to see a bit of Sue's blood vessels.

來看一下蘇的血管。

Jasmina Wiemann: Yes. Abby: That's rad.

Jasmina Wiemann：是的。艾比：這很好。

Jasmina: And you're going to be the second.

Jasmina：而你將成為第二個。

[Abby laughs]

[Abby笑]

It's this hollow

是這種空洞的

branching shape. Abby: Yes, yeah!

分支的形狀。艾比：是的，是的!

That Sue in question is Sue the T. rex,

所謂的蘇就是霸王龍蘇。

and we're about to see proof that she was warm-blooded.

而我們即將看到她是溫血動物的證據。

We went to the Field Museum

我們去了菲爾德博物館

to see how they work their magic.

來看看他們是如何施展魔法的。

Our first stop was ...

我們的第一站是...

So, here is our dinosaur and oversize collections.

是以，這裡是我們的恐龍和超大尺寸收藏。

Abby: That's Jingmai O'Connor, and she --

那是Jingmai O'Connor，她 --

you know what? I'll let her tell you.

你知道嗎？我會讓她告訴你。

Yeah, I would say I'm one of

是的，我想說我是一個

the world's experts on Mesozoic birds.

世界上的中生代鳥類專家。

Not to brag or anything. Nah, I'm just kidding.

不是為了吹噓或什麼。不，我只是在開玩笑。

Abby: And one of the key questions she asks

艾比：而她問的一個關鍵問題是

with her research is why birds were the only dinosaurs

她的研究是為什麼鳥類是唯一的恐龍

to survive the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction.

在白堊紀-古生代大滅絕中倖存下來。

We need to look at birds,

我們需要看一下鳥類。

and then we need to back up from birds

然後，我們需要從鳥類上進行備份

and look at the dinosaurs closely related.

並看一看與之密切相關的恐龍。

I think it's kind of funny,

我覺得這有點好笑。

but we have a drawer full of bits of Sue.

但我們有一個抽屜裡裝滿了蘇的碎片。

When you have the edge of the puzzle,

當你有了拼圖的邊緣。

that's the easiest part to do, right?

這是最容易做的部分，對嗎？

The inside of the puzzle is harder to put together.

拼圖的內部更難拼湊。

So these are like the inside puzzle bits.

所以這些就像裡面的拼圖位。

You can't figure out where they go,

你搞不清楚他們去了哪裡。

but this is to our advantage,

但這是對我們有利的。

because these are the type of fragments

因為這些都是類型的碎片

that it's OK for us to do destructive analyses on.

我們可以對其進行破壞性的分析。

Abby: The destruction of these rare

艾比：破壞這些罕見的

and one-of-a-kind fossils

和獨一無二的化石

can involve slicing or dissolving in acid.

可以涉及切片或在酸中溶解。

Slicing allows the scientists

切片允許科學家

to study specimens histologically.

以對標本進行組織學研究。

You have to cut a piece of the bone, remove it,

你必須切下一塊骨頭，把它取出來。

grind it down so it's really thin

把它磨碎，使其變得非常薄

so that light can pass through it

使得光線可以通過它

so you can study it under a microscope.

所以你可以在顯微鏡下研究它。

It's a cost-benefit analysis essentially, right?

這本質上是一種成本效益分析，對嗎？

What are the questions you're trying to answer?

你想回答的問題是什麼？

Is it worth it to damage

是否值得損害

this extremely rare, important fossil?

這塊極為罕見的重要化石？

Abby: To show me how it's done,

艾比：向我展示它是如何做的。

they demonstrated with a prehistoric bird bone.

他們用一個史前鳥類的骨頭來證明。

Jingmai: You're going to bring it to,

景邁：你要把它帶到。

in our case, Akiko Shinya.

在我們的案例中，Akiko Shinya。

She's our chief fossil preparator.

她是我們的首席化石製備師。

She's amazing.

她很了不起。

Abby: Akiko starts by taking

Abby: Akiko開始時採取了

a small slice of the specimen.

一個標本的小切片。

Jingmai: You then take your little chunk of bone

景邁：那你就拿著你的小塊骨頭吧

that you've removed, and you drop it into resin.

你把它取出來，然後把它放入樹脂中。

And then this needs to cure for several days.

然後這需要固化數天。

I mean, can you imagine playing Dungeons and Dragons

我的意思是，你能想象玩《龍與地下城》嗎？

with dinosaur dice? Abby: Dungeons and Dinosaurs.

用恐龍骰子？艾比：《地下城與恐龍》。

Oh!

哦!

Exactly.

正是如此。

Abby: Then you glue your D6 to a microscope slide

艾比：然後你把你的D6粘在顯微鏡幻燈片上

and slice it down even more.

並把它切得更小。

I did a terrible job with the saw.

我的鋸子做得很糟糕。

I almost destroyed everything with the saw, actually.

實際上，我幾乎用鋸子毀掉了所有東西。

I feel like I'm pushing too hard.

我覺得我推得太用力了。

Akiko: It's OK. Abby: OK.

秋子：沒事的。艾比：好的。

[yelps]

[吼叫聲]

I did it.

我做到了。

Abby: At this point, it's too small to slice,

艾比：在這一點上，它太小了，無法切開。

so Akiko will grind away extra layers.

所以秋子會磨掉多餘的層。

Abby: We're listening for that "shoog-shoog" sound.

我們在聽那個 "咻-咻 "的聲音。

[shoog-shooging]

[咻咻咻]

The slide ultimately needs to be between

幻燈片最終需要在

30 and 80 microns thick --

30和80微米厚 --

thinner than a sheet of paper.

比一張紙還薄。

Akiko basically uses finer and finer grinders,

Akiko基本上使用越來越細的研磨機。

like varying grades of sandpaper,

就像不同等級的砂紙。

to slowly shave off extra layers.

慢慢地刮掉多餘的層數。

Akiko: Straight down. That's the key.

秋子：直下。這就是關鍵所在。

Abby: I will try my best. Akiko: Yeah, I'll show you.

艾比：我將盡力而為。秋子：是的，我會給你看的。

Abby: You scared me now, though.

不過你現在嚇到我了。

There's a polishing stage to smooth out

有一個拋光階段，以磨平

any major imperfections that might obstruct the sample.

任何可能阻礙樣品的重大缺陷。

You're not getting away from me!

你逃不掉的！

And a second polish for fine tuning.

並進行第二次拋光，進行微調。

This one feels like someone is

這個感覺就像有人在

pulling carpet out from underneath the block.

將地毯從區塊下面拉出來。

Even with your naked eye, you can learn about a specimen.

即使用你的肉眼，你也可以瞭解到一個標本。

Here's a piece of Sue's rib,

這是蘇的一塊肋骨。

and you can see how Sue grew

你可以看到蘇的成長過程

almost like rings on a tree.

幾乎就像樹上的年輪。

You see these faint lines?

你看到這些模糊的線條了嗎？

Yeah.

是的。

Jingmai: Yeah, it'll be much -- Abby: It looks like agate.

景邁：是的，這將是多 -- 艾比：看起來像瑪瑙。

Yeah, it'll be much clearer

是的，這將是更清晰的

once we get it under a microscope,

一旦我們把它放在顯微鏡下觀察。

but those are the lines of arrested growth.

但這些是停止增長的線。

Do you want to look in?

你想進去看看嗎？

Jingmai: And here we're looking into

景邁：而在這裡，我們正在研究

the rib of Sue the T. rex.

霸王龍蘇的肋骨。

You notice that the space between these lines of growth

你注意到，這些增長線之間的空間

is becoming smaller and smaller.

正在變得越來越小。

So when it was younger and really having to bulk up, right,

所以，當它年輕的時候，真的要把體積變大，對。

it was growing very quickly.

它的增長速度非常快。

And as it reaches adult size, growth slows down.

而當它達到成年體型時，生長速度減慢。

Abby: The thinness of these sections was surprising

艾比：這些部分的薄度令人驚訝

because it shows a fast growth rate,

因為它顯示了快速的增長速度。

a key indicator that Sue had a high metabolic rate,

這是一個關鍵指標，表明蘇的新陳代謝率很高。

meaning she was probably not as cold-blooded

也就是說，她可能沒有那麼冷血

as scientists previously thought.

正如科學家以前所認為的那樣。

Scientists also looked at another indicator

科學家們還研究了另一個指標

of high metabolism, which is actually color.

的高代謝，這實際上是顏色。

More diverse colors in a species

一個物種中有更多不同的顏色

tends to mean a higher metabolism.

往往意味著更高的新陳代謝。

Jingmai: Here, we are looking at an SEM image

景邁：在這裡，我們看到的是一個SEM影像

of a sample from a feather

羽毛的樣本

of a 130-million-year-old bird

一隻1.3億年前的鳥的照片

called Eoconfuciusornis.

稱為Eoconfuciusornis。

Abby: Pre-extinction.

艾比：滅亡前。

Jingmai: So the only fossil bird

景邁：所以唯一的鳥類化石

older than this fossil bird is Archaeopteryx.

比這隻鳥化石更早的是Archaeopteryx。

Abby: A scanning electron microscope relies on

艾比：掃描電子顯微鏡依靠的是

electrons instead of light to magnify even more detail.

電子而不是光，以放大更多的細節。

Jingmai: And so if you look closely, you'll see these --

景邁：所以如果你仔細看，你會看到這些 --

this is literally what we call them --

這就是我們對他們的稱呼 --

sausage-looking structures.

看起來像香腸的結構。

[Abby laughs]

[Abby笑]

They are eomelanosomes.

它們都是 "紅細胞"（eomelanosomes）。

So eomelanosomes are responsible for the color black.

是以，eomelanosomes負責黑色的顏色。

Abby: Melanosomes are organelles found in animal cells

艾比：黑色素體是動物細胞中的細胞器。

that are associated with different colors.

這與不同的顏色有關。

When they fossilize, they leave behind distinct shapes.

當它們變成化石時，會留下明顯的形狀。

Jingmai: If they're very nicely aligned with each other,

景邁：如果他們相互之間非常好的配合。

we can tell it's iridescent black.

我們可以看出它是彩虹色的黑色。

If they're kind of a more oval-shaped eomelanosomes,

如果它們是一種更多的橢圓形的埃米拉諾體。

that's gray, and then if it's a phaeomelanosome,

那是灰色的，然後如果它是一個輝綠岩體。

we call these ones meatballs.

我們稱這些為肉丸子。

Literally, this is like,

從字面上看，這就像。

in papers, they're like, Abby: Such a delicious science.

在論文中，他們認為，艾比：這樣的科學很美味。

"the meatball-shaped ones."

"肉球狀的"。

Like, mm, I'm hungry.

就像，嗯，我很餓。

The meatball-shaped phaeomelanosomes are responsible

肉球狀的輝綠岩體負責

for a rusty red color.

呈現出鐵鏽紅色。

Abby: Many of the genes responsible for melanosomes

艾比：許多負責黑色素體的基因

are also linked to things that affect metabolism,

也與影響新陳代謝的事情有關。

so evolving one most likely evolves the other.

所以進化一個很可能會進化另一個。

And with both meatballs and sausages,

並同時配有肉丸和香腸。

Eoconfuciusornis shows way more melanosome size diversity

Eoconfuciusornis顯示出更多的黑色素體大小多樣性

than modern-day cold-blooded lizards.

比起現代的冷血蜥蜴。

Jingmai: So we can say that the dinosaurs

景邁：所以我們可以說，恐龍

that are becoming smaller, that are getting

變得越來越小，越來越

these large extravagant ornamental structures

這些大型奢侈的裝飾性建築

that are then able to evolve flight

然後能夠進化出飛行

are also becoming more colorful.

也正變得更加豐富多彩。

Abby: But these melanosomes can only tell us so much.

但這些黑色素體只能告訴我們這麼多。

They're an indicator of warm-bloodedness,

它們是熱血的指標。

but not definitive proof.

但不是確定的證據。

This is where Jasmina comes in.

這就是Jasmina的作用。

Jingmai: Everything that Jasmina is doing,

景邁：雅斯米娜正在做的一切。

five years ago that didn't exist.

五年前還不存在的。

I'm a molecular paleobiologist.

我是一個分子古生物學家。

My passion lies within

我的激情在於

the clade of dinosaurs including modern birds.

包括現代鳥類在內的恐龍支系。

People tend to think of bones and shells

人們往往想到的是骨頭和貝殼

and these kind of heart tissues

和這種心臟組織

that preserve much more readily.

這是更容易保存的。

But if we want to get a complete picture

但如果我們想獲得一個完整的畫面

about the diversity of life on our planet,

關於我們星球上生命的多樣性。

we really depend on soft-tissue preservation.

我們真正依靠的是軟組織保存。

Abby: Soft tissue is the squishy stuff like skin,

軟組織是指像皮膚一樣柔軟的東西。

blood vessels, and other non-bony materials

血管和其他非骨質材料

that scientists didn't even think

科學家們甚至沒有想到

could preserve until recently.

可以保留到最近。

So, about 30 years ago,

所以，大約30年前。

a vertebrate paleontologist tried for the first time

一位脊椎動物古生物學家首次嘗試了

to extract soft tissues from dinosaur heart tissues.

以從恐龍心臟組織中提取軟組織。

Abby: Her name is Mary Schweitzer,

艾比：她的名字叫瑪麗-史懷哲。

and people did not believe her findings.

而人們並不相信她的發現。

It was very critically perceived,

這是很有批判性的看法。

and people thought for a long time

而人們在很長一段時間內認為

that while these soft-tissue structures

雖然這些軟組織結構

very much looked like the original biological structures,

非常像原來的生物結構。

they could not possibly be related.

他們不可能有關係。

Abby: But soft tissues do preserve.

艾比：但軟組織確實可以保存。

Why do they preserve?

他們為什麼要保存？

This is absolutely paradoxical

這絕對是自相矛盾的

based on what was known scientifically

根據科學上已知的情況

at that point in time.

在那個時間點上。

Abby: You can actually see traces of it under a UV light.

艾比：在紫外光下，你實際上可以看到它的痕跡。

Jingmai: What we're going to do is just shine the light

景邁：我們要做的就是把光照亮

and look for things.

和尋找東西。

It looks like some of these may be scales

看起來其中一些可能是天平

that are preserving soft tissue.

正在保存軟組織的。

Not all of them.

不是所有的人。

Abby: Once soft tissues are suspected,

艾比：一旦懷疑是軟組織。

demineralization will isolate them if they're present,

如果有的話，脫礦會將它們分離出來。

so you can see the structures.

所以你可以看到結構。

This is where I got to try something with Sue's bones

這是我用蘇的骨頭嘗試的地方

that has never been done before.

這是以前從未做過的。

So, you mentioned that you would like to dissolve

所以，你提到你想解散

a Sue fragment and help us look for organics.

a蘇片段，並幫助我們尋找有機物。

Every bone is going to have

每根骨頭都會有

the tissues that we're looking for

我們正在尋找的組織

if they are in fact preserved.

如果它們事實上被保存下來。

But Sue has exceptional preservation,

但蘇有特殊的保存能力。

so we are quite hopeful.

所以我們很有希望。

Abby: We're taking this bit of Sue

艾比：我們要把蘇的這一點

and dissolving it in hydrochloric acid.

並將其溶於鹽酸。

The acid will dissolve any inorganic rock

酸會溶解任何無機岩石

but leave behind the organic soft tissues.

但留下了有機軟組織。

It's starting to look like a hazy IPA.

它開始看起來像一個朦朧的IPA。

Are you seeing anything?

你看到什麼了嗎？

Jasmina: It's all still in suspension.

Jasmina：這一切都還在暫停中。

Abby: Me too. Jasmina: We'll have to

艾比：我也是。Jasmina: 我們必須

give it a little bit of time.

給它一點時間。

Abby: After about 15 minutes,

艾比：大約15分鐘後。

the precipitate settles

沉澱物沉澱

and Jasmina pipettes it onto a slide.

雅斯米娜把它移到一個幻燈片上。

Jasmina: From here we go to the microscope.

雅斯米娜：從這裡開始，我們去看顯微鏡。

Abby: Let's go.

艾比：我們走吧。

Jasmina: Ooh, this is looking good.

Jasmina: 哦，這看起來不錯。

Abby: What are you seeing?

艾比：你看到了什麼？

Jasmina: We have a couple of

Jasmina: 我們有幾個

extracellular matrix pieces,

細胞外基質碎片。

blood vessels, large blood vessel fragments.

血管，大血管碎片。

Abby: You are the first person to see

艾比：你是第一個看到的人

a bit of Sue's blood vessels.

蘇的一點血管。

Jasmina: Yes.

Jasmina: 是的。

I was the second person

我是第二個人

to see Sue the T. rex's veins.

來看蘇氏霸王龍的血管。

Right now, take a look.

現在，請看一下。

Abby: OK.

艾比：好的。

Jasmina: Do you see the blood vessel structures

Jasmina: 你看到血管結構了嗎？

right in the focus center?

就在焦點中心？

It's this hollow

是這種空洞的

branching shape. Abby: Yes, yeah!

分支的形狀。艾比：是的，是的!

Jasmina: That is definitely one of the

Jasmina：這絕對是一個

bone vascular canals.

骨質血管管道。

Abby: [gasps] Oh, I see it real good now.

艾比：[喘氣]哦，我現在真的看到了。

Hold on.

等一下。

They've just been in there the whole time!

他們一直都在裡面！"。

Jasmina: They've been sitting there

Jasmina: 他們一直坐在那裡

for 65 million years. Abby: Just floating around.

有6500萬年了。艾比：只是漂浮在周圍。

[Abby laughs]

[Abby笑]

That was rad.

這是個好主意。

Because we can look at this

因為我們可以看一下這個

of course fascinated by the fact that,

當然對以下事實很著迷。

you know, soft tissues preserve in the time,

你知道，軟組織在時間上的保存。

but there's actually a lot of information

但實際上有很多資訊

in the molecular composition

在分子組成上

of these materials. Abby: Yeah, what can we see?

的這些材料。艾比：是的，我們能看到什麼？

Demineralization shows us that