He had frozen to death nearly 12 hours before or at least that's what the paramedics believed until one doctor was able to successfully thaw him out and oversee a full recovery but would otherwise be considered a miracle, has actually become increasingly common with modern science.

他在近12個小時前被凍死了，或者至少救護人員是這麼認為的，直到一位醫生能夠成功地將他解凍並監督他完全康復，但在其他方面被認為是一個奇蹟，實際上隨著現代科學的發展已經變得越來越普遍。

But to understand how it's possible to come back after freezing to death and how this has brought about an entire early new field of cutting edge medicine, including freezing people's bodies on purpose to save them.

但要了解凍死後怎麼可能復生，以及這如何帶來了整個早期尖端醫學的新領域，包括故意冷凍人們的身體來拯救他們。

We first have to understand what being cold does to the human body.

我們首先要了解寒冷對人體的影響。

This episode is sponsored by Columbia sportswear, keeping you warm on your next cold adventure.

本集由哥倫比亞運動用品公司贊助，讓您在下一次寒冷的冒險中保持溫暖。

More on them a little later in the episode.

本集稍後會有更多關於他們的內容。

Whether your whim Hoff Jack Dorsey or a measly science Youtuber like me, there's been a lot of claims around cold therapies as potentially life changing.

無論你是心血來潮的霍夫-傑克-多爾西，還是像我這樣的麻雀雖小五臟俱全的科學Youtuber，圍繞著冷療法一直有很多說法，認為它可能會改變生活。

But is there any legitimacy or scientific evidence to explain that it makes you happier, healthier.

但是否有任何合法性或科學證據來解釋它使你更快樂、更健康。

You can even change your genes to extend your life.

你甚至可以改變你的基因來延長你的生命。

It's not quite winter yet.

現在還不算是冬天。

Here in Canada.

在加拿大這裡。

So, I can't get those cool cold effects.

所以，我無法獲得那些酷酷的冷效果。

I'm here in a cryotherapy clinic to get in this freezing cold chamber to mimic the effects of winter.

我在這裡的冷凍治療診所裡，進入這個冰冷的密室，模仿冬天的效果。

One study had 3000 people do cold therapy and surveyed them after 91% said they would continue to do the habit because it made them feel healthier and almost all of them said they perceived that they had more energy after doing it.

一項研究讓3000人做冷療，並在調查後，91%的人說他們會繼續做這個習慣，因為它讓他們感覺更健康，幾乎所有的人都說他們認為做完後有更多的能量。

So maybe after doing this, I'm gonna sprint on home.

所以，也許做完這個，我就會衝刺回家。

Okay, now I strip Oh my God, okay, I look like a pop star who the nips are perky?

好了，現在我脫衣服，哦，我的上帝，好了，我看起來像一個流行的明星，誰的臀部是活潑的？

Mine is 160 F.

我的是160華氏度。

This is crazy, people do this.

這很瘋狂，人們這樣做。

So, one thing that has been scientifically proven about this and I kind of been feeling it right now is that you up regulate molecules like beta endorphins, norepinephrine, serotonin and that make you feel good.

是以，有一件事已經被科學證明了，而且我現在有點感覺到了，那就是你向上調節β-內啡肽、去甲腎上腺素、5-羥色胺等分子，使你感覺良好。

And honestly right now, I'm like, I could freaking party at the goose bumps and also it's really cool because your blood flows back to your skin to try and hit you up, which I love.

說實話，現在，我想，我可以在雞皮疙瘩上發狂，而且它真的很酷，因為你的血液流回你的皮膚，試圖打你，我喜歡。

That's part of why I love going into the lake.

這也是我喜歡進湖的部分原因。

Okay, now, what about the immune system claims one study on sick rats found that cold water exposure created stress induced modulation of cellular immunity as well as the release of beta endorphins, all, which could have helped these sick rats to heal.

好了，現在，關於免疫系統的說法，一項對病鼠的研究發現，冷水暴露產生了壓力誘導的細胞免疫調節，以及β內啡肽的釋放，所有這些都可以幫助這些病鼠痊癒。

This has led a lot of people to claim that cold bathing or cold exposure in humans could boost your immune system.

這導致很多人聲稱，人類的冷水浴或冷暴露可以提高你的免疫系統。

But any true association in humans is yet to be fully determined.

但是在人類中的任何真正關聯都有待於完全確定。

There have also been a few studies on metabolism and immune system boost, but the actual scientific mecca is um for how in humans is limited.

也有一些關於新陳代謝和免疫系統促進的研究，但實際的科學聖地是嗯，對於如何在人類中的研究是有限的。

Many of the theories come from something known as home Asus basically that for humans in general some amount of stress is good.

許多理論來自於被稱為 "家 "的東西，基本上對人類來說，一定量的壓力是好的。

Think of exercise, doing a tolerable amount of exercise and providing the body with short term physical stress is actually good and when it comes to exercise there are studies that show it actually activates so called longevity genes that turn on processes which protect against aging.

想想看，做一些可以忍受的運動，為身體提供短期的身體壓力實際上是很好的，當涉及到運動時，有研究表明它實際上激活了所謂的長壽基因，開啟了防止衰老的過程。

The same thinking gets applied to cold therapy in that putting your body outside of its normal come zone can trigger genes and hormones that can extend life.

同樣的想法也適用於冷療法，即把你的身體放在其正常來區之外，可以觸發基因和荷爾蒙，從而延長生命。

But truthfully a lot of this evidence is still in its early stages and while it's promising it definitely gets way blown out of proportion by some self help communities of course, being incessantly cold is not exactly considered good, like what happens when you freeze to death.

但說實話，很多這種證據仍處於早期階段，雖然它很有希望，但肯定會被一些自助社區吹得不成樣子，當然，持續的寒冷並不完全被認為是好事，就像你被凍死後會發生什麼。

Not only can it cause cellular damage, but if your body hits 35 degrees Celsius just a few degrees below normal, you begin to shiver uncontrollably, Your blood vessels narrow, allowing the body to maintain its core temperature by rich, reducing the flow of blood to the surface of the skin at 32 degrees Celsius, your lips will turn blue and speech will slur if you remain exposed to this extreme cold, you get frostbite when the skin and other tissues literally freeze and ice crystals damage cell membranes causing interest cellular dehydration as water leaks from them and the ice crystals spread your body then tries to correct this surface damage by using vaso dilation, allowing blood to go back to your skin to war it up, but this is bad because it runs counter to the vaso constriction which keeps your body core warm, ultimately causing more damage through a vicious cycle of vaso constriction and dilation at 28 degrees Celsius, your breathing slows, you lose coordination and ultimately can lose consciousness by the time your body plunges to around 15 degrees Celsius, your heart can stop beating altogether.

它不僅會造成細胞損傷，而且如果你的身體達到35攝氏度，只比正常溫度低幾度，你就會開始不受控制地顫抖，你的血管變窄，讓身體通過豐富來維持其核心溫度，減少血液流向32攝氏度的皮膚表面。如果你繼續暴露在這種極度寒冷的環境中，你的嘴脣會變藍，說話會含糊不清，當皮膚和其他組織真正凍結時，你會被凍傷，冰晶破壞了細胞膜，導致細胞脫水，因為水從細胞膜中滲出，冰晶擴散，然後身體試圖通過使用血管擴張來糾正這種表面損傷。但這是不好的，因為它與保持身體核心溫暖的血管收縮背道而馳，最終通過血管收縮和擴張的惡性循環造成更多的損害，在

So then how can freezing to death in coming back, like in Justin smith's case, even be possible Before we uncover that groundbreaking science, we want to thank today's sponsor Colombia for keeping us warm and healthy.

那麼，像賈斯汀-史密斯那樣在回來時被凍死，怎麼可能呢？在我們揭開這一突破性科學之前，我們要感謝今天的贊助商哥倫比亞，感謝他們讓我們溫暖和健康。

Colombia is the leader and warmth and with their omni heat infinity gear, they use thousands of gold dots inspired by space blanket technology to reflect and retain your body heat, making it easy to be comfortable when outside exploring the cold.

哥倫比亞是溫暖的領導者，他們的omni heat infinity裝備，使用了數以千計的金點，靈感來自太空毯技術，反射和保留你的身體熱量，使你在外面探索寒冷時很容易舒適。

It's the most advanced thermal reflective clothing out there.

這是目前最先進的熱反射服。

The gold dot lining helps reflect your body heat back, which then heats the jacket, which heats your body all without compromising breathability.

金色圓點襯裡有助於將你的體溫反射回來，然後加熱夾克，加熱你的身體，而不影響透氣性。

For a little fun.

為了獲得一點樂趣。

We're gonna try this Columbia.

我們要試試這個哥倫比亞。

Omni heat technology by wearing the gear while inside the cryotherapy chamber.

通過在冷凍治療室內穿戴裝備，採用全熱技術。

Okay, the jackets.

好吧，夾克衫。

Working good people, I'm feeling warm last time it was my nipples and tits that felt the most and I don't feel that at all.

工作好的人，我感覺很溫暖，上次是我的乳頭和乳房感覺最強烈，而我完全沒有這種感覺。

My nipples and tits are warm.

我的乳頭和奶子是溫暖的。

Omni heat technology from Colombia is working.

來自哥倫比亞的全熱技術正在發揮作用。

You know, it honestly is weird how like normally feel, considering what we just went, I don't know if that was nothing simple as pie pie.

你知道，說實話，這很奇怪，就像平時的感覺一樣，考慮到我們剛剛去的地方，我不知道那是不是什麼簡單的餡餅派。

Simple.

簡單。

Yeah.

是的。

Oh look at that, wow.

哦，看看這個，哇。

But you don't feel that, I don't feel like that.

但你沒有這種感覺，我也沒有這種感覺。

Omni technology worked.

全能技術發揮了作用。

I know winter and cold weather can be daunting for some people, but it is now my favorite season because I've got outside to cross country ski hike with my friends in the snow or get a dose of feel good hormones from a frozen lake cold plunge.

我知道冬天和寒冷的天氣對一些人來說是令人生畏的，但現在是我最喜歡的季節，因為我可以在外面和我的朋友在雪地裡越野滑雪遠足，或者從冰冷的湖水中獲得一劑感覺良好的荷爾蒙。

And since the interior gold dot Columbia, omni heat lining is featured in over 80 jackets, boots, and accessories.

而由於內部金點哥倫比亞公司，全熱襯裡在80多件夾克、靴子和配件中都有體現。

I can get legit, head to toe warmth while out doing all of my favorite activities in the cold.

我可以在寒冷的環境中從事我喜歡的所有活動時獲得合法的、從頭到腳的溫暖。

If you don't have gear like this, you end up stuck inside in one of the most beautiful times of the year.

如果你沒有這樣的裝備，你最終會在一年中最美麗的時刻被困在裡面。

Colombia will not only give you warmth, it will give you new opportunities to get outside.

哥倫比亞不僅會給你帶來溫暖，還會給你帶來新的機會，讓你到外面去。

Challenge yourself, do new things instead of staying home all cooped up when it's cold.

挑戰自己，做新的事情，而不是在天冷的時候把自己關在家裡。

Now, the case of Justin Smith at the beginning of this episode, freezing to death for 12 hours and then being brought back to life surprisingly isn't that unique of a tail, it's actually been documented quite a few times and become more frequent in recent years.

現在，本集開始時賈斯汀-史密斯的案例，凍死12小時，然後被複活，令人驚訝的是，這並不是一個獨特的尾巴，它實際上被記錄了相當多的時間，而且近年來變得更加頻繁。

A patient with hypothermia caused by drowning with no sir.

一個因溺水而導致體溫過低的病人，沒有先生。

Kind of life was successfully resuscitated with a three hour bypass surgery Used to warm his body on Australian toddler was once revived after half an hour in a frozen fish pond.

樣的生命被成功搶救，用了三個小時的分流手術來溫暖他的身體，對澳洲的幼兒曾經在冰凍的魚塘中半小時後復甦。

A woman fell into an arctic stream skiing and was pulled out 80 minutes later to have her heart beat again an hour later.

一名婦女在滑雪時掉進了北極溪流，80分鐘後被拉出來，一小時後她的心臟再次跳動。

In fact, between 1999 and 2013, a paper named Nobody is dead until warm and dead found nine people who survived hypothermic cardiac arrest.

事實上，在1999年至2013年期間，一篇名為《在溫暖和死亡之前沒有人是死的》的論文發現有9人在低溫心臟驟停中倖存下來。

And there have been even more since, but in interestingly before 1999 no patients survived.

此後還有更多，但有趣的是在1999年之前沒有病人存活。

So what exactly is going on?

那麼究竟發生了什麼事？

It turns out that if you get into a hypothermic state quickly enough and end up essentially flash frozen, You may bypass the lethal damage that the body suffers when slowly descending into hypothermia.

事實證明，如果你進入低溫狀態的速度足夠快，並最終基本上被閃凍，你可能會繞過身體在緩慢下降到低溫狀態時遭受的致命傷害。

You see your metabolism slows by about 5 to 7% for every one degree Celsius drop in body temperature and when this happens at the right rate, the cells become lethargic in a way.

你看，體溫每下降一攝氏度，你的新陳代謝就會減慢約5%至7%，當這種情況以適當的速度發生時，細胞在某種程度上變得昏昏欲睡。

As a result, they don't require as much oxygen.

是以，他們不需要那麼多的氧氣。

So even though their heart may slow and breathing stops, it's more dangerous than necessarily deadly and while conventional wisdom shows that the brain can only survive around four minutes without oxygen before the cells begin to die.

是以，即使他們的心臟可能變慢，呼吸停止，但這更危險，而不一定是致命的，雖然傳統智慧顯示，在細胞開始死亡之前，大腦只能在沒有氧氣的情況下生存大約四分鐘。

In Justin Smith's case, his brain was unharmed after pumping his chest for hours and then slowly running warm oxygenated blood through his body.

在賈斯汀-史密斯的案例中，在對他的胸部進行了數小時的抽血，然後將溫暖的含氧血液慢慢流經他的身體，他的大腦沒有受到傷害。

He was brought back to life.

他被救活了。

He did, however, lose his toes and some fingers to frostbite.

然而，他確實因凍傷失去了腳趾和一些手指。

Since 2012, of hypothermia patients treated with this extra corporeal membrane oxygenation have recovered.

自2012年以來，用這種體外膜吸氧治療的低體溫患者已經康復。

And it turns out that these same mechanisms that allow organs in the body to seemingly withstand lethal cold can also be used to help other kinds of patients.

而事實證明，這些讓身體中的器官似乎能夠抵禦致命的寒冷的機制也可以用來幫助其他類型的病人。

They've been used for victims of gunshots, heart attacks, spinal injuries, and premature babies on the verge of brain damage, who might otherwise be considered beyond rescue.

它們已被用於槍擊、心臟病發作、脊柱受傷的受害者，以及瀕臨腦損傷的早產兒，否則他們可能被認為無法得到救援。

A new, controversial medical treatment for gunshot victims involves pumping the body full of ice cold saline at the rate of a gallon per minute.

對槍擊受害者的一種新的、有爭議的醫療方法是以每分鐘一加侖的速度將冰冷的鹽水灌入體內。

So the pace circulatory system ends up filled with icy saltwater and they end up with no pulse or brain activity.

是以，步伐循環系統最終充滿了冰冷的鹽水，他們最終沒有脈搏或大腦活動。

But this suspended cold state means chemical reactions in the body aren't happening as fast, and it buys the patient time for surgeons to locate bullet holes and so the people up.

但這種懸浮的冷狀態意味著體內的化學反應沒有那麼快發生，它為外科醫生定位彈孔和讓人起來贏得了病人的時間。

Then after 60 minutes without a heartbeat or even a breath, the patient is resuscitated by a surgeon who starts pumping the body full of blood again cold at first, then gradually warmer with the heartbeat, potentially get an electric shock to start again.

然後在沒有心跳甚至呼吸的60分鐘後，病人被一名外科醫生搶救過來，他開始將身體的血液再次抽滿，一開始是冷的，然後隨著心跳逐漸變暖，有可能得到電擊，重新開始。

This concept has worked on animals for years, but for obvious ethical reasons, it's been a lot harder to do this in humans and this procedure is only for extreme situations where without this, the person will die.

這個概念在動物身上已經工作了多年，但由於明顯的道德原因，在人類身上做這件事要難得多，而且這個程序只適用於極端情況，如果不這樣做，人就會死。

And even with all this intervention, it could take 3 to 5 days to even know if the brain has been damaged and it will take months of rehab, potentially years to fully recover.

而且，即使有這些干預措施，甚至可能需要3到5天才能知道大腦是否已經受損，而且需要幾個月的康復治療，可能需要幾年才能完全恢復。

But it does take into account that cold can be beneficial in extreme situations now, surprisingly there is a genetic mutation in 1.5 billion people on earth that makes them better at handling cold temperatures known as a genetic polymorphism.

但它確實考慮到了現在極端情況下寒冷可能是有益的，令人驚訝的是地球上15億人中有一種基因突變，使他們更擅長處理寒冷的溫度，這被稱為基因多態性。

1.5 billion people's A.

15億人的A。

C.

C.

T.

T.

And three genes are a bit whack, which leads to a deficiency in the protein known as alpha act in in three.

而三個基因有點古怪，這導致了在三個中被稱為阿爾法行為的蛋白質的缺乏。

The deficiency of this protein changes the way that muscle fibers respond when submerged in extremely cold water.

這種蛋白質的缺乏改變了肌肉纖維在浸泡在極冷的水中時的反應方式。

These cold tolerant people have fast twitch skeletal muscles that act differently when exp opposed to the cold.

這些耐寒的人有快速抽搐的骨骼肌，在暴露於寒冷時的行為是不同的。

Their fast twitch muscles have more slow type muscle activity which makes it easier for them to maintain a core temperature when exposed to cold without needing to use more energy.

他們的快速抽動的肌肉有更多的慢速型肌肉活動，這使得他們在暴露於寒冷時更容易保持核心溫度，而不需要使用更多的能量。

But it does come with a drawback.

但它確實有一個缺點。

These 1.5 million people will not be as good at sprinting something that requires your fast twitch skeletal muscle to act differently at the end of the day, chronic exposure to cold can obviously be very dangerous.

這150萬人在衝刺時不會有那麼好的表現，需要你的快速抽動骨骼肌在一天結束時有不同的表現，長期暴露在寒冷中顯然會非常危險。

It's important to keep your body in homeostasis around 37 degrees Celsius.

保持你的身體處於37攝氏度左右的平衡狀態是很重要的。

But science is is finding amazing ways to capitalize on short term exposure to the cold.

但科學正在尋找驚人的方法來利用短期暴露在寒冷中的機會。

On that note, I kind of can't wait for the winter to get out and experience the cold.

關於這一點，我有點迫不及待地想在冬天出去體驗寒冷。

I honestly am so excited and special thanks to Colombia again for sponsoring this video and helping us be all set to handle those harsh Canadian conditions will include links in the description so that you can check them out and get yourself ready for your next cool adventure.

說實話，我非常興奮，特別感謝哥倫比亞再次贊助這個視頻，幫助我們做好準備，應對加拿大的那些惡劣條件，將在描述中包括鏈接，以便你可以檢查它們，讓自己為下一次很酷的冒險做好準備。

Thanks for watching.

謝謝你的觀看。

Make sure you like it and subscribe for more science, and we'll see you next time for another cool science video.

請確保你喜歡它並訂閱更多的科學，我們將在下一次看到另一個很酷的科學視頻。