the so any school name that has of the College of Medicine.

例如，哈佛大學、多倫多大學和醫學院等學校的名稱中都有 "of"。

Right.

對。

Anything that has an of in it, even if it's a small one, the London School of Economics, then you're gonna add the no of no.

任何有 "的 "的東西，哪怕是一個小的，倫敦經濟學院，那麼你就要加上 "不"。

The again, just remember that there's no I can't really tell you why that is.

再次，請記住，沒有我真的不能告訴你這是為什麼。

It's a little strange.

這有點奇怪。

And then another exception.

然後是另一個例外。

Museums.

博物館。

Oh sorry.

哦，對不起。

So we also had organizations proper names but museums, galleries, churches or basically anything that's like a little bit touristy.

所以我們也有組織的正名，但博物館、畫廊、教堂或基本上任何像有點旅遊的東西。

And there's only one of then you add the so the Metropolitan Museum, uh the Uffizi Gallery, the sucker occur.

而且只有一個，然後你再加上大都會博物館，呃，烏菲茲美術館，這些都會發生。

Right?

對嗎？

So these are very specific places.

所以這些都是非常具體的地方。

There's only one of them.

他們中只有一個人。

And that's why we're adding the to make them individuals.

這就是為什麼我們要加入使他們成為個體。

So again, memorize practice.

所以還是那句話，背誦練習。

Look for in your reading and writing.

在你的閱讀和寫作中尋找。

Let's look at number eight and nine and they'll be a little bit trickier.

讓我們看看第八和第九項，它們會更棘手一點。

Okay, so we have two more rules to get through.

好的，所以我們還有兩條規則要通過。

And these ones can be a little bit tricky sometimes and I'll show you why.

而這些人有時會有點棘手，我將告訴你為什麼。

So when we have other modifiers.

是以，當我們有其他修飾語時。

Sometimes these modifiers act as the the pointer.

有時，這些修飾語充當指針的作用。

Right?

對嗎？

So what does what does the do the signifies that something is a definite noun.

是以，什麼是什麼做的標誌著某物是一個定名詞。

Right.

對。

Other modifiers can do the same job.

其他改性劑可以做同樣的工作。

Especially these three, they're not the only ones.

特別是這三個人，他們不是唯一的人。

But these are the most common ones that you can use instead of the article.

但這些是最常見的，你可以用它們來代替文章。

So possessive pronouns, my, your, his, her, their etcetera.

所以佔有式代詞，我的、你的、他的、她的、他們的等等。

So these when I say my book, the my makes it definitely it's mine.

所以這些當我說我的書時，我的使它肯定是我的。

It's not yours, it's not his, it's not someone else's, right?

這不是你的，不是他的，也不是別人的，對嗎？

So that word my makes the book definite.

是以，我的這個詞使這本書變得明確。

So I don't need the to make it definite, right?

所以我不需要讓它變得明確，對嗎？

That's why you don't mix the two together.

這就是為什麼你不把這兩者混在一起。

And this is a bit of a problem that some people have.

而這也是一些人遇到的一點問題。

They will mix the two.

他們會把這兩者混在一起。

So for example, someone return the my book that I lost last week.

是以，例如，有人歸還我上週丟失的書。

So obviously you should recognize that.

所以顯然你應該認識到這一點。

I can say someone returned the book that I lost last week because I'm identifying the book.

我可以說有人歸還了我上週丟失的書，因為我正在識別這本書。

So it's a definite book or someone returned my book that I lost last week.

所以這是一本確定的書，或者有人歸還了我上週丟失的書。

Okay, now, technically when I have my book that my identifies the book, so this becomes non identifying and I would switch it to.

好吧，現在，從技術上講，當我有我的書，我的識別書，所以這成為非識別，我會把它切換到。

Which if I want to give that extra information, right?

其中，如果我想給這些額外的資訊，對嗎？

Because otherwise you have two things identifying the book and it's unnecessary if you use the keep that if you use my switch to which so that's a little bit tricky.

因為不然的話，你有兩樣東西在書上標識，如果你用保持，就沒有必要了，如果你用我的切換到哪個，所以這就有點麻煩了。

That's why people get confused because they're not sure what is doing the function of identifying what is doing the function of making something definite.

這就是為什麼人們會感到困惑，因為他們不確定什麼在做識別的功能，什麼在做確定的功能。

So you have to be a little bit careful about that.

是以，你必須對這一點稍加註意。

Same with demonstrative pronouns, this that these those it they etcetera.

示意代詞也是如此，這個，這些，那些，它們，等等。

So pass me that the cup so pass me that cup.

所以把杯子遞給我，所以把杯子遞給我。

Or pass me the cup.

或者把杯子遞給我。

As long as the person listening understands which cup you're referring to when you say the.

只要聽的人明白你說的是哪個杯子就可以了。

So in this case again I don't need the no article.

是以，在這種情況下，我又不需要沒有條款。

I don't need the no article.

我不需要沒有的文章。

But make sure that the other modifier you're using identifies or makes the noun definite.

但要確保你所使用的另一個修飾語能識別或使名詞成為定語。

And again quantify Irs or other modifiers.

並再次量化Irs或其他修飾語。

There are a few other modifiers.

還有一些其他的修飾語。

The key is not which modifier you're using.

關鍵不在於你使用的是哪個修改器。

The key is the function of the modifier to identify to make something definite.

關鍵是修飾語的功能，以確定使某物確定。

So that's another rule.

所以這是另一條規則。

This one is not so much about memorization.

這個不怎麼講究背誦。

This one is about recognizing the situation of the sentence.

這個是關於認清句子的情況。

So you have to be a little bit more careful.

所以你必須更小心一點。

The other the other rules I gave you were just remember them.

我給你的其他規則就是要記住它們。

This one, understand it a little different And the same with number nine when you make a general reference to uncountable and abstract nouns, you're not going to use uh an article.

這個，理解起來有點不一樣 和九號一樣，當你泛指不可數和抽象的名詞時，你不打算用呃一個冠詞。

So some examples people need to drink water regularly.

所以一些例子中的人需要經常喝水。

Water is an uncountable noun so you can't make it definite but the water in the glass is warm.

水是一個不可數的名詞，所以你不能使它確定，但杯子裡的水是溫暖的。

So here I'm talking about a specific quantity of water so I can make it definite because I am also the water that is in the glass.

所以在這裡我說的是一個具體的水的數量，所以我可以把它確定下來，因為我也是杯子裡的水。

I'm identifying this particular quantity, not water in general.

我指的是這個特定的數量，而不是一般的水。

So in general.

是以，一般來說。

Uncountable.

不可計數。

Know the specific quantified the Oh, that's a little bit clear.

知道具體量化了哦，那就有點明白了。

Now, when you have abstract abstract nouns are basically an idea.

現在，當你有抽象的抽象名詞時，基本上就是一個想法。

You can't actually hold on to it, you can't touch it, you can't see it etcetera.

你不能真正抓住它，你不能觸摸它，你不能看到它等等。

Love is beautiful.

愛是美好的。

Love is generally an idea of feeling.

愛一般是一種感覺的想法。

So there's no the but a mother's love is beautiful ah indefinite because we're not talking, we're not sure which mother, but we're talking about a specific type of love.

是以，沒有但是母親的愛是美麗的啊不確定的，因為我們不是在談論，我們不確定哪個母親，但是我們在談論一種特定的愛。

But again, different mothers different loves.

但同樣，不同的母親有不同的愛。

That's the idea the love a mother gives her child cannot be matched by anything else.

這就是母親給孩子的愛是其他東西無法比擬的想法。

So that specific love that a mother gives to a child any mother any child then it's a bit more definite than I would use.

所以，母親給孩子的那種特定的愛，任何母親任何孩子，那麼它就比我用的更明確一點。

But general reference abstract.

但一般的參考摘要。

No, the hope is a little bit clear.

不，希望是有點明確的。

Now somebody asked very specifically about certain things that they think are specific but in fact are kind of abstract.

現在有人非常具體地問到了某些他們認為是具體的但實際上是有點抽象的東西。

So for example, take office or run for office.

是以，比如說，擔任職務或競選職務。

The word office is not a room with a desk and a computer offices.

辦公室這個詞不是指有一張桌子和一個電腦辦公室的房間。

A position.

一個位置。

It's a political position.

這是一種政治立場。

It's an abstract position.

這是一個抽象的立場。

You can't actually see it or touch it or do anything with it.

你不能真正看到它，或觸摸它，或用它做任何事情。

An office like a physical office has walls, the door ceiling in our floor.

像實體辦公室一樣的辦公室有牆，門的天花板在我們的地板上。

It's a real thing.

這是一個真實的事情。

Run for office or take office in terms of politics.

在政治方面，競選或任職。

Just an abstract idea.

只是一個抽象的想法。

Okay.

好的。

And President now he ran for President.

而總統現在他競選了總統。

President here is not is not a person.

這裡的總統不是不是一個人。