of physical device.

的物理設備。

They're not the limits of concrete or steel

它們不是混凝土或鋼鐵的極限

or anything like that in the physical world,

或物理世界中類似的東西。

the limits to computing are the limits of your imagination.

計算的極限是你想象力的極限。

When the first computers began to appear

當第一批計算機開始出現時

in the late 1940s, early 1950s,

在20世紀40年代末、50年代初。

people were fascinated by these incredibly complex machines

人們對這些令人難以置信的複雜機器非常著迷

that could do things like process huge numbers

可以做一些事情，如處理巨大的數字

of mathematical equations incredibly quickly.

數學方程的速度令人難以置信。

And so there was a buzz at the time

是以，當時就出現了一種嗡嗡聲

around these electronic brains.

圍繞這些電子大腦。

Lots of people thinking around

很多人都在思考

could machines really be intelligent?

機器真的會有智慧嗎？

So Alan Turing, I think, was one

所以，我想，艾倫-圖靈是一個

of the most remarkable people in the 20th century.

20世紀最傑出的人物之一。

What he did was he invented a beautiful test.

他所做的是他發明了一個美麗的測試。

He said, "Look, here is this test.

他說，"看，這是這個測試。

If we ever get something that would passes it,

如果我們有機會得到一些東西，就會通過它。

then just stop asking that question

那麼就不要再問這個問題了

because you can't tell the difference."

因為你無法分辨出其中的差別。"

He never really expected that anybody was seriously going

他從來沒有想到，有人會認真地去

to try it out, but actually people did try it out.

來嘗試它，但實際上人們確實在嘗試它。

But it's been wildly misinterpreted, I say since then.

但它被瘋狂地曲解了，我說從那時起。

What Turing's most famous for is working at Bletchley Park,

圖靈最著名的是在布萊切利公園工作。

a code breaking center in the United Kingdom

英國的一個密碼破譯中心

throughout the Second World War.

在整個第二次世界大戰期間。

And actually, if that was the only thing he'd done

而實際上，如果這是他所做的唯一一件事的話

in his life, he would have a place in the history books.

在他的生活中，他將在歷史書中佔有一席之地。

But almost as a side product of his PhD work,

但幾乎是作為他博士工作的一個副產品。

he invented computers, which are just any one of

他發明了計算機，這只是任何一個

the most remarkable sort of, you know, quirks of history.

最顯著的那種，你知道，歷史的怪癖。

And with incredible precociousness,

而且具有難以置信的早熟性。

he picked one of the biggest mathematical problems

他選擇了一個最大的數學問題

of the age, the Entscheidungsproblem,

這個時代的問題，即Entscheidungsproblem。

which means decision problem;

這意味著決策問題。

whether mathematics can be reduced to following a recipe.

數學是否可以簡化為遵循食譜。

So the question that Turing asked was, is it the case

是以，圖靈問的問題是，是否有這樣的情況

that for any mathematical problem that you might come up

對於你可能遇到的任何數學問題

with, you can find a recipe which you can just follow

你可以找到一個食譜，你可以直接按照這個食譜來做。

in the same way that you would follow for arithmetic?

你會按照同樣的方式來進行算術嗎？

Incredibly quickly, within about 18 months,

令人難以置信的迅速，在大約18個月內。

Turing solved it.

圖靈解決了這個問題。

And the answer is no,

而答案是否定的。

mathematics doesn't reduce to following a recipe.

數學並不簡化為遵循食譜。

But the interesting thing is what Turing did

但有趣的是，圖靈做了什麼

is to solve that problem, he had to invent a machine

為了解決這個問題，他不得不發明一種機器。

which could follow instructions,

這可以遵循訓示。

and nowadays we call them Turing machines,

而現在我們稱它們為圖靈機。

but actually it's basically a modern computer.

但實際上它基本上是一臺現代計算機。

And he was one of the first serious thinkers about AI.

而且他是最早認真思考人工智能的人之一。

And so in 1950, he published what we think

是以，在1950年，他發表了我們認為的

is the first real scientific work

是第一個真正的科學工作

around artificial intelligence.

圍繞人工智能。

If we ever achieved the ultimate dream of AI,

如果我們有一天實現了人工智能的終極夢想。

which I call the Hollywood dream of AI,

我稱之為人工智能的好萊塢之夢。

the kind of thing that we see in Hollywood movies,

就是我們在好萊塢電影中看到的那種東西。

then we will have created machines

那麼，我們將創建機器

that are conscious potentially in the same way

潛在地以同樣的方式意識到的

that human beings are.

人類就是這樣。

So Alan Turing, I think, was really frustrated

所以，我認為，艾倫-圖靈真的很苦惱

by people saying, "Well, no, of course these machines can't

人們說："嗯，不，這些機器當然不能

be intelligent or creative or think or reason," and so on.

要有智慧或創造力，或思考或推理，"等等。

So Turing's genius was he invented a beautiful test.

所以圖靈的天才在於他發明了一個美麗的測試。

We call it the Turing Test in his honor.

為了紀念他，我們把它稱為圖靈測試。

Okay, so here's how the test goes.

好吧，那麼測試的過程是這樣的。

You've got somebody like me,

你有像我這樣的人。

who's sitting at a computer terminal with a keyboard

坐在電腦前用鍵盤的人

and a screen, and I'm allowed to ask questions.

和一個螢幕，並允許我提出問題。

I type out questions on the keyboard,

我在鍵盤上打出問題。

but I don't know what's on the other end, right?

但我不知道另一端是什麼，對嗎？

I don't know whether it's a computer program

我不知道這是否是一個計算機程序

or another human being.

或另一個人。

So Turing's genius was this.

所以圖靈的天才在於此。

He said, "Well, look, imagine after a reasonable amount

他說："好吧，你看，想象一下，在一個合理的數量之後

of time, you just can't tell whether it's a person

的時間，你就無法判斷它是否是一個人

or a machine on the other end.

或另一端的機器。

If a machine can fool you into not being able

如果一臺機器可以欺騙你，讓你無法

to tell that it's a machine,

可以看出它是一臺機器。

then stop arguing about whether it's really intelligent

那就不要再爭論它是否真的聰明瞭

because it's doing something indistinguishable.

因為它在做一些無法區分的事情。

You can't tell the difference.

你無法分辨出其中的差別。

So you may as well accept that it's doing something

所以你不妨接受它正在做的事情

which is intelligent."

這是有智慧的。"

And I think Turing never really expected

而我認為圖靈從來沒有真正期待

that people would seriously try it out.

人們會認真地嘗試它。

And so there are annual Turing Test competitions

於是就有了每年的圖靈測試比賽

across the world where people will enter computer programs,

在世界各地，人們將進入計算機程序。

and there will be judges who will try

並會有法官來審判

and tell whether they're a computer program

並告訴他們是否是一個計算機程序

or a human being.

或一個人。

Most of the entries in them are like these kind

其中的大部分條目都是像這樣的

of crude internet chat bots.

的粗糙的互聯網哈拉機器人。

And what these chat bots do is they just look for keywords

而這些哈拉機器人所做的，只是尋找關鍵詞

like sad or family or lonely or drunk

比如悲傷、家庭、孤獨或醉酒

or something like that.

或類似的東西。

And they plug that keyword into a canned response.

他們把這個關鍵詞插入一個預製的迴應中。

And so they're really just trying to fool the investigators.

是以，他們真的只是想欺騙調查人員。

And I have to say- there's not really much AI

我不得不說--其實並沒有什麼人工智能

in most of those programs because they're doing something

在大多數這些項目中，因為他們正在做一些事情

which is really much more superficial.

這其實是更膚淺的。

It's a boom period for AI now because a very narrow class

現在是人工智能的蓬勃發展時期，因為一個非常狹窄的階層

of techniques have turned out to be very successful

的技術已被證明是非常成功的

on a wide range of problems.

關於廣泛的問題。

Modern AI is really focused on doing very specific tasks,

現代人工智能確實專注於做非常具體的任務。

and in those specific tasks like playing a game of chess

而在那些具體的任務中，如下一盤棋

or something, it might be better

或其他，可能會更好

than any living human being,

比任何活生生的人都強。

but it can't do anything else.

但它不能做其他事情。

Those programs are just tuned, very finely tuned,

那些程序只是調整，非常精細的調整。

to do one tiny thing very well.

要把一件小事做得非常好。

But going back to Alan Turing's invention,

但要回到艾倫-圖靈的發明。

he invented machines that for following lists

他發明了用於以下列表的機器

of instructions, but the computer

的指令，但計算機

can adapt those instructions.

可以調整這些訓示。

It can learn to adapt those instructions over time.

隨著時間的推移，它可以學會適應這些指令。

And that's basically what you're doing in machine learning.

而這基本上就是你在機器學習中所做的事情。

He's one of the founders of the field,

他是這個領域的創始人之一。

not just of computing, but also of artificial intelligence.

不僅僅是計算，也包括人工智能。

One of the most remarkable people of the 20th century.

20世紀最傑出的人物之一。