'sludge' is an obstacle to freedom.

淤泥 "是自由的障礙。

Sludge consists of frictions

汙泥由摩擦力組成

that separate us from something we want.

這使我們與我們想要的東西分離。

When there's waiting time, paperwork requirements,

當有了等待時間，文書工作要求。

some confusing process that you can't navigate-

一些你無法駕馭的混亂過程------。

that's sludge.

那是淤泥。

It's like a kind of gooey, viscous substance

它就像一種粘稠的粘性物質

in which your feet are stuck and you can't get out.

在其中你的腳被卡住了，你無法脫身。

If you're dealing with a criminal justice system

如果你正在與刑事司法系統打交道

it's especially severe,

它是特別嚴重的。

but if you're dealing with a hospital or your employer,

但如果你面對的是醫院或你的僱主。

your school, your government or company,

你的學校、你的政府或公司。

it can also be really bad.

它也可能是非常糟糕的。

And it's not merely frustrating;

而且這不僅僅是令人沮喪的事情。

it's treating you without dignity.

這是對你沒有尊嚴的對待。

The question is: What are we gonna do about it?

問題是：我們要怎麼做？

Sludge reduction can produce big dividends.

汙泥減少可以產生巨大的紅利。

My name is Cass Sunstein.

我的名字是卡斯-桑斯坦。

I teach at Harvard Law school.

我在哈佛大學法學院任教。

I have a new book, it's called "Sludge,"

我有一本新書，叫《淤泥》。

and it's about what makes it hard for us

而這是關於什麼使我們很難

to get where we're trying to go.

以達到我們想要去的地方。

Sludge can be good when it is ensuring

淤泥在確保的情況下可以是好的

that people aren't reckless or impulsive.

人們並不魯莽或衝動。

For example, if you need to get a driver's license

例如，如果你需要獲得駕駛執照

you will encounter some sludge.

你會遇到一些淤泥。

It's justified.

這是有道理的。

You shouldn't get a driver's license

你不應該獲得駕駛執照

just because you want one.

只是因為你想要一個。

It's a matter of health and safety.

這是一個健康和安全的問題。

Sludge can also be good

淤泥也可以是好的

when it's a way of ensuring that

當它是一種確保

the people who are seeking benefits

尋求福利的人

are actually entitled to them.

實際上，他們有權得到這些東西。

So to impose a little bit of sludge

所以要強加一點淤泥

to make sure that those who are trying to get something

以確保那些試圖得到一些東西的人

from the government or company

來自政府或公司的

actually have a right to that thing,

實際上有權利得到那個東西。

that's 'okay sludge.'

那是'好的淤泥'。

Sludge is bad when it makes navigation really hard

淤泥會使導航變得非常困難，這是不好的。

between a human being

人與人之間

and something that can make their life much better.

和能使他們的生活更美好的東西。

So it might be that in order to get a loan

是以，可能是為了獲得貸款

you need to fill out paperwork,

你需要填寫文書工作。

and it might be 14 pages.

而它可能是14頁。

And each of the pages might have really small font.

而且每一頁都可能有非常小的字體。

And we might, three pages in, give up and think,

而我們可能在看了三頁後，就放棄了，並認為。

"I can't handle this", or "I'll handle this tomorrow."

"我不能處理這個問題"，或者 "我明天會處理這個問題"。

And tomorrow never comes.

而明天永遠不會到來。

Sludge.

淤泥。

To get health care,

為了獲得保健服務。

sometimes you might have to wait

有時你可能需要等待

for weeks or months to get a test-

幾周或幾個月的時間，以得到一個測試------。

sludge.

淤泥。

And you might find in a hospital, for example,

而你可能會發現在醫院裡，比如說。

that nurses are spending 10 hours a week

護士們每週花10個小時

entering things into forms-

將東西輸入表格-

that's sludge.

那是淤泥。

Our lives depend on our capacity to navigate something,

我們的生活取決於我們駕馭一些東西的能力。

and when we can't frequently

而當我們不能經常

because sludge stands in our way,

因為淤泥擋住了我們的路。

we're lost in a world of just fog and diminishment.

我們迷失在一個只有迷霧和減弱的世界裡。

One of the less lovely facts of the last decades

過去幾十年來的一個不太可愛的事實是

of research into behavioral science

融入行為科學的研究

is that we now know more than we ever did

是，我們現在比以前知道得更多了

about how to manipulate people.

關於如何操縱人。

But if you have a company that wants to make money

但如果你有一個想賺錢的公司

at people's expense, it can use sludge strategically

犧牲人們的利益，它可以在戰略上使用汙泥。

as a way of achieving that goal.

作為實現該目標的一種方式。

'Dark patterns' are patterns of architecture online

黑暗模式 "是網上的建築模式

that end up exploiting people's lack of information

最終利用了人們的資訊缺乏。

or behavioral biases

或行為上的偏見

to ensure that they end up buying things

以確保他們最終能買到東西

they really ought not to buy,

他們真的不應該購買。

or that they part with something

或他們與某些東西分離

that matters to them

對他們很重要的

without fully knowing what they're getting into.

在不完全瞭解他們所處的情況下。

So for many of us unsubscribing to something is an ordeal.

是以，對我們中的許多人來說，取消訂閱什麼是一種折磨。

And that's intended by the people who make it an ordeal

而這是由那些使之成為一種折磨的人的意圖

because subscribing makes them money.

因為訂閱能讓他們賺錢。

They impose sludge

他們將汙泥強加於人

in order to make it hard for us to unsubscribe.

以使我們難以取消訂閱。

I myself subscribe to four magazines

我自己訂閱了四本雜誌

which I more or less hate

我或多或少地討厭它

because I didn't want to navigate the sludge

因為我不想在淤泥中穿行

that was entailed in the unsubscribing to those products.

在退訂這些產品的過程中所涉及的問題。

It's also the case that you can use sludge

這也是你可以使用汙泥

as a way of disguising terms

作為掩飾條款的一種方式

that you're obliging people contractually to agree to.

你有義務讓人們在合同上同意。

It's time to recognize, right, not to be manipulated,

是時候認識到了，對，不要被人操縱。

and often the method by which people are manipulated

而且往往是人們被操縱的方法

is through the selective imposition of sludge.

是通過有選擇地施加汙泥。

Some of the most admirable designers of programs or cities

一些最令人欽佩的方案或城市的設計者

or products, are acutely attentive

或產品，都非常關注

not only to the product itself,

不僅是對產品本身。

but to what human beings are actually like-

但對人類的實際情況而言，則是......。

and often with a kind of humor and delight.

而且常常帶著一種幽默感和愉悅感。

Never with a sense of condescension,

從不帶有居高臨下的感覺。

and never exploiting people's human foibles

而且從不利用人們的人性缺陷

to try to trap or trick them.

試圖陷害或欺騙他們。

We can think of companies that are minimalist

我們可以想到那些極簡主義的公司

with respect to sludge, in the sense that

關於汙泥，在這個意義上說，就是

it's just really easy to deal with them.

和他們打交道真的很容易。

If you want to buy something,

如果你想買東西。

return something, make a complaint-

退貨，投訴-

they make it really easy for you.

他們讓你真的很容易。

The products are easy to use;

這些產品很容易使用。

they're very intuitive and people want

他們是非常直觀的，人們希望

to continue buying those products.

以繼續購買這些產品。

A 'Sludge Audit' is an exercise by which someone sees

汙泥審計 "是一項工作，通過這項工作，有人可以看到

how much sludge there is in a system.

一個系統中有多少淤泥。

A sludge audit should be focused on time,

汙泥審計應以時間為重點。

because sludge is a kind of 'time tax.'

因為淤泥是一種'時間稅'。

So you could imagine a hospital doing a sludge audit,

是以，你可以想象一家醫院在做汙泥審計。

asking what are the obstacles patients face

詢問患者面臨的障礙是什麼

in terms of waiting time.

在等待時間方面。

Or a government can ask with respect to poor people

或者政府可以對窮人提出要求

who are eligible for certain benefits,

有資格享受某些福利的人。

what do they have to do every month

他們每個月都要做什麼

to maintain their eligibility?

以保持他們的資格？

They might have to do something

他們可能不得不做一些事情

that's very burdensome every week,

這是每星期非常繁重的負擔。

and the sludge audit might uncover that.

而汙泥審計可能會發現這一點。

Reducing sludge is not merely a way of giving people access

減少汙泥不僅僅是讓人們獲得的一種方式

to the things to which they have a right frequently,

對他們有權利經常得到的東西。

but it's also a way of demonstrating that they count.

但這也是證明他們有價值的一種方式。

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要從世界最大的思想家那裡學到更多東西。

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