Name: 火山101 | 國家地理雜誌 (Volcanoes 101 | National Geographic)
Uploaded: 2022-11-01T18:12:13.000Z
Duration: 4 min 59 s

They burn bottomless cauldrons fueled by an ancient wrath, bubbling and boiling.

他們燃燒著無底的小耳朵，以古老的憤怒為燃料，冒著泡，沸騰著。

Thousands of miles beneath the surface and just waiting to burst through Volcanoes are scattered across the planet.

在地表下數千英里的地方，只等著迸發的火山散佈在整個地球上。

About 1500 active volcanoes can be found across the world, though countless others are on the ocean floor.

在世界各地可以找到大約1500座活火山，儘管還有無數的活火山在洋底。

Most volcanoes, whether on land or underwater, are located where tectonic plates meet.

大多數火山，無論是在陸地還是在水下，都位於構造板塊的交匯處。

In fact, the ring of fire, a path that traces the boundaries between several tectonic plates around the Pacific Ocean contains about 75% of the planet's volcanoes.

事實上，火環是一條追蹤太平洋周圍幾個構造板塊之間邊界的路徑，包含了地球上大約75%的火山。

There are several types of volcanoes, primarily classified by shape and size.

火山有幾種類型，主要按形狀和大小分類。

Major types include strata, volcanoes which often appear as tall, steep mountains, shield volcanoes, which are flatter and dome shaped calderas, which are large depressions in the ground and mid ocean ridges, which are underwater chains of volcanic mountains, no matter their shape or size, all volcanoes emit gas and molten rock.

主要類型包括地層，火山通常表現為高大陡峭的山峰，盾形火山是比較平坦的圓頂形火山口，是地面上的大凹陷，中洋脊是水下的火山鏈，無論其形狀或大小，所有火山都會排放氣體和熔岩。

The journey of these emissions begins deep underground in the earth's core.

這些排放物的旅程開始於地心深處的地下。

The core, which can burn as hot as the surface of the sun transfers its heat to the surrounding rocky mantle.

核心，可以燃燒得像太陽表面一樣熱，將其熱量轉移到周圍的岩石地幔。

In doing so, the heat melts some of the rock.

在這樣做的時候，熱量會融化一些岩石。

This molten rock or magma is lighter than the surrounding solid rock layer, so it rises through the mantle.

這種熔化的岩石或岩漿比周圍的固體岩石層要輕，所以它通過地幔上升。

The magma then escapes through vents in the earth's crust, causing volcanic eruptions Now above ground.

然後岩漿通過地殼中的通風口逸出，導致現在地面上的火山噴發。

This magma is referred to as lava and it can reach temperatures of over 2,000°F. In addition to lava volcanoes may erupt with searing hot gas formed in the mantle.

這種岩漿被稱為熔岩，其溫度可以達到2000華氏度以上。除了熔岩之外，火山還可能爆發出地幔中形成的灼熱氣體。

在一種被稱為火成岩流的現象中。

This gas, combined with hot ash can race down the sides of a volcano as fast as 100 MPH, burning everything in its path to measure and classify eruptions, scientists develop the volcanic explosive Itty index or the ei it considers various factors such as the volume of lava gas and other emissions from the volcano.

這種氣體與熱火山灰結合在一起，可以以100英里/小時的速度從火山兩側飛馳而下，燒燬沿途的一切，為了測量和分類火山爆發，科學家們開發了火山爆炸指數或ei，它考慮了各種因素，如熔岩氣體的體積和火山的其他排放物。

Along with the height of the eruption cloud above the volcano summit, the V.

伴隨著火山頂上的噴發雲的高度，V.

Each successive measurement increases log arrhythmic li meaning that each magnitude is 10 times more powerful than the one before it.

每一次連續的測量都會增加對數的心律失常li，這意味著每一個量級都比之前的量級要強大10倍。

Scale does not have an upper limit, but the most catastrophic eruptions measured thus far are categorized as VE.

規模沒有上限，但迄今為止測量到的最災難性的噴發被歸類為VE。

These eruptions occurred thousands and millions of years ago.

這些噴發發生在數千年和數百萬年前。

The most destructive volcanic eruption ever witnessed occurred in Indonesia.

有史以來最具破壞性的火山爆發發生在印度尼西亞。

In 18 15, Mount Tambora, a large strata volcano erupted with a V.

18 15年，坦博拉火山，一個大型地層火山爆發，爆發出一個V字形。

The blast caused earthquakes, tsunamis and pyroclastic flows that decimated the land and took tens of thousands of Indonesian lives.

爆炸引起了地震、海嘯和火巖流，使土地遭到破壞，並奪去了數萬名印度尼西亞人的生命。

The eruption even destroyed the top of Mount Tambora itself, turning the 13,000 ft tall mountain into a 3640 ft deep caldera.

這次噴發甚至摧毀了坦博拉山本身的頂部，將這座13000英尺高的山變成了一個3640英尺深的火山口。

While volcanoes are some of the most destructive forces of nature, they have also helped make life on earth possible, volcanic ash provides nutrients to nearby soil, making the land fertile and lava when it cools hardens into rock and creates new landforms.

雖然火山是自然界一些最具破壞性的力量，但它們也幫助使地球上的生命成為可能，火山灰為附近的土壤提供養分，使土地變得肥沃，熔岩在冷卻後硬化成岩石，創造出新的地貌。

 With heat from the heart of the earth, volcanoes have helped para form the planet, making it the rich, dynamic landscape we see today. 

憑藉來自地球中心的熱量，火山幫助形成了這個星球，使其成為我們今天看到的豐富、動態的景觀。

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火山101 | 國家地理雜誌 (Volcanoes 101 | National Geographic)

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