Name: 記憶力好的人都會有這樣的感覺："我是一個很好的人，但我不知道該怎麼做"，"我不知道該怎麼做"。 (アメリカのエネルギー省で働いてるけど質問ある？ | Tech Support | WIRED.jp)
Uploaded: 2022-08-19T17:55:28.000Z
Duration: 17 min 44 s

未來進行式

I'm Jeremiah Baumann with the US Department of Energy and today I'll be answering your questions from twitter, this is energy support.

我是美國能源部的Jeremiah Baumann，今天我將在twitter上回答你的問題，這是能源支持。

程度副詞

So at red sweet jones asks dog, why is gas so damn high?

是以，在紅甜甜的瓊斯問狗，為什麼汽油這麼他媽的高？

Let's be honest, it's very, very high and it's kind of a big problem like so many things during the pandemic production of oil and gas plummeted because you know, suddenly nobody was driving anywhere for a few months back there and then hardly driving for almost a year, year and a half.

讓我們說實話，這是非常非常高的，這是一種大問題，就像大流行期間的許多事情一樣，石油和天然氣的生產急劇下降，因為你知道，突然沒有人在後面的幾個月裡開車到任何地方，然後幾乎沒有人開車，幾乎一年，一年半。

So oil and gas companies cut back production once things started opening up, planes are flying again, everyone's buying oil and gas again.

所以石油和天然氣公司削減了生產，一旦事情開始開放，飛機又開始飛了，大家又開始買石油和天然氣。

But because production hadn't caught up, prices went up and one thing that kind of going on right now is that oil and gas companies are making way more money than they've ever made before on oil and gas.

但是，由於生產沒有跟上，價格上升，現在有一件事是，石油和天然氣公司在石油和天然氣上賺的錢比他們以前賺的多。

And so they might be not quite so inclined to increase production.

是以，他們可能不太傾向於增加產量。

Or two other things that would bring prices down at chris underscore Ashworth asks, does geothermal heat mean diverting rivers of molten lava into your home?

或者其他兩件事會使價格下降，在chris underscore Ashworth問，地熱是否意味著將熔岩的河流引向你的家？

Please advise as much as I think we would all love a molten river of lava side home, geothermal heat means drilling down into the ground and tapping into the energy of the earth.

請建議，儘管我認為我們都喜歡家裡有一條熔岩河，但地熱意味著鑽入地下，挖掘出地球的能量。

The earth is naturally hot everywhere, basically they actually drill into the earth much like they do for drilling for oil and gas and the hot water comes up and create steam that can drive a turbine and generate electricity at Prince CSO V asks how does electricity get to the grid and then siphoned off to all the homes and buildings to the end consumer, the grid is often described as the biggest man made machine on the planet.

地球上到處都是天然的熱，基本上他們實際上鑽進了地球，就像他們鑽探石油和天然氣一樣，熱水上來後產生蒸汽，可以驅動渦輪機併發電，在CSO V問，電力如何進入電網，然後被抽走到所有的家庭和建築，到最終消費者，電網經常被描述為地球上最大的人造機器。

What it actually is is a giant electrical circuit and it's literally a bunch of wires connecting a power source and it's circulating around you can imagine each of these little stations is a home or a business or a factory or anything that needs electricity.

它實際上是一個巨大的電路，它實際上是一堆連接電源的電線，它在周圍循環，你可以想象這些小站是一個家庭或企業或工廠或任何需要電力的東西。

If you close the circuit breaker and it creates a loop that lets all these electrons start circulating through this, which is electricity.

如果你關閉斷路器，它創造了一個循環，讓所有這些電子開始在此循環，這就是電。

So the national grid is actually broken up into lots of regional and even local grids and the biggest grid is mostly broken into three giant sections.

是以，國家電網實際上被分割成很多區域性甚至地方性電網，而最大的電網大多被分割成三個巨大的部分。

It's called the Western Interconnect and Eastern Interconnect.

這被稱為西部互聯互通和東部互聯互通。

And then the third one is of course independent minded texas in system managing their own grid off on their own with just a few connections to the rest of us.

然後第三個當然是獨立思考的德克薩斯，在系統中管理他們自己的電網，只是與我們其他人有一些聯繫。

Then within those regions, states or regions, it gets broken down to the even more local level.

然後在這些地區、州或區域內，它被分解到更多的地方層面。

So you've probably seen in your neighborhood or off somewhere in a field fenced in areas.

是以，你可能已經在你的社區或在某個地方看到了用柵欄圍起來的區域。

They're just full of all this clearly electrical equipment with massive wires coming in, right?

他們只是充滿了所有這些明顯的電氣設備，有大量的電線進入，對嗎？

A lot of that equipment is often what's called step down transformers that take the power from the massive grid that actually runs at a different power level and bring breaks it down to a lower power level for your neighborhood and it's all one giant loop that has to always stay connected.

很多設備通常是所謂的降壓變壓器，它從巨大的電網中獲取電力，實際上以不同的功率水準運行，並將其分解為較低的功率水準，供你的鄰居使用，這都是一個巨大的循環，必須始終保持連接。

Has stepped up transformers to take that power level back up the other side of the circle to feed it back to the bulk transmission grid.

有升壓變壓器，將該電力水準帶回圓圈的另一邊，將其送回大宗輸電網。

At the spirit of 77 asks, but seriously do wind turbines cause cancer or jobs or both?

本著77問的精神，但嚴肅地說，風力渦輪機是否會導致癌症或就業，或兩者都有？

Okay, seriously wind turbines cause lots and lots and lots of jobs and economic development for counties and income for farmers whose land they go on but they do not cause cancer.

好吧，說真的，風力渦輪機會給各縣帶來很多很多的工作機會和經濟發展，給土地上的農民帶來收入，但它們不會導致癌症。

They're these giant towers, they literally spin and generate electricity there.

它們是這些巨大的塔，它們實際上是在那裡旋轉和發電。

Some people don't want them and some states are just going gangbusters, Iowa is gonna soon have enough wind power to meet its entire electricity needs the high plains states, the Dakotas Kansas Nebraska is rapidly growing all these states down to Oklahoma and texas generate tons and tons of electricity from wind power Already at mike ridden asks, I am all in favor of green energy.

有些人不想要它們，而有些州卻在大力發展，愛荷華州很快就會有足夠的風力發電來滿足其整個電力需求，高平原州、達科他州、堪薩斯州、內布拉斯加州正在迅速發展，所有這些州直到俄克拉荷馬州和德克薩斯州都有大量的風力發電，我完全支持綠色能源。

While ebs themselves have zero emissions when you factor in the carbon emissions from the generation of electricity, how do they compare to cars that run on fossil fuels?

雖然當你把發電過程中的碳排放考慮進去時，電子束本身是零排放的，但與使用化石燃料的汽車相比，它們又是怎樣的呢？

It is still cleaner to charge your car on electricity and drive it that way than it is to burn gasoline in the tank.

用電為你的汽車充電並以這種方式駕駛，仍然比在油箱中燃燒汽油更清潔。

The grid is way cleaner than it was even five or 10 years ago, electric motors are so much more efficient, you will burn way less gas or coal upstream to get enough electricity to power a car than you do.

電網甚至比5年或10年前更清潔，電動機的效率高得多，你將在上游燃燒更少的天然氣或煤炭來獲得足夠的電力為汽車供電。

If you're trying to actually explode gasoline right in your car in order to get enough power to drive at Cannes are Stewart asks, texas produces almost two billion barrels of oil a day, why do Texans have to pay so much for their gas?

如果你想在你的汽車中實際爆炸汽油，以便獲得足夠的動力在坎城電影節上開車，是斯圖爾特問，德克薩斯每天生產近20億桶石油，為什麼德克薩斯人要為他們的汽油支付這麼多？

Is it because big oil, they place the prices at the pumps and not government, state and federal governments need to step in and deal with big oil Gouging people.

是不是因為大石油公司，他們把價格放在油泵上，而不是政府，州政府和聯邦政府需要介入，處理大石油公司挖人的問題。

One thing that makes the United States different than a lot of countries is the government does not set the price for oil.

使美國與許多國家不同的一點是，政府不制定石油價格。

We don't even manage how much gets produced or how much gets consumed, which some governments do.

我們甚至不管理生產多少，或消費多少，而有些政府則是這樣。

Those are usually considered very aggressive forms of government.

這些通常被認為是非常積極的政府形式。

We like more of a free market and so literally the market decides how much we end up paying at the end of the day.

我們更喜歡自由市場，所以從字面上看，市場決定了我們最終要支付多少錢。

We are competing at specific marketplaces with the entire planet, with china, with Saudi Arabia, with Russia, with europe, with South America literally everyone, we don't tell people how much oil to produce, there are things governments do try to do.

我們在特定的市場上與整個地球競爭，與中國、與沙特阿拉伯、與俄羅斯、與歐洲、與南美，實際上是與所有人競爭，我們不告訴人們生產多少石油，有些事情政府確實在努力做。

The House representatives has a a bill to crack down on price gouging at the pump.

眾議院代表制定了一項法案，以打擊泵站的價格欺詐行為。

How do you know when the local gas station is charging more than they should or if they're actually just passing on costs from what they're paying to get gasoline from 10 steps upstream at the refiner.

你怎麼知道當地加油站的收費比他們應該收取的多，還是他們實際上只是把他們從上游10步的煉油廠獲得汽油所支付的費用轉嫁給了別人。

So it is a really hard question about the role of government in society.

是以，這是一個關於政府在社會中的作用的真正困難的問題。

At john louis 19 to 1 to 130 asks, how is the Strategic Oil Reserve going to be replenished the Strategic Petroleum Reserve?

在約翰-路易斯19比1到130問，戰略石油儲備將如何補充戰略石油儲備？

This is a huge amount of oil that is stored in a series of caverns underground in Louisiana and texas that your Department of Energy owns and manages as a strategic reserve basically in case of emergency, the average cavern is deeper than the Empire State Building is tall.

這是大量的石油，儲存在路易斯安那州和德克薩斯州地下的一系列巖洞中，你們的能源部擁有並管理這些巖洞，基本上是作為戰略儲備，以備不時之需，平均巖洞比帝國大廈還高還深。

This President has actually released more oil from the Strategic Reserve than any president has before to try to get the price of gasoline to come down.

本屆總統實際上從戰略儲備中釋放了比以往任何一位總統都多的石油，以試圖使汽油價格下降。

There's literally an million barrels a day coming out of Strategic Petroleum Reserve in an effort to bring gas prices down.

為了降低油價，每天有一百萬桶油從戰略石油儲備中流出。

There's a couple of different ways you can do it.

有幾種不同的方法可以做到這一點。

One thing is we do sell the oil when we release it from the reserve and so the government is getting revenue from selling all that oil would love to turn around and use some of that revenue to buy more oil once prices are nice and low again, which will hopefully be a day that comes sooner rather than later to fill the oil back up depending on how all that plays out the way our funding works is that every year Congress literally give the department of Energy enough money for its annual operations, including money to go out and buy more oil if that's what we need to do at rig chick asks Na B.

有一件事是，當我們把石油從儲備中釋放出來時，我們確實出售了石油，是以政府從出售所有這些石油中獲得了收入，很想轉過身來，一旦價格重新變得很好很低，就用其中的一些收入來購買更多的石油，希望這一天能早些到來，而不是晚些，以填補石油的回升，這取決於所有事情的進展情況。

Dub, how many different types of renewable energy are there?

杜比，可再生能源有多少種不同的類型？

There are five types of renewable energy.

Wind, solar hydropower, which comes from rivers, geothermal and marine or title, which comes from the movement of ocean currents nationally.

風力、太陽能水電，它來自河流、地熱和海洋或標題，它來自全國的洋流運動。

We're somewhere in the 20% renewable range renewables are abundant and they're cheap.

我們在20%的可再生能源範圍內，可再生能源很豐富，而且很便宜。

So everybody's trying to build them fast and we should be pushing utility and states to build faster everywhere.

是以，每個人都在努力快速建造，我們應該推動公用事業部門和各州在各地加快建造。

At Mustafa 183693 to 4 asks in your opinion, what is the best renewable energy and why?

在穆斯塔法183693到4問，在你看來，什麼是最好的可再生能源，為什麼？

First of all it's tempting to say soul Because it's getting super cheap and it literally works everywhere Oregon known for being cloudy and rainy could have so much more solar power than it does.

首先，它很誘人，因為它變得超級便宜，而且簡直到處都能用，以多雲和多雨著稱的俄勒岡州可以有比它多得多的太陽能發電。

It's not as cloudy and rainy as Germany and Japan who used to be totally kicking our butts in solar power at very gray 19 would like to know how does solar energy work.

它不像德國和日本那樣多雲多雨，他們曾經在太陽能方面完全踢了我們的屁股，在非常灰19想知道太陽能是如何工作的。

Solar panels like this one here is like a tiny, I guess it's technically a toy, but I think it's actually a solar panel that will actually generate electricity.

像這裡的這個太陽能電池板就像一個小小的，我想它在技術上是一個玩具，但我認為它實際上是一個能真正發電的太陽能電池板。

The material on this panel, which all starts with silicon, which is one of the most abundant elements we've got made from sand.

這個面板上的材料，都是從硅開始的，這是我們從沙子中得到的最豐富的元素之一。

And when solar rays like cosmic rays strike the material in the solar panel, it literally excites the electrons in those atoms and it set up, there's little wires in there, see electrons get channeled into wires and then they're fed into electrical grid to send those electrons as electricity all the way to your home and fire your appliances at General Bull poo asks why is crude oil so important in our lives when we have better alternatives?

當太陽射線，如宇宙射線，擊中太陽能電池板中的材料時，它實際上激發了這些原子中的電子，它建立了，那裡有小電線，看到電子被引導到電線中，然後它們被送入電網，將這些電子作為電力一直送到你的家裡，並在將軍牛便問，既然我們有更好的替代品，為什麼原油在我們生活中如此重要？

We do have better alternatives for some things and we've actually stopped using oil for some things.

我們確實有更好的替代品來做一些事情，我們實際上已經停止使用石油來做一些事情。

Like if you look back in the sixties and seventies were using a lot of oil to burn in power plants to generate electricity.

就像如果你回顧一下六十年代和七十年代，我們使用大量的石油在發電廠中燃燒發電。

There's this huge oil crisis that you probably hear people talk about and we did a huge concerted effort to get off of oil used for electricity, but it's still everywhere.

有這樣一個巨大的石油危機，你可能會聽到人們談論，我們做了一個巨大的協同努力，以擺脫用於電力的石油，但它仍然無處不在。

And it's not just the places that you must think of it right?

而且，你必須想到的不僅僅是這些地方，對嗎？

Like when you fill up your car with gas, you have a pretty good sense that came to directly from oil and you're kind of just transferring barely changed oil into your fuel tank.

就像當你給你的汽車加滿油時，你有一個相當好的感覺，就是直接從油中來，你有點只是把勉強換過的油轉移到你的油箱中。

There's some uses of oil that we just don't have that many alternatives for lots of the chemicals that turn into things like plastics.

石油的一些用途，我們只是沒有那麼多的替代品，很多化學品變成了塑膠等東西。

And you can just imagine all the uses of plastic throughout society, not just in your day to day life, there just aren't alternatives that can make them as cheaply incredibly right now.

你可以想象整個社會中塑膠的所有用途，不僅僅是在你的日常生活中，只是現在還沒有替代品能讓它們變得如此便宜，令人難以置信。

Today as we can by turning oil into plastics at quad machine oh nine asks So why is nuclear power bad?

今天，因為我們可以通過將石油轉化為塑膠在四機哦九問那麼，為什麼核電是壞的？

Again, I would argue this nuclear power is one of our most important forms of electricity.

同樣，我想說，這種核電是我們最重要的電力形式之一。

Right now, it's the single biggest source of carbon free electricity, meaning the kind of power that does not cause global warming or climate change.

現在，它是最大的無碳電力來源，意味著不會導致全球變暖或氣候變化的那種電力。

And there are real downsides to nuclear power and they're serious, right?

而且核電確實有缺點，而且很嚴重，對嗎？

Like people have heard about Chernobyl, a massive nuclear accident, Fukushima in Japan just a few years ago in a tsunami had a similar problem where the nuclear reactor went into disaster mode.

就像人們聽說過的切爾諾貝利，一場大規模的核事故，日本的福島就在幾年前的海嘯中出現了類似的問題，核反應堆進入了災難模式。

So the things you have to solve for to make sure we have reliable and safe nuclear power are basically the risk of accidents.

是以，你必須解決的事情，以確保我們有可靠和安全的核電，基本上是事故的風險。

Some kind of security like a terrorism attack.

And then we put this nuclear fuel into a nuclear reactor that again generates steam that turns a turbine that creates electricity.

然後我們將這些核燃料放入核反應堆，再次產生蒸汽，使渦輪機轉動，產生電力。

It leaves nuclear waste that itself is radioactive and it stays radioactive for thousands of years.

它留下的核廢料本身就是放射性的，而且會保持數千年的放射性。

What most nuclear power plants do is they keep it on site, It stays actually in cooling ponds until it cools down till it's a lot less dangerous.

大多數核電站所做的是把它留在現場，它實際上是留在冷卻池中，直到它冷卻，直到它的危險性大大降低。

And it gets transferred into these dry casks and it gets stored in a secure location on site right now.

它被轉移到這些幹桶中，現在被儲存在現場的一個安全地點。

Now we'd all like to get that out of those locations and into some more even further safe and secured locations.

現在我們都想把這些東西從這些地方弄出來，放到一些更進一步的安全和有保障的地方。

And that's actually one thing the Department of Energy is working on.

而這實際上是能源部正在努力的一件事。

So at Kingsley 54 to 7 to 009 asks on a serious note, what is natural gas?

是以，在金斯利54到7到009問一個嚴肅的問題，什麼是天然氣？

So, um imagine like a swamp with a bunch of like decomposing plant and animal matter in it, millions of years of sediment accumulating, pushing all that stuff down into the earth as that matter decays.

所以，嗯，想象一下，像一個沼澤，裡面有一堆像分解的植物和動物物質，數百萬年的沉積物積累，隨著這些物質的分解，把所有這些東西推到地球上。

And it's also cleaner than coal when it comes to public health.

而且就公共健康而言，它也比煤炭更清潔。

It's also a huge source of energy in our economy.

它也是我們經濟中的一個巨大的能源來源。

The problem is, it's not without downsides.

問題是，它並不是沒有缺點的。

It still does does create a fair amount of pollution, including carbon dioxide, one of the chief gasses that causes global warming or climate change.

它仍然創造了相當數量的汙染，包括二氧化碳，這是導致全球變暖或氣候變化的主要氣體之一。

At Mystic raven 84 asks pardon my ignorance here, mate, but how is fracking clean energy?

在神祕的烏鴉84號問，請原諒我的無知，夥計，但壓裂技術怎麼會是清潔能源？

It's actually short for hydraulic fracturing.

它實際上是水力壓裂法的簡稱。