Placeholder Image

字幕列表 影片播放

由 AI 自動生成
  • Narrator: From bonnethead sharks

    敘述者。從倭寇頭鯊魚

  • to big old Komodo dragons,

    到大的老科摩多龍。

  • more than 11 million fluid specimens live

    超過1,100萬個液體標本活體

  • in the basement of the Field Museum in Chicago.

    在芝加哥的菲爾德博物館的地下室。

  • Josh: There are 883 frogs in here.

    喬希:這裡有883只青蛙。

  • Narrator: But why hold on to them all?

    敘述者。但為什麼要把它們都抓在手裡?

  • And why keep them wet?

    為什麼要讓它們保持溼潤?

  • Think of it like a library.

    把它想象成一個圖書館。

  • Stored this way, wet specimens keep their shape

    以這種方式儲存,溼的標本可以保持其形狀

  • and, in some cases, even DNA --

    而且,在某些情況下,甚至是DNA --

  • basically, the closest researchers can get

    基本上,研究人員能得到的最接近的

  • to keeping a live zoo in their labs.

    在他們的實驗室裡飼養一個活的動物園。

  • Each jar is a book researchers can crack open

    每個罐子都是研究人員可以打開的一本書

  • and learn from, sometimes discovering

    並從中學習,有時發現

  • brand-new species right here on the shelves.

    嶄新的物種就在這裡的貨架上。

  • But you can't just drop a Komodo dragon

    但你不能就這樣扔下一條科莫多龍

  • straight into a tank of alcohol.

    直接進入一罐酒精。

  • The Field Museum has to acquire

    田野博物館必須要獲得

  • and painstakingly prepare them

    並煞費苦心地準備它們

  • so they can be preserved for centuries to come.

    所以它們可以被保存到未來的幾個世紀。

  • The Field Museum acquires its specimens in two ways:

    田野博物館通過兩種方式獲取標本。

  • either through donations,

    或者通過捐贈。

  • or sometimes researchers go out in the field

    或者有時研究人員到野外去

  • to strategically euthanize specimens

    對標本進行戰略性的安樂死

  • like this common water snake.

    像這種常見的水蛇。

  • If you manage to grab one, they do not hesitate to bite.

    如果你設法抓住一個,他們會毫不猶豫地咬人。

  • Narrator: Sara's research relies on new

    敘述者。薩拉的研究依靠的是新的

  • and old specimens to see how changes in habitat

    和舊標本,以瞭解棲息地的變化情況。

  • have affected the species over time.

    隨著時間的推移,對該物種產生了影響。

  • And the first thing she does with a new one

    而她對新產品做的第一件事就是

  • is grab its DNA.

    是抓住它的DNA。

  • This is a fairly new step in the process,

    這是一個相當新的程序步驟。

  • since DNA wasn't really used the way it is now

    因為當時沒有像現在這樣真正使用DNA

  • until the '90s.

    直到90年代。

  • It's not impossible,

    這並不是不可能的。

  • but it is much easier to take tissue samples

    但採集組織樣本要容易得多

  • from fresh animals

    來自新鮮動物的

  • than it is to take them from preserved animals

    而不是從被保存的動物身上取走它們。

  • and get really good results.

    並獲得真正的好結果。

  • Narrator: She uses scissors and forceps

    敘述者。她用剪刀和鑷子

  • to collect the DNA sample,

    來收集DNA樣本。

  • first sanitizing them

    首先對它們進行消毒

  • by burning away any random DNA

    通過燃燒掉任何隨機的DNA

  • so the results aren't mixed.

    所以結果並不複雜。

  • Sara: It does get so hot, though, that then I have to

    薩拉:不過,確實很熱,然後我不得不

  • dip it into some ethanol

    把它浸入一些乙醇中

  • so that it doesn't, essentially,

    是以,從本質上講,它並沒有。

  • sear the animal as I work on it.

    在我工作的過程中,對動物進行觀察。

  • Narrator: Sara takes the sample

    敘述者。薩拉取樣

  • from the inside of the snake,

    從蛇的內部。

  • so she doesn't mess up what it looks like on the outside.

    這樣她就不會把外面的樣子搞亂。

  • Sara: The way I'm cutting is so that

    薩拉:我的切割方式是這樣的

  • if somebody comes along,

    如果有人來了。

  • they're still going to be able to count these scales.

    他們仍將能夠計算這些規模。

  • Narrator: Plus, that's right around

    敘述者。另外,這就在

  • where the liver is located.

    肝臟所處的位置。

  • Sara: And there's the liver! Right there.

    那是肝臟!就在那裡。就在那裡。

  • Narrator: It's Sara's favorite tissue to collect

    敘述者。這是薩拉最喜歡收集的紙巾

  • for DNA extraction because it dissolves easily.

    用於提取DNA,因為它容易溶解。

  • Sara: It turns everything pink.

    薩拉:它把所有東西都變成了粉紅色。

  • It says "SR 1291."

    上面寫著 "SR 1291"。

  • I double-check my tag is "SR 1291."

    我仔細檢查了我的標籤是 "SR 1291"。

  • Narrator: Then the DNA goes into

    敘述者。然後DNA進入

  • these massive liquid-nitrogen freezers

    這些巨大的液氮冷凍機

  • with thousands of other DNA samples.

    與其他數以千計的DNA樣本。

  • Now she's ready for formalin,

    現在她已經準備好接受福爾馬林了。

  • the liquid that preserves the tissue

    保存組織的液體

  • and keeps a specimen frozen in time.

    並將一個標本凍結在時間中。

  • It's sort of like embalming it,

    這有點像對它進行防腐處理。

  • just like a person at a funeral home.

    就像一個人在殯儀館。

  • Narrator: Sara has to keep in mind what info she needs now

    敘述者。薩拉必須牢記她現在需要什麼資訊

  • and what researchers might need in the future,

    以及研究人員在未來可能需要的東西。

  • like the sex of the snake.

    像蛇的性別。

  • Sara: It's always good to see if,

    薩拉:能看到這一點總是好的,如果。

  • maybe if it's a male snake,

    如果是公蛇的話,也許可以。

  • if you can find the hemipenes and pop them out.

    如果你能找到半邊天並將其彈出。

  • Narrator: Sara will pose the snake

    敘述者。薩拉將擺出蛇的姿勢

  • so you can see the visible penises

    所以你可以看到可見的陰莖

  • from outside the jar without even opening it.

    從罐子外面,甚至沒有打開它。

  • And this pose is how it will stay

    而這個姿勢將一直保持下去

  • for the rest of its afterlife.

    為其餘下的生命。

  • The coil doesn't just look snaky ...

    線圈不只是看起來像蛇形...

  • Sara: There is some art to it.

    薩拉:這裡面有一些藝術。

  • And you can stack lots and lots of them

    而且你可以堆放很多很多的東西

  • on top of each other in a jar.

    在一個罐子裡相互疊加。

  • One,

    一。

  • two,

    兩個。

  • three, four.

    三,四。

  • I've got five snakes here,

    我這裡有五條蛇。

  • and there's another, probably, six in this jar.

    而這個罐子裡還有一個,可能是六個。

  • Narrator: Last step in this part of the process

    敘述者。在這部分過程中的最後一步

  • is tucking it in under a formalin-soaked paper towel.

    是把它塞進浸過福爾馬林的紙巾下面。

  • It keeps the snake saturated

    它使蛇保持飽和狀態

  • without having to fill the tub.

    而不需要填充浴缸。

  • Sara: Good night, snaky.

    薩拉:晚安,蛇蠍美人。

  • Narrator: Over a few days,

    敘述者。經過幾天的時間。

  • the formalin will set into the tissue,

    福爾馬林會在組織中凝固。

  • leaving the snake fixed in place.

    讓蛇固定在原地。

  • Almost like you're holding a rubber snake.

    幾乎就像你拿著一條橡膠蛇。

  • Narrator: Larger animals might need more

    敘述者。較大的動物可能需要更多的

  • than a few injections,

    比打幾針更重要。

  • like this catfish Caleb is working on.

    像Caleb正在研究的這條鯰魚。

  • Calculating the amount of formalin needed

    計算所需福爾馬林的數量

  • is mostly based on experience and feel.

    主要是基於經驗和感覺。

  • Too little, and your specimen will start to decay

    太少,你的標本會開始腐爛

  • and get floppy.

    並變得軟弱無力。

  • Too much, and your specimen will bloat

    太多了,你的標本會膨脹的

  • and become disfigured.

    並變得面目全非。

  • Caleb: You don't want to make the belly do this

    你不會想讓肚皮做這個的

  • because you've pumped it with so much formalin.

    因為你給它注射了這麼多福爾馬林。

  • Narrator: Once Caleb is confident his catfish

    敘述者。一旦Caleb確信他的鯰魚

  • is sufficiently full,

    是充分的。

  • he'll move it into a tank of even more formalin

    他將把它移到一個更多福爾馬林的罐子裡

  • to soak for about a week.

    浸泡大約一個星期。

  • Caleb: We're going to add a bit of cheesecloth

    迦勒:我們要加一點乾酪布

  • just to make sure that no parts of it

    只是為了確保它的任何部分

  • are sitting outside of the formalin.

    正坐在福爾馬林的外面。

  • Narrator: After the formalin, the team switches over

    敘述者。在福爾馬林之後,團隊切換到

  • to alcohol baths for long-term preservation,

    在酒精浴中進行長期保存。

  • like with this Komodo dragon.

    就像這條科摩多龍一樣。

  • The alcohol is less toxic than formalin,

    酒精的毒性比福爾馬林小。

  • so it's safer for researchers in the long run,

    所以從長遠來看,這對研究人員來說更安全。

  • and the specimen doesn't change much

    而標本並沒有什麼變化

  • while it sits in its final resting tank,

    當它坐在最後的休息槽中時。

  • just the color of the liquid.

    只是液體的顏色。

  • Josh: Especially large specimens,

    喬希:特別是大型標本。

  • they'll release a lot of debris and fatty oils

    它們會釋放出大量的碎片和脂肪油

  • that were stored in their body,

    儲存在他們身體裡的。

  • and it'll leech out into the ethanol,

    它將滲出到乙醇中。

  • and that causes a lot of the discoloration.

    而這導致了很多變色。

  • It's still doing its job

    它仍然在做它的工作

  • and keeping the animal preserved.

    並將動物保存起來。

  • Narrator: Most specimens in the wet collection

    敘述者。溼法收藏中的大多數標本

  • are kept looking as lifelike as possible.

    儘可能地保持栩栩如生的外觀。

  • But others ...

    但其他人......。

  • Caleb: We can clear away all of the tissue,

    我們可以清除所有的組織。

  • stain the bones and stain the cartilage,

    對骨骼進行染色,對軟骨進行染色。

  • and we can end up with just a skeleton

    而我們最終可能只得到一個骨架

  • that we can put under a microscope.

    我們可以把它放在顯微鏡下觀察。

  • Narrator: Extra-small fish have extra-small bones

    敘述者。超小的魚有超小的骨頭

  • that are difficult to keep track of.

    這是很難追蹤的。

  • So instead of isolating the skeleton,

    所以,與其說是孤立的骨架。

  • this method keeps it contained

    這種方法可以使它得到控制

  • but visible inside the body.

    但在體內可見。

  • First step is dyeing the specimen blue.

    第一步是將標本染成藍色。

  • This specific blue dye is attracted to cartilage,

    這種特定的藍色染料被吸引到軟骨上。

  • and the red dye clings to calcium.

    而紅色染料則附著在鈣上。

  • A few days for each is typically enough to lock in the dye.

    一般來說,每一種的幾天時間就足以鎖定染料。

  • The next step is to clear the fish.

    下一步是清除魚群。

  • We use an enzyme called trypsin

    我們使用一種叫做胰蛋白酶的酶

  • that digests proteins and break them down,

    消化蛋白質並將其分解。

  • but it leaves the collagen

    但它留下的是膠原蛋白

  • that holds everything together.

    將所有的東西聯繫在一起。

  • Narrator: Making the fish completely see-through.

    敘述者。讓魚完全透明化。

  • Finally, he dyes the bones red.

    最後,他把骨頭染成紅色。

  • Caleb: One of the advantages of clearing the fish

    Caleb: 清理魚群的一個好處是

  • and then putting it into the red dye

    然後將其放入紅色染料中

  • is you can keep an eye on it

    是你可以盯著它

  • to see how dark it's getting.

    來看看天有多黑了。

  • Narrator: The whole process can run a few days

    敘述者。整個過程可能需要幾天的時間

  • to around a month.

    到一個月左右。

  • Done right, and your final product

    做得對,你的最終產品

  • are these almost alien-looking specimens.

    是這些幾乎看起來像外星人的標本。

  • Caleb: It's kind of like Jell-O,

    迦勒:這有點像果凍。

  • and you store it in glycerin in the end,

    而你最後把它儲存在甘油中。

  • because glycerin and collagen

    因為甘油和膠原蛋白

  • have the same refractive index,

    具有相同的折射率。

  • or the way that light passes through.

    或光線通過的方式。

  • Narrator: These specimens go right into collections

    敘述者。這些標本將被直接收集起來

  • alongside all the opaque ones,

    與所有不透明的一起。

  • so researchers can access them

    以便研究人員能夠訪問它們

  • when all they want to see is bones and cartilage.

    當他們想看到的只是骨頭和軟骨時。

  • Caleb: You can put this under a microscope.

    你可以把這個放在顯微鏡下觀察。

  • You can move bones around

    你可以隨意移動骨骼

  • and see how one bone moving

    看一個人的骨頭如何移動

  • affects other bones nearby.

    影響到附近的其他骨骼。

  • Narrator: Entirely new species

    敘述者。完全的新物種

  • have been discovered this way,

    已經以這種方式被發現。

  • like these two fish species

    像這兩個魚種

  • that are identical on the outside.

    外表完全一樣的。

  • Caleb: But when you clear and stain them

    但當你把它們清除並染色時

  • and you look at their bones,

    和你看他們的骨頭。

  • you can actually see that there are differences

    你實際上可以看到,有一些差異

  • in their skeletons between species.

    在物種之間,他們的骨架的變化。

  • Narrator: New species can hide on the shelves for decades.

    敘述者。新物種可以在貨架上隱藏幾十年。

  • Sara: So, here we go.

    薩拉:那麼,我們開始吧。

  • Narrator: Like this spider-tailed horned viper

    敘述者。就像這條蜘蛛尾巴的角蝰蛇一樣

  • kept under lock and key.

    被鎖住了。

  • It was originally collected in the 1960s,

    它最初是在1960年代收集的。

  • and researchers first thought it was

    和研究人員首先認為是

  • a different species of viper with an abnormality.

    一條有異常的不同種類的毒蛇。

  • Sara: This weird, weird parasite or a tumor.

    薩拉:這種怪異的、奇怪的寄生蟲或腫瘤。

  • Narrator: But then ...

    敘述者。但後來......。

  • Sara: In the early 2000s,

    薩拉:在21世紀初。

  • some herpetologists came along,

    一些爬蟲學家走了過來。

  • and they said,

    他們說。

  • "You know, I think it's a whole new species altogether."

    "你知道,我認為這完全是一個全新的物種。"

  • Narrator: Once a second one was found,

    敘述者。有一次,又發現了第二個。

  • they compared it to this one.

    他們把它與這個相比。

  • Sara: And the species Pseudocerastes urarachnoides

    薩拉:還有一個物種Pseudocerastes urarachnoides

  • was described from this very individual,

    就是從這個人身上描述的。

  • this holotype.

    這個主模式。

  • Narrator: But specimens like this one

    敘述者。但像這樣的標本

  • are only helpful if you can find them.

    只有當你能找到它們時才會有幫助。

  • Caleb: It's kind of like a library,

    迦勒:這有點像一個圖書館。

  • but jars of fish.

    但是魚罐子。

  • Different families of fishes have numbers,

    不同科的魚類都有編號。

  • and then within each family,

    然後在每個家庭內。

  • they're arranged alphabetically by genus

    它們是按屬的字母順序排列的

  • and then by species.

    然後再按物種分類。

  • Narrator: There's even a field in the database

    敘述者。數據庫中甚至有一個字段

  • for noting when and where a specimen was last seen.

    用於記下最後一次見到標本的時間和地點。

  • Caleb: So if someone asks for it, we know that,

    所以,如果有人要求,我們就知道。

  • well, at least at this date,

    嗯,至少在這個日期。

  • it was spotted on the shelf in the collection.

    它被發現在收藏品的架子上。

  • Narrator: And once you find it,

    敘述者。而一旦你找到它

  • it's not always as simple as pulling a jar off a shelf.

    它並不總是像從貨架上拉出一個罐子那麼簡單。

  • Josh: There are 883 frogs in here.

    喬希:這裡有883只青蛙。

  • Narrator: And each one has its own ID number,

    敘述者。而每一個人都有自己的身份證號碼。

  • so if a researcher wants to look at a specific frog ...

    是以,如果一個研究人員想研究一隻特定的青蛙......。

  • Josh: I have to sit here and just pick each one up

    我必須坐在這裡,把每一個人都撿起來。

  • one by one and be like, "Nope, not this one.

    一個一個地看,然後說:"不,不是這個。

  • "Nope, not this one," until you find the right one.

    "不,不是這個,"直到你找到合適的。

  • Narrator: These frogs used to be stored separately,

    敘述者。這些青蛙過去是分開存放的。

  • but at times ...

    但有時...

  • Josh: We've definitely run out of space.

    喬希:我們肯定已經沒有空間了。

  • They combined jars of the same species

    他們把同一物種的罐子結合起來

  • but collected by different people,

    但由不同的人收集。

  • collected from different places,

    從不同的地方收集的。

  • collected at different times,

    在不同時間收集的。

  • but then you end up with the same problem I mentioned here.

    但是,你最終會遇到我在這裡提到的同樣問題。

  • Narrator: Getting rid of stuff is not an option.

    敘述者。擺脫東西不是一種選擇。

  • Old specimens can be especially valuable.

    老標本可能特別有價值。

  • Josh: This is the oldest specimen we have

    喬希:這是我們擁有的最古老的標本

  • in the amphibian and reptile collection.

    在兩棲動物和爬行動物收藏中。

  • Narrator: Sara has even developed a technique

    敘述者。薩拉甚至開發了一種技術

  • for recovering DNA stuck inside them.

    用於恢復卡在它們裡面的DNA。

  • The process is similar to getting DNA from fresh tissue,

    這一過程類似於從新鮮組織中獲取DNA。

  • with a little extra work.

    只要做一點額外的工作就可以了。

  • Sara: That extra work includes heating it up real high

    薩拉:額外的工作包括把它加熱到很高的溫度。

  • and trying to digest it

    並試圖消化它

  • and pull the DNA away from the formalin

    並將DNA從福爾馬林中拉出

  • over a much longer period of time.

    在一個更長的時間段內。

  • Narrator: But it can be hit-or-miss.

    敘述者。但它可能是命中註定的。

  • It could be anywhere between 0% success

    它可能是在0%的成功率之間的任何地方

  • all the way up to, like, maybe 60% or 70% success.

    所有的方式,如,也許60%或70%的成功。

  • If all you have is a 100-year-old snake in a jar,

    如果你所擁有的只是一條在罐子裡的百年老蛇。

  • you might as well give it a shot.

    你不妨給它一個機會。

  • Narrator: Like library books,

    敘述者。像圖書館的書。

  • some of these jars can sit untouched

    有些罐子可以放著不動

  • on their shelves for years.

    在他們的書架上放了好幾年。

  • But all it takes is a curious person to crack one open,

    但只需要一個好奇心強的人把它打開。

  • and our understanding of the natural world

    和我們對自然界的理解

  • can completely change.

    可以完全改變。

  • Sara: I always think whether it's DNA,

    薩拉:我一直認為這是否是DNA。

  • whether it's taking the whole specimen to preserve,

    是否要拿整個標本來保存。

  • this thing then didn't just die in vain.

    那麼這個東西就沒有白白地死去。

  • It lives on in science forever.

    它永遠活在科學中。

Narrator: From bonnethead sharks

敘述者。從倭寇頭鯊魚

字幕與單字
由 AI 自動生成

單字即點即查 點擊單字可以查詢單字解釋