That produces about 112 kilograms of CO2.

這產生了大約112公斤的二氧化碳。

But in an electric vehicle or EV

但在電動汽車或EV中

that same drive produces zero emissions.

同樣的驅動力產生零排放。

It's all thanks to this rechargeable battery

這都要歸功於這個可充電的電池

a lithium ion battery that powers the car's electric motor.

一個鋰離子電池，為汽車的電動馬達提供動力。

If all road vehicles were electric

如果所有公路車輛都是電動的

we'd be able to wipe out about 18% of all CO2 emissions

我們將能夠消除約18%的所有二氧化碳排放量

the most prominent greenhouse gas driving climate change.

是推動氣候變化的最突出的溫室氣體。

But producing these powerful batteries can do real environmental damage.

但生產這些強大的電池會對環境造成真正的破壞。

Nickel, the key ingredient in EV batteries

鎳，電動車電池的關鍵成分

has to be mined and smelted

必須進行開採和冶煉

in a process that contaminates waterways

在一個汙染水道的過程中

drives deforestation and pollutes the air.

推動了森林的砍伐並汙染了空氣。

And there's no better place to see this

而沒有比這更好的地方了。

than outside nickel processing plants in Indonesia

比在印度尼西亞的鎳加工廠外

next to where people like Asvina live.

旁邊就是阿斯維納這樣的人住的地方。

These particles are finer than beach sand

這些顆粒比沙灘上的沙子更細

and are harmful when inhaled.

並且在吸入時是有害的。

The same nickel paving the way for a green future

同樣的鎳為綠色的未來鋪平道路

is causing life threatening problems

導致危及生命的問題

for the people who live near its production centers.

為生活在其生產中心附近的人們提供服務。

But it shouldn't be this way

但它不應該是這樣的

because Indonesia is sitting on one of the biggest sources

因為印度尼西亞正坐擁最大的資源之一。

of clean energy in the world.

在世界範圍內的清潔能源。

An energy source that could help clean up the dirty

一種可以幫助清理骯髒的能源

and often hidden side of green energy.

而且往往是隱藏的綠色能源的一面。

Indonesia has the world's largest proven nickel reserves.

印度尼西亞擁有世界上最大的已探明鎳儲量。

Most of them are found here.

其中大部分都在這裡找到。

So is a large concentration of the country's nickel processing plants.

該國的鎳加工廠也大量集中。

A lot of this nickel supplies the steel industry, but most of the growth

這些鎳大量供應給鋼鐵行業，但大部分的增長

the industry has seen in recent years is driven by the demand for EV batteries.

近年來，該行業的發展是由電動車電池的需求所推動的。

Demand that's predicted to skyrocket.

預測的需求將暴漲。

To extrack the nickel

剝去鎳的外殼

the rocks have to be smelted at really high heats.

岩石必須在非常高的溫度下進行熔鍊。

And that energy is almost exclusively provided by

而這種能源幾乎完全是由

coal fired plants that spew greenhouse gases and pollute the air.

燃煤工廠噴出溫室氣體並汙染空氣。

Asvina's story isn't an isolated incident.

阿斯維納的故事並不是一個孤立的事件。

Records of medical visits in her area show that

她所在地區的醫療訪問記錄顯示

respiratory infections are by far the most common health issue.

呼吸道感染是迄今為止最常見的健康問題。

Data from 2017 and 2018

2017年和2018年的數據

suggests respiratory diseases are increasing in the region

表明呼吸系統疾病在該地區正在增加

at a much faster rate than other ailments.

以比其他疾病快得多的速度。

But the government has yet to release the latest data.

但政府還沒有公佈最新數據。

For Asvina, who has lived in the area since she was a child

對於從小就生活在該地區的阿斯維納來說

there's no doubt things are worsening.

毫無疑問，事情正在惡化。

Nickel is essential for a green future

鎳對於綠色的未來至關重要

but using coal fired plants isn't actually necessary

但使用燃煤電廠實際上是沒有必要的

especially in Indonesia.

特別是在印度尼西亞。

Indonesia sits along the Pacific Ocean's Ring of Fire

印度尼西亞位於太平洋的火環之上

a stretch of hundreds of active volcanoes that sit on top of pools of hot magma.

一片由數百座活火山組成的區域，位於熱岩漿池的頂部。

We only really see the immense power of this heat when it pierces through the earth's surface.

我們只有在這種熱量穿透地球表面時才能真正看到其巨大的力量。

But when it's close to the surface

但當它接近表面時

that magma also heats the water trapped beneath the earth.

該岩漿還加熱了被困在地球下面的水。

That hot water can provide

該熱水可以提供

That hot water can provide a continuous and renewable flow of energy

熱水可以提供持續和可再生的能量流

called geothermal energy.

稱為地熱能源。

To capture that energy

為了捕捉這種能量

we need to drill down to reach underground water.

我們需要往下鑽才能到達地下水。

Then hot water or steam rise up to a well.

然後熱水或蒸汽上升到井中。

In a power plant, that hot water is often used to heat a different liquid

在發電廠中，這些熱水通常被用來加熱不同的液體。

that is then vaporized and used to turn a turbine to generate electricity.

然後被汽化並用於轉動渦輪機發電。

Meanwhile, the clean water extracted is funneled

同時，提取的清潔水被輸送到

back into the ground where the earth's magma heats it once again.

回到地下，地球上的岩漿再次將其加熱。

And that fluid is recycled.

而這種液體是循環使用的。

So there are no emissions of any gases to the atmosphere.

是以，沒有任何氣體排放到大氣中。

In that sense, it's a completely green

在這個意義上，它是一個完全綠色的

carbon-free energy source.

無碳的能源。

Plus, it doesn't rely on the weather like wind or solar energy do.

此外，它不像風能或太陽能那樣依賴天氣。

Indonesia is the second largest geothermal producer in the world.

印度尼西亞是世界上第二大地熱生產國。

On the same island where coal-fired plants are powering nickel production

在同一島嶼上，燃煤電廠正在為鎳生產提供動力

there's a plant tapping into geothermal power.

有一家工廠正在開發地熱發電。

There are about 20 active geothermal plants.

有大約20個活躍的地熱廠。

There are also tens of sites explored for development.

此外，還有幾十個地點正在探索開發。

One of the biggest things holding geothermal back in Indonesia

阻礙印度尼西亞地熱發展的最大原因之一是

and other parts of the world is cost.

和世界其他地區是成本。

And then once you've got evidence that there's a resource

然後，一旦你有證據表明有一個資源

the idea is then to figure out how big is the resource

我們的想法是要弄清楚資源有多大

how hot is the resource

資源有多熱

and how much would it cost to develop that type of resource?

以及開發這類資源的成本是多少？

Longer timeline, higher risk factor

時間較長，風險係數較高

and higher initial investment costs

和較高的初始投資成本

are all things that make geothermal more challenging to put online.

都是使地熱上網更具挑戰性的東西。

And while geothermal maps like this one can help identify possible hotspots...

雖然像這樣的地熱地圖可以幫助確定可能的熱點地區...

you never know what you're going to find until you actually drill.

你永遠不知道你將會發現什麼，直到你真正鑽研。

Over time, the hope is that

隨著時間的推移，希望能夠

geothermal exploration will become cheaper, more predictable

地熱勘探將變得更便宜、更可預測

and so efficient that it'll bring the cost down.

而且效率很高，會使成本下降。

But it can be tough to change an existing industry,

但要改變一個現有的行業可能很困難。

especially if there's a lot of money in it.

特別是如果有很多錢在裡面。

Encouraged by Indonesia's push to attract foreign investment

為印度尼西亞推動吸引外國投資而感到鼓舞

and deregulation of environmental protections

和放鬆對環境保護的管制

Chinese companies have invested or committed

中國公司已經投資或承諾投資

about $30 billion to nickel plants in Indonesia, particularly in Morawali

約300億美元用於印度尼西亞的鎳廠，特別是莫拉瓦利的鎳廠。

where new coal fired plants like this one

在那裡，像這樣的新燃煤廠

being built to power the investment.

正在建設的投資動力。

For people like Asvina

對於像阿斯維納這樣的人

the fact that geothermal doesn't produce emissions or air pollution

地熱不產生排放或空氣汙染的事實

could make it the solution they're looking for.

可以使它成為他們正在尋找的解決方案。

Because if nothing changes

因為如果沒有任何改變

they might have to leave their homes.

他們可能不得不離開自己的家園。

Today, geothermal plants are mostly confined to volcanic areas

今天，地熱廠大多侷限於火山地區

but our EV batteries are made of metals and minerals

但我們的電動車電池是由金屬和礦物製成的

from around the world.

來自世界各地的。

And about 60% of the energy we used to process them

而我們用於加工它們的能源約有60%。

comes from fossil fuels.

來自於化石燃料。

There's enormous potential for cleaner EV battery production

清潔電動車電池生產有巨大潛力

in all these yellow and red regions if we dig deeper

在所有這些黃色和紅色的地區，如果我們更深入地挖掘

and find ways to tap into the underground heat

並想方設法利用地下的熱量

whether there's underground water or not.

無論是否有地下水。

Like every new resource, the work we do to harness it

像每一種新資源一樣，我們為利用它所做的工作

requires careful consideration.

需要仔細考慮。

How do you preserve parklands

如何保護公園用地

and how does that coexist with geothermal development?

以及如何與地熱開發共存？

The other issue that seems to come up a lot

另一個似乎經常出現的問題是

when I read about geothermal is seismic activity.

當我讀到地熱的時候，是地震活動。

Most of the geothermal induced seismicity that occurs is very low level seismicity

發生的地熱誘發地震大多是非常低級的地震

but the goal is to not have significant seismicity that could cause damage

但目標是不發生可能造成損害的重大地震。

and distress to local communities.

並給當地社區帶來困擾。

The challenges are to making these

挑戰在於如何使這些

environmentally, socially, and economically viable.

在環境上、社會上和經濟上都是可行的。

And that's a very important challenge

而這是一個非常重要的挑戰

especially if we think of geothermal as a solution

特別是如果我們認為地熱是一種解決方案的話

to clean up the supply chain that powers our clean energy.

以清理為我們的清潔能源提供動力的供應鏈。

Because all too often

因為很多時候

it's poor and marginalized communities who live next to power plants

住在發電廠旁邊的是貧困和邊緣化的社區

smelters, mines, factories, pipelines, waste plants.

冶煉廠、礦場、工廠、管道、廢料廠。

As we move towards a better future

在我們邁向更美好的未來時

it's important to make sure it isn't just green but fair.

重要的是，要確保它不僅是綠色的，而且是公平的。