Five-second rule.

五秒規則。

You double dipped the chip.

你把洋芋片沾醬兩次。

Raw eggs? Haven't you heard of salmonella?

生雞蛋？你沒聽說過沙門氏菌嗎？

To get to the bottom of other widely believed food rules and find out what's true and what's bogus according to the agency that regulates food safety,

為了要深入了解其他廣為人知的食品規則，找出什麼是真的什麼是假的，

we reached out to Peter Cassell, as spokesperson for the FDA.

我們聯繫了 Peter Cassell，FDA 的發言人。

To ease your eating worries, here are eight food safety questions you've likely had at one point in your life.

為了減輕你對飲食的擔憂，以下是你一生中可能遇到過的八個食品安全問題。

Rule number 1, it's unsafe to drink milk past it's sell-by date even if it's just a day or two.

規則一，飲用超過保質期的牛奶是不安全的，哪怕只是一兩天的時間。

Not necessarily.

不一定。

As Cassell explains, drinking milk a day or two after the milk's sell-by date may not be a safety issue but be more of a taste issue.

Cassell 解釋，在牛奶保質期後一兩天喝牛奶造成的可能不是安全問題，而是口味問題。

That said, drinking milk any amount of time past its expiration date does increase the risk of developing food-borne illness from bacteria that might have grown, says Cassell.

Cassell 表示，在過期後的任何時間內飲用牛奶確實會增加因可能已經生長的細菌而患食源性疾病的風險，

But unless you're part of a population that should play it extra safe - elderly people, pregnant women, and young children would fall into that category.

但除非你屬於應該格外注意安全的那類人，像是老年人、孕婦和幼兒，

And if your milk is within a few days of its sell-by date, then you're probably good to go.

且如果你的牛奶還在過期後的幾天內，你可以安心飲用。

Just give it a whiff before you drink it.

在喝之前先聞一聞就可以了。

Rule number 2, you shouldn't drink from a cup of water that has been left sitting out overnight.

第二條規則，你不應該喝隔夜的水。

Probably false.

可能是假的。

Your water might taste a little funny if it's been sitting on your bedside table overnight.

如果你的水在你的床頭櫃上放了一晚上，那它可能會有一點怪味。

But water from a clean glassis still perfectly fine to drink.

但是，在乾淨的杯子裡的水仍然可以飲用。

After all, Cassell says water itself has no ingredients that would make it go bad.

Cassell 說，畢竟水本身沒有成分會讓它變質。

However, sipping does transmit microorganisms from your mouth to the cup.

然而，喝水確實會從你的嘴傳播微生物到杯子。

It's a good idea to swap out your dirty glass for a clean one each day.

所以最好是每天把髒的玻璃杯換成乾淨的。

Rule number 3, white discoloration on a chocolate bar means the chocolate has gone bad.

第三條規則，巧克力棒上的白色變色，表示巧克力已經壞了。

False.

假的。

If you were thinking of throwing out that discolored bar of chocolate you just unwrapped, think again.

如果你正在考慮扔掉你剛拆開的那塊變色的巧克力，再想想吧。

A white film on the surface of your chocolate might look alarming but it's most likely just fat bloom.

在你的巧克力表面有一層白色薄膜可能看起來令人擔憂，但它很可能只是在釋放脂肪。

This occurs when cocoa butter fats separate from cocoa, says Cassell.

Cassell 說，當可可脂與可可分離時，就會發生這種情況。

Although considered a defect, it's safe to eat.

雖然被認為是一種缺陷，但它可以安全食用。

Rule number 4, butter should be stored in the fridge, not at room temperature in a butter dish.

第四條規則，奶油應存放在冰箱裡，不要放在室溫下的盤子中。

True.

確實如此。

If your household is in the habit of leaving a butter dish out in room temperature, maybe you should rethink the practice.

如果你家習慣將裝奶油的盤子放在室溫下，也許你應該重新考慮一下這種做法。

According to Cassell, doing so puts butter at risk of increased rates of oxidative rancidity,

根據 Cassell 的說法，這樣做會使奶油面臨氧化酸敗率增加的風險，

which leads to the more rapid development of an unusual or unpleasant flavor.

導致更快速的產生不尋常或不好聞的味道。

On the other hand, refrigeration both preserves the shelf life of the butter and reduces the growth rates of spoilage microbes which might be present.

另一方面，冷藏既可以保持奶油的保質期，又可以降低可能存在的腐敗微生物的生長速度。

So, refrigerate your butter and if you want warm, spreadable butter try using a serrated warming butter knife.

所以，冷藏你的奶油，如果你想要溫溫的、可塗抹的奶油，請嘗試使用加熱過後的鋸齒奶油刀。

Rule number 5, fruits and vegetables should be washed before eating.

第五條規則，所有水果和蔬菜在食用前都應清洗。

This is true.

這是真的。

All fresh produce can be contaminated in many ways.

所有新鮮產品都可能在許多方面受到汙染。

Animals, dangerous substances such as pesticide and workers can all contribute to contamination.

像是動物、危險物質，如殺蟲劑和工人都會造成汙染。

According to one environmental working group analysis, the USDA has found that nearly 70% of conventionally grown produce samples tested positive for pesticide residues.

根據一項環境工作組的分析，美國農業部發現，近 70% 的傳統種植農產品樣品的農藥殘留檢測呈陽性。

So, unless your fresh produce and fruit is marked pre-washed or ready to eat,

所以除非你的新鮮產品和水果標有免洗或可直接食用的字樣，

be sure to give it a good wash before prepping or eating it,

在準備食用之前，一定要把它好好洗一洗，

especially if it's one of the Dirty Dozen:

特別是如果它是「骯髒蔬果」中的其中一個：

strawberries, spinach, kale, nectarines, apples, grapes, peaches, cherries, pears, tomatoes, celery, potatoes and hot peppers.

草莓、菠菜、甘藍、油桃、蘋果、葡萄、桃子、櫻桃、梨子、西紅柿、芹菜、洋芋和辣椒。

Rule number 6, raw eggs will make you sick.

第六條規則，生雞蛋會讓你生病。

Since you can't tell from the outer shell or inside of the egg it's contaminated, always refrigerate eggs and cook them until the yolk is firm.

由於你無法從外殼或雞蛋裡面看出來它是否被汙染了，雞蛋一定要冷藏後再煮，且要煮到蛋黃熟了。

Raw eggs have a chance of being contaminated with harmful bacteria such as salmonella,

生雞蛋有可能被有害細菌汙染，如沙門氏菌，

but since bacteria are microscopic, you won't be able to just weed the bad eggs out.

但由於細菌是微觀的，你沒辦法淘簡單地淘汰壞掉的蛋。

The best practice is to refrigerate, handle and cook eggs properly, says Cassell.

Cassell 說，最好的做法就是冷藏，正確地處理雞蛋。

Cook eggs until both the yolk and white are firm and cook any egg dishes until they are at an internal temperature of 160 degrees Fahrenheit or hotter.

將雞蛋煮至蛋黃和蛋白都變熟，並將任何含有雞蛋的菜餚煮至它們內部溫度達到華氏 160 度或更高的溫度。

Rule number 7, you shouldn't double dip.

第七條規則，你不應該沾兩次醬。

True.

確實如此。

Double dipping can spread bacteria and is especially sketchy because a person doesn't have to be visably sick or sick at all to pass on germs.

沾兩次醬會傳播細菌，而且不太安全，因為就算生病症狀不明顯也可以傳播細菌。

It's best to put dip on your own plate so that you can enjoy it without spreading any germs to others, says Cassell.

Cassell 說，最好在自己的盤子上沾一下，這樣你就可以享受它而不會將任何細菌傳播給他人。

If you know that you are ill, it may be a good idea to stay away from communal snacks or foods all together.

如果你知道自己生病了，最好不要共用零食或食物。

Rule number 8, if you bring a homemade salad to work, you should refrigerate it immediately. Keeping it at room temperature could make it go bad by lunch time.

第八條規則，如果你帶自製沙拉上班，你應該立即冷藏，保存在室溫下可能到了午餐時間就變質了。

True.

確實如此。

It all comes down to what kinds of ingredients you pack in your salad.

這一切都取決於你在沙拉裡加入了什麼樣的配料。

But spoiler alert, they're most likely perishable and should be refrigerated as soon as possible.

但劇透警告，以下這些食品可能很容易腐爛，應盡快冷藏。

Lettuce, dairy-based dressing, cheeses and other produce in your salad should be stored properly at room temperature at 40 degrees Fahrenheit or below.

沙拉中的生菜、乳製品調味料、起司和其他農產品應在華氏 40 度或以下的室溫下妥善保存。

And most proteins such as meat, poultry, eggs and seafood should all be refrigerated within two hours of cooking or purchasing or within one hour if the temperature outside is above 90 degrees Fahrenheit, says Cassell.

Cassell 說，大多數蛋白質，如肉類、家禽、雞蛋和海鮮，都應該在烹飪或購買後兩小時內冷藏，如果外面的溫度高於華氏 90 度，則應在一小時內冷藏。

So, basically, unless you're planning on a 10 a.m. lunch, you should store salad in an insulated lunch bag with a pack of ice or just stick your Tupperware in the office fridge.

是以，基本上，除非你打算在上午10點吃午飯你應該把沙拉存放在保溫午餐袋中 帶著一包冰塊 或者直接把你的特百惠食品放在辦公室的冰箱裡。

So now that you know these rules, you can consume with a little peace of mind.

是以，現在你知道了這些規則。你可以安心地消費。

Enjoy your food.

享受你的食物。