You go around the world.

你到世界各地去。

You see a lot of strange contrast.

你看到很多奇怪的對比。

For example, for many of you that have been to Singapore, you see that there's what's called the fine city is because they punish people for a variety of different behaviors from chewing gum to not flushing the toilet in public settings to spitting.

例如，對於許多去過新加坡的人來說，你會看到那裡有所謂的罰款城市，因為他們對人們的各種不同行為進行懲罰，從嚼口香糖到在公共場合不沖廁所到吐痰。

Even if you walk naked in front of your curtains in Singapore in your house, you could be fined if you take a quick trip over to New Zealand, you see people walking barefoot and banks, You see people celebrating with thousands of bras on fences.

即使你在新加坡的房子裡裸體走在窗簾前，你也可能被罰款，如果你去紐西蘭快速旅行，你會看到人們赤腳走在銀行，你會看到人們在柵欄上用成千上萬的胸罩慶祝。

You even see people burning couches and some universities and New Zealand is the only country that I know that actually has its own wizard.

你甚至看到有人在燒沙發，還有一些大學，紐西蘭是我知道的唯一一個真正擁有自己的嚮導的國家。

So this dude actually is a retired professor from the U.

所以這傢伙實際上是美國大學的一位退休教授。

K.

K.

Set up shop in city streets debating everything from rugby to religion.

在城市街道上開店，辯論從橄欖球到宗教的一切。

And instead of punishing the deviant, the prime minister of new Zealand actually gave him a license and said you are now the wizard of new Zealand and your job is to entertain the country.

而紐西蘭總理非但沒有懲罰這個離經叛道的人，反而給了他一個許可證，說你現在是紐西蘭的巫師，你的工作是娛樂全國。

And he has been known to build gigantic nests on top of libraries and hatch himself from huge eggs.

而且他已經知道在圖書館頂上建造巨大的巢穴，用巨大的蛋孵化自己。

So you can see these contrasts also.

所以你也可以看到這些對比。

Um for example, in Germany, many people have traveled there.

嗯，例如在德國，很多人都在那裡旅行。

You see people waiting patiently in the corner, even if there's no cars around in my hometown in new york.

你看到人們在角落裡耐心地等待，即使在我的家鄉紐約，周圍沒有汽車。

You see people jaywalking constantly, even sometimes with kids in tow.

你經常看到有人亂穿馬路，甚至有時還拖著孩子。

Um This is actually really interesting example, this is an extra incentive in Germany that's being developed to stay put on street corners.

嗯 這其實是非常有趣的例子，這是德國正在開發的一個額外的激勵措施，以保持在街角的位置。

It's called ST pong.

這就是所謂的ST PONG。

And this is actually a ping pong game that he's playing with the person across the street.

而這實際上是他和對面的人在玩的一個乒乓球遊戲。

And actually what happens is that as you're playing, I've watched this video, I've seen the technology.

而實際上發生的情況是，當你在玩時，我已經看了這個視頻，我已經看到了這個技術。

And actually what happens is you see when the light's gonna change.

而實際上發生的情況是你看到了光線的變化。

So it's really very effective in keeping people entertained while they're waiting and and and really waiting patiently.

是以，它真的非常有效地讓人們在等待和和真的耐心等待時得到娛樂。

But on a more serious note, why is it that some people can smoke weed publicly in the Netherlands and they can get the death penalty for this in Indonesia or other puzzling trends.

但從更嚴肅的角度來看，為什麼有些人在荷蘭可以公開吸食大麻，而在印度尼西亞卻可以是以被判處死刑或其他令人費解的趨勢。

Why is it that in the United States, unique baby names are increasing at dramatic rates.

為什麼在美國，獨特的嬰兒名字正在以戲劇性的速度增加。

One of my colleagues was in a supermarket in Manhattan and asked where the candy was and they said she no longer works here.

我的一個同事在曼哈頓的一家超市，問糖果在哪裡，他們說她已經不在這裡工作了。

And also why are we and especially the United States getting fatter and fatter.

還有，為什麼我們，特別是美國變得越來越胖了。

Is there anything that unites these trends?

有什麼東西能將這些趨勢統一起來嗎？

And I would submit to us that there are that there's very reflects a very fundamental aspect of human behavior, which is our adherence to social norms?

而我要向我們提出的是，有一個非常反映人類行為的一個非常基本的方面，那就是我們對社會規範的遵守？

So social norms is something that we've developed distinctly as humans.

是以，社會規範是我們作為人類明顯發展起來的東西。

There's no other species that has it to the same extent.

沒有任何其他物種有同樣的程度。

There are unwritten rules for behavior.

有一些不成文的行為規則。

Sometimes they become more formally written and we follow rules all the time.

有時它們會變得更加正式，我們一直在遵守規則。

Um We're really a normative species and it's really helpful for us to predict each other's behavior and to coordinate.

嗯，我們真的是一個規範的物種，對我們來說，預測對方的行為和協調是非常有幫助的。

And it's so important that we take it for granted.

而且它是如此重要，以至於我們認為它是理所當然的。

I mean, imagine a world without norms.

我的意思是，想象一個沒有規範的世界。

Imagine you wake up people go out of their houses, they are wearing clothes or not.

想象一下，當你醒來的時候，人們就會走出他們的房子，他們穿不穿衣服都無所謂。

They're driving on both sides of the street and they're not obeying stop signs or imagine walking into an elevator and everyone's shaking their umbrellas on each other and they're facing the rear or the pressing all the buttons.

他們在街道兩邊開車，不遵守停車標誌，或者想象一下，走進電梯，每個人都在互相搖晃著雨傘，他們面向後方或按下所有按鈕。

Or imagine that sex is not restricted to private places.

或者想象一下，性愛並不限於私人場所。

People do it in public parks on busses and in movie theaters.

人們在公共公園、公共汽車上和電影院裡都會這樣做。

This is a world without social norms and we humans decided that's not a good idea.

這是一個沒有社會規範的世界，我們人類決定這不是一個好主意。

We invented social norms to avoid those kinds of scenarios.

我們發明了社會規範，以避免這類情況的發生。

But what I've discovered this is the glue that keeps us together.

但我發現的是，這是保持我們在一起的膠水。

Social norms.

社會規範。

And I've discovered through many years of research that cultures vary in terms of how strong that glue is, how strict their norms are or how permissive they are.

而我通過多年的研究發現，文化在這種膠水的強度方面是不同的，他們的規範有多嚴格或有多放任。

And I call this tight and loose, tight cultures have many strong norms and punishments as you saw in the example of Singapore of Germany and other context, loose cultures tend to have weaker norms and they're much more permissive And it turns out this distinction of Titan loose is extremely important.

我把這稱為緊和松，緊的文化有許多強有力的規範和懲罰，就像你在新加坡、德國和其他背景下看到的那樣，松的文化往往有較弱的規範，它們更加放任自流。

It affects everything from our politics to our parenting for nations and to our neurons.

它影響到從我們的政治到我們為國家養育子女的一切，也影響到我們的神經元。

The first study that I did to try to document this difference was done with a large team of researchers that was published in science across six continents, 33 nations and many different participants and languages.

我所做的第一個試圖記錄這種差異的研究是與一個大型研究團隊一起完成的，該研究發表在科學上，跨越了六大洲、33個國家和許多不同的參與者和語言。

And what we found was that just as you can classify individuals in terms of their personality, we can also classify nations in terms of the strength of norms, tight loses a continuum.

我們發現，就像你可以根據個人的性格進行分類一樣，我們也可以根據規範的強度對國家進行分類，而這是一個連續的過程。

So we can see a very strong variation around the world.

是以，我們可以看到世界各地有很強的差異性。

With countries like Japan, Singapore Germany Austria that tend to veer tight have strong norms.

像日本、新加坡、德國、奧地利這樣的國家，往往偏向於緊縮，有很強的規範。

Countries like the Netherlands new Zealand Greece brazil.

像荷蘭、紐西蘭、希臘、巴西這樣的國家。

They tend to veer loose.

他們往往偏向於鬆散。

And what we also found was a very important trade off that each of these dimensions offers human groups.

我們還發現，這些維度中的每一個都為人類群體提供了一個非常重要的交換條件。

So what we could see is that tight cultures provide a lot of order for their citizens.

是以，我們可以看到的是，緊密的文化為其公民提供了大量的秩序。

They have for example, much less crime and more monitoring of behavior.

例如，他們的犯罪率要低得多，對行為的監督也更多。

There is a great example of an NPR wait, wait, don't tell me show where they're asking the audience what a Japanese policemen need more of and we're all guessing higher pay more vacation, turns out they need more crime because there's so little crime in Japan.

有一個很好的例子，在NPR的一個節目中，他們問觀眾日本警察需要更多的什麼，我們都在猜測更高的工資更多的假期，結果他們需要更多的犯罪，因為日本的犯罪率太低。

There's been some instances where Japanese policemen trying to egg people on to actually commit minor crimes.

有一些例子表明，日本警察試圖雞蛋裡挑骨頭，實際上是在犯小罪。

Um, they also have more uniformity.

嗯，他們也有更多的均勻性。

I've studied this around city streets.

我在城市街道周圍研究過這個問題。

They have people wearing more similar clothing driving some more similar cars and they even reflects clocks on city streets.

他們讓人們穿著更相似的衣服，駕駛一些更相似的汽車，他們甚至在城市街道上反映出時鐘。

I've analyzed the similarity in clock times around the world.

我已經分析了世界各地時鐘時間的相似性。

And sure enough tight cultures, they tend to say the same time clocks in loose cultures like in brazil or grease, you're not quite sure what time it is because things are not in sync.

可以肯定的是，在嚴格的文化中，他們傾向於說相同的時間時鐘，在鬆散的文化中，如在巴西或油脂中，你不太確定現在是什麼時間，因為事情不同步了。

Actually, there's some interesting research that shows that stock markets have been more in sync and tight cultures more buying and selling of stocks together.

實際上，有一些有趣的研究表明，股票市場已經更加同步，緊縮文化更多的是一起買入和賣出股票。

And finally with their strong norms and punishments, people are more behaved.

最後，在他們強有力的規範和懲罰下，人們的行為更加規範。

In tight cultures.

在緊張的文化中。

They tend to have less alcoholism, less debt and they're even less fat.

他們往往有更少的酗酒，更少的債務，甚至更少的脂肪。

In fact, in my own country, about 50-6% of pets are overweight, including my beloved dog pepper.

事實上，在我自己的國家，大約50-6%的寵物超重，包括我心愛的狗胡椒。

So loose cultures, you can imagine they suffer on this criteria.

如此鬆散的文化，你可以想象他們在這個標準上的痛苦。

They tend to be more disorganized.

他們往往更加混亂。

They have more crime and they have a host of self regulation problems.

他們有更多的犯罪，他們有一系列的自我監管問題。

But loose cultures have the market on openness.

但鬆散的文化在開放性上有市場。

They're much more open to different types of people, whether they're people of different religions, races and creeds, People with disabilities, people that have stigma.

他們對不同類型的人更加開放，無論他們是不同宗教、種族和信仰的人，還是殘障人士，有汙名的人。

I discovered this by sending my research assistants around the world with facial warts that I bought them.

我發現這一點是通過將我的研究助理帶著我買給他們的面部疣子送往世界各地。

You can get them online.

你可以在網上得到它們。

Uh, and also tattoos and those rings and I simply wanted to see how fast are they helped and how much are they helped when they ask for directions on city streets or ask for help in city stores and it was a very clear pattern that people that were more stigmatized that look different.

呃，還有紋身和那些戒指，我只是想看看當他們在城市街道上問路或在城市商店裡尋求幫助時，他們有多快得到幫助，有多少得到幫助，這是一個非常明顯的模式，那些看起來不同的人被更多地鄙視。

We're helped much more in use cultures.

我們在使用文化方面得到了更多的幫助。