But I, like, split my childhood, basically.

但我，就像，基本上分裂了我的童年。

So we'll start with where I first grew up,

是以，我們將從我最初長大的地方開始。

so I'm really excited to show you guys this.

所以我真的很高興能給你們看這個。

- So this is my hometown. - Wow, that's cool.

- 所以這是我的家鄉。- 哇，這真酷。

We were the only black family on the block.

我們是這個街區唯一的黑人家庭。

I was the only black kid in my grade.

我是我們年級唯一的黑人孩子。

One of three black families in my school.

我所在學校的三個黑人家庭之一。

And if we look, folks are in the 99th percentile

而如果我們看一下，人們在99%的比例中

who grew up here when it comes to average income.

說到平均收入，在這裡長大的人。

Less than 1% are incarcerated.

不到1%的人被監禁。

We can look at teenage birth rate-- less than 1%.

我們可以看一下青少年的出生率--不到1%。

Around high school, my folks got divorced and we moved into the city.

在高中時，我的父母離婚了，我們搬到了城裡。

It's the exact opposite.

這恰恰相反。

It wasn't till I got to D.C. that I actually had a benchmark

直到我到了華盛頓，我才真正有了一個標杆。

for understanding everyone didn't grow up the way I did.

因為我理解每個人都不是像我這樣長大的。

And it took, you know, my parents getting divorced

你知道，我的父母離婚後，我花了很多時間。

and us moving to the city for me to actually

和我們搬到城裡，讓我真正的

understand how fortunate I really was.

明白我真的是多麼幸運。

Zip code influences so much that we have got to make sure

郵編影響很大，我們必須確保

that those neighborhood conditions

鄰居們的情況

aren't setting people up for failure.

並不是為人們設置失敗。

We are keeping people of reasonable means out of neighborhoods.

我們正在把有合理經濟能力的人擋在街區之外。

While I was doing some research, I came across this,

當我在做一些研究時，我看到了這個。

which is the Opportunity Atlas.

這就是《機會圖集》。

And it's a map that shows you the average life outcomes

而這是一張顯示你的平均生命結果的地圖

for people who grew up in a given census tract.

對於在某一人口普查區長大的人來說。

It's just crazy to think that I may have only

想到我可能只有一個人，這真是太瘋狂了

become as successful as I am

像我一樣成功

because I spent the majority of my childhood here

因為我的童年大部分時間是在這裡度過的

instead of in D.C.

而不是在哥倫比亞特區。

But why don't we take a look at where you guys grew up?

但我們為什麼不看看你們在哪裡長大的呢？

Dun, dun, dun.

鄧，鄧，鄧。

( theme music playing )

(主題音樂播放)

- Lee: So, you're, like in the Bay area. - Christophe: Oh, yeah.

- 李：所以，你，比如在海灣地區。- 克里斯托弗。哦，是的。

- I must have grew up in Cupertino, California. - Lee: Okay.

- 我一定是在加州的庫珀蒂諾長大的。 - 李。好的。

Christophe: Majority Asian. Definitely fairly wealthy.

克里斯托弗。亞洲人居多。肯定是相當富有的。

- A lot of, like, tech, Silicon Valley employees. - Lee: Right.

- 很多，比如，技術，硅谷的員工。- 李。對。

All right. So I'm gonna put in my zip code where I grew up.

好的。所以我要把我長大的地方的郵政編碼填進去。

So I just took you guys to Brooklyn, New York,

所以我剛剛帶你們去了紐約的布魯克林。

Crown Heights, and immediately traveling here,

皇冠高地，並立即在這裡旅行。

it's just completely red.

它只是完全紅色。

Yeah, so, $30k, that makes a lot of sense to me.

是的，所以，3萬美元，這對我來說很有意義。

But is also just-- this shows how segregated

但也只是......這顯示了隔離的程度。

Brooklyn is and was at the time.

布魯克林是也是當時的情況。

Fabiola: Yeah. So right here at Grand Army Plaza,

法比奧拉：是的。所以就在大軍廣場。

it just looks so different from the blocks

它只是看起來與街區有很大的不同

where I grew up in Brooklyn.

我在布魯克林長大的地方。

And so that was out Saturday activity.

所以那是週六的活動。

Let's go to the library. Let's go to the park.

讓我們去圖書館。我們去公園吧。

And that was kind of escaping

而這是一種逃避

a lot of the segregation in Crown Heights

皇冠高地的很多隔離現象

to go to this area where the amenities were better.

去這個地區，那裡的設施更好。

Did you notice those neighborhoods being cleaner?

你是否注意到那些街區變得更乾淨了？

Absolutely. And I think the biggest thing was trees.

當然可以。而且我認為最大的事情是樹木。

- Right. - Just like how many trees do you have on your block?

- 對。- 就像你的街區有多少棵樹？

I think it does something to your psyche where it's like,

我認為它對你的心理有影響，就像。

oh, I feel like I can breathe better.

哦，我覺得我可以更好地呼吸了。

I feel like someone cared enough to beautify this area.

我感覺到有人足夠關心美化這個地區。

Well, guys, thank you for taking the time out to come look at this with me

好了，夥計們，感謝你們抽出時間來和我一起看這個。

- and showing me where you grew up. - This is so cool.

- 並向我展示你長大的地方。- 這真是太酷了。

I want to talk to this professor at NYU

我想和紐約大學的這位教授談談

to see if I can get some information and some insight into how we actually got here.

看看我是否能得到一些資訊和一些關於我們究竟是如何走到這一步的見解。

Jacob: So I think the overarching important message to take away

雅各布。 是以，我認為最重要的資訊是要帶走

is that segregation was intentionally designed.

是，隔離是有意設計的。

- There are a number of-- - Designed by who?

- 有一些... - 誰設計的？

By a wide range of policy makers on the local level

由地方一級的廣泛的政策制定者負責

all the way up to the federal level.

一直到聯邦一級。

When did we start to see the government

我們什麼時候開始看到政府

actually leading a lot of these programs when it came to segregation?

在隔離問題上，實際上上司了很多這些項目？

So the federal government instituted these

是以，聯邦政府制定了這些

massive housing programs during the New Deal

新政期間的大規模住房計劃

to save a housing market that was in severe distress.

以拯救陷入嚴重困境的住房市場。

Their first policy was called the Home Owner's Loan Corporation,

他們的第一個政策被稱為 "房屋所有者貸款公司"。

or H.O.L.C. or "hulk."

或H.O.L.C. 或 "綠巨人"。

Part of H.O.L.C. was sending appraisers,

H.O.L.C.的一部分是派遣評估員。

real estate appraisers to hundreds of cities across the country.

房地產估價師到全國數百個城市。

And these appraisers would grade neighborhoods in these cities,

而這些評估師會對這些城市的社區進行分級。

and this is where the term redlining comes from.

這就是 "紅線 "一詞的由來。

Lee: In your lease it would say,

李：在你的租約中會說。

"You cannot resell this house to a black family."

"你不能把這個房子轉賣給黑人家庭。"

- Jacob: Yeah. - So, let me explain.

- 雅各布。那麼，讓我解釋一下。

As these appraisers surveyed cities across the United States,

當這些評估師對美國各地的城市進行調查時。

they created maps that they distributed to banks.

他們製作了地圖並分發給銀行。

And the banks used these maps

而銀行則使用這些地圖

to decide how risky it would be to provide loans

以決定提供貸款的風險有多大

or mortgage assistance to different neighborhoods around the country,

或抵押貸款援助給全國各地的不同社區。

and each of these maps was assigned a color.

而這些地圖中的每一個都被賦予了一種顏色。

So green indicated this was the most desirable area,

是以，綠色表示這是最理想的區域。

and the map we're looking at right now is an area

而我們現在看到的地圖是一個區域

in the northern suburbs of Chicago.

在芝加哥的北郊。

And along with these maps,

而伴隨著這些地圖。

we were given documents that described

我們得到了描述以下內容的文件

the neighborhood that was being surveyed.

正在調查的街區。

If we take a look at the top, we can see the class and occupation.

如果我們看一下頂部，我們可以看到階層和職業。

We can also see the number of black families in this area,

我們還可以看到這個地區的黑人家庭數量。

and the preferred nomenclature of the 1930s was Negro.

而1930年代的首選術語是黑人。

There were zero.

有零。

Moving on to the next classification

轉入下一個分類

were blue neighborhoods.

是藍色社區。

And blue neighborhoods were considered

而藍色社區被認為是

to still be desirable.

仍然是可取的。

So as we take a look at the description

是以，當我們看了一下描述

of this blue area in Chicago,

的這個藍色區域在芝加哥。

the percentage of foreign families is still zero.

外國家庭的比例仍然為零。

The percentage of Negro families, still none.

黑人家庭的比例，還是沒有。

And as we come down to the description, we see the area is well laid out

而當我們下來看描述時，我們看到該地區的佈局很好

and the improvements are attractive,

和改進是有吸引力的。

but the proximity of Negro families on Spruce Street

但在斯普魯斯街的黑人家庭附近

at the southern edge precludes the district from a better rating

在南部邊緣，該區無法獲得更好的評級。

and is retarding its development.

並且正在延緩其發展。

The proximity of Negro families. That's so crazy.

黑人家庭的接近。這真是太瘋狂了。

So as you can see, these maps didn't ignore race.

是以，正如你所看到的，這些地圖並沒有忽略種族問題。

In fact, they were heavily dependent on it.

事實上，他們在很大程度上依賴它。

Race played a key factor in determining the value of these neighborhoods

種族在決定這些社區的價值方面發揮了關鍵因素

and their ratings to the banks.

和他們對銀行的評級。

The yellow neighborhoods were listed as definitely declining.

黃色的社區被列為肯定會下降的社區。

This one had 50% foreign families,

這個人有50%的外國家庭。

those foreign families being Polish and German.

這些外國家庭是波蘭和德國人。

Race wasn't the only determining factor

種族並不是唯一的決定因素

in whether or not these neighborhoods had value.

在這些街區是否有價值。

Immigrant families heavily impacted whether or not

移民家庭是否受到嚴重影響

it got a favorable evaluation.

它得到了良好的評價。

And as we move on to the last designation of these neighborhoods,

而當我們進入這些街區的最後指定時。

we come to red neighborhoods.

我們來到了紅色街區。

And this is actually where we get the term redlining from.

而這實際上是我們獲得紅線一詞的來源。

These neighborhoods were defined as hazardous.

這些街區被定義為危險街區。

And when we look at the description of the area,

而當我們看了該地區的描述。

the number of foreign families-- 5%.

外國家庭的數量--5%。

They were Italians.

他們是意大利人。

But the percentage of Negro families-- 90%.

但黑人家庭的比例--90%。

And as we make our way down the description sheet,

而當我們沿著描述表的方向前進時。

we see "This concentration of Negroes in Evanston

我們看到 "黑人在埃文斯頓的這種集中情況

is quite a serious problem for the town,

對該鎮來說，這是一個相當嚴重的問題。

as they seem to be growing steadily

因為他們似乎正在穩步增長

and encroaching into adjoining neighborhoods."

並侵佔了相鄰的社區。"

These maps are how the federal government institutionalized segregation,

這些地圖是聯邦政府將種族隔離制度化的方式。

and they used race to determine the value of all of these neighborhoods.

並且他們用種族來確定所有這些社區的價值。

So I want to understand how all of these red lines

是以，我想了解所有這些紅線如何

are impacting people's lives today.

正在影響著人們今天的生活。

H.O.L.C. was passed in 1933, and before that time,

H.O.L.C.是在1933年通過的，而在那之前。

places where H.O.L.C. made those red-lining maps

H.O.L.C.製作那些紅線地圖的地方

and places that didn't have those maps

以及那些沒有這些地圖的地方

were about the same level of segregation.

隔離的程度大致相同。

And the measurement that we use is a fairly common measurement of segregation

而我們使用的測量方法是一個相當常見的隔離測量方法

called Black Isolation.

叫做 "黑色隔離"。

Then by 1950, 1960, we see that cities

然後到了1950年、1960年，我們看到，城市

that were where the redlining maps were created,

那是創建紅線圖的地方。

there's this huge jump here.

這裡有這個巨大的跳躍。

This one sort of moment, they were collecting the data and published the data

這一個排序的時刻，他們正在收集數據並公佈數據

and it vastly impacted millions of American lives from that point on.

並從那時起極大地影響了數百萬美國人的生活。

Yeah. This gap emerges especially as the Federal Housing Administration

是的。這種差距的出現尤其是因為聯邦住房管理局

and the G.I. Bill kick in after H.O.L.C.,

和G.I.法案在H.O.L.C.之後開始生效。

and then we're layering on schools, highways, et cetera.

然後我們在學校、高速公路上分層，等等。

Suburbanization. And then all that gets locked in place.

郊區化。然後所有這些都被鎖定在了這裡。

So I would say that the gap that we see today

所以我想說，我們今天看到的差距

is a result of structural racism,

是結構性種族主義的結果。

which includes the wealth gap,

其中包括貧富差距。

it includes this history of exclusion.

它包括這段被排斥的歷史。

It includes the intentional segregating of neighborhoods.

它包括故意隔離社區。

What impact did this have on our economy

這對我們的經濟產生了什麼影響

and the ability for people to participate in it?

以及人們參與其中的能力？

Housing segregation has all these other layers on top of it,

住房隔離有所有這些其他層次的東西在上面。

including education and employment opportunities.

包括教育和就業機會。

So the isolation of people of color,

是以，有色人種的隔離。

in this case specifically African-Americans,

在這種情況下，特別是非洲裔美國人。

has dramatically limited the ability of African-Americans

這極大地限制了非洲裔美國人的能力。

to kind of achieve what we generally consider to be kind of middle class status--

以達到我們通常認為的中產階級的地位 --

home ownership, wealth stability,

房屋所有權，財富穩定性。

the ability to pass on resources to the next generation.

將資源傳給下一代的能力。

Any other interesting takeaways from this?

這方面還有什麼有趣的收穫嗎？

It didn't have to be this way.

它不一定是這樣的。

So we just learned about how the government has historically

是以，我們剛剛瞭解到，政府在歷史上是如何

segregated neighborhoods across America,

美國各地隔離的社區。

but I wanted to understand how these problems

但我想了解這些問題是如何

are affecting people today.

正在影響今天的人們。

I'm getting ready to meet up with two former testers

我正準備與兩位前測試員見面

from the Fair Housing Justice Center.

來自公平住房正義中心。

So, tell me exactly what a tester is.

那麼，請告訴我到底什麼是測試員。

What did you all do in that capacity?

你們都以這種身份做了什麼？

It's a way of finding out what landlords or real estate agents

這是一種瞭解房東或房地產經紀人的方式。

are saying to people when they think no one else is listening.

在他們認為沒有人在聽的時候，對人們說。

If you're a real person going out looking for a home to rent or to buy,

如果你是一個真正的人，要出去找房子租或買。

you provide your information and you're given certain information

你提供了你的資訊，你得到了某些資訊

about what's available in what neighborhoods at what price levels.

關於在什麼社區有什麼價格水平的產品。

You have no way if knowing if someone of a different race or ethnicity

你沒有辦法知道，如果一個不同種族或族裔的人

or any of the protected characteristics is being told the same thing as you.

或任何受保護特徵的人被告知與你相同的事情。

What are the ways that we're seeing housing discrimination play out right now?

我們現在看到的住房歧視的表現形式是什麼？

Any time I hear somebody say, "Oh, white supremacy,

任何時候我聽到有人說，"哦，白人至上主義。

white privilege is just a myth in this country," I say,

我說："在這個國家，白人的特權只是一個神話。

"Come do my job for half an hour and you'll see the way the doors get opened for me."

"來做我的工作半小時，你會看到大門被我打開的方式。"

I actually had this very nice woman in Brooklyn showing me an apartment.

實際上，我在布魯克林有一個非常好的女人帶我看了一套公寓。

We're always instructed to convey disinterest.

我們總是被要求傳達不感興趣的資訊。

She said, "Tell you what I'm gonna do.

她說，"告訴你我要做什麼。

Let me write down the number for the entry code for the lobby door.

讓我寫下大廳門的進入密碼的號碼。

If I'm not here, you just let yourselves in. Go up to the fourth floor.

如果我不在這裡，你們就自己進來吧。上到四樓去。

Show her around the apartment because I'd really love to see you guys in here."

帶她參觀一下公寓，因為我真的很想看到你們在這裡。"

Most of my experiences are not like Craig's at all.

我的大部分經歷與克雷格的完全不同。

I don't want to paint the picture that every time I'm sent out to test

我不想描繪出每次我被派去測試的情況

I'm discriminated against,

我被歧視了。

but I have been involved in cases

但我也曾參與過一些案件

where very clear discrimination happened.

其中發生了非常明顯的歧視。

At times, I am shown the apartment, but I'm quoted a higher rent.

有時，我被帶去看公寓，但我被報了更高的租金。

$300 over my white counterpart.

300美元，超過我的白人同行。

At times, not shown amenities in the building.

有時，沒有顯示建築物內的設施。

Not encouraged to apply where my white counterpart was encouraged to apply.

在我的白人同事被鼓勵申請的地方沒有被鼓勵申請。

Lisa, what is-- what do some of those experiences that you've had,

麗莎，什麼是......什麼是你的一些經驗。

what do they tell you about what regular folks might be going through?

他們能告訴你普通人可能會經歷什麼嗎？

When you're a tester, we're-- as an African-American,

當你是一個測試員，我們--作為一個非洲裔美國人。

I'm representing all the African-Americans that went and inquired at that building

我代表所有前往該建築詢問的非裔美國人。

and were lied to, so I represent so many other people of color

而被欺騙了，所以我代表其他許多有色人種

who are experiencing this while just looking for housing,

正在經歷這種情況的人，而只是在尋找住房。

and housing is a basic need.

而住房是一個基本需求。

So, when my dad sold our house in D.C.,

所以，當我父親賣掉我們在華盛頓的房子時。

we had to get it appraised twice.

我們不得不對它進行了兩次評估。

And the first time it was appraised, the value was set at about $800,000.

而第一次被評估時，價值被定為約80萬美元。

But my dad knew that our neighbors on the same block

但我父親知道，我們同一街區的鄰居們

were selling their houses for much more that that.

他們的房子賣得比這個價格高得多。

So we spoke to a realtor who told him

是以，我們與一位房地產經紀人交談，他告訴他

to take all of the family photos off the walls,

把所有的家庭照片從牆上取下來。

leave them bare, and get it appraised a second time.

讓它們光禿禿的，並得到第二次的評估。

And that second appraisal,

還有那個第二次鑑定。

the value was set at about $1.2 million.

價值被確定為約120萬美元。

And at the time, I didn't think that was motivated by race,