And I’m Georgina.

而我是喬治娜。

Gōdne mergen! Mé lícap pé tó métanne!

Gōdne mergen!Mé lícap pé tó métanne!

I beg your pardon, Neil? Is something stuck in your throat?! 

請原諒，尼爾？有什麼東西卡在你的喉嚨裡嗎？

Are you speaking a foreign language?

你說的是外語嗎？

Ha! Well, actually Georgina, I was saying, ‘Good morning, pleased to meet you’ in English - 

哈!好吧，實際上喬治娜，我是在用英語說'早上好，很高興見到你'----。

but not the English you and I speak. That was Anglo-Saxon, or Old English, 

但不是你和我說的英語。那是盎格魯-撒克遜語，或古英語。

the earliest form of English, spoken in the 

最早的英語形式，講於

Middle Ages – so, between  the 5th and 15th century.

中世紀--是以，在5至15世紀之間。

It doesn’t sound anything like the way people talk nowadays.

這聽起來一點也不像現在的人說話的方式。

No, but it’s surprising how many of the words we use today have survived 

沒有，但令人驚訝的是，我們今天使用的許多詞都倖存下來了

from Old English – beer, wine, drink, fish, bread, butter, eye, ear, mouth, 

來自古英語--啤酒、酒、飲料、魚、麵包、黃油、眼睛、耳朵、嘴巴。

head, hand, foot, life, love, laughter, 

頭，手，腳，生命，愛，笑。

mother, daughter, sister, brother, son, father – all Anglo-Saxon words!

母親、女兒、姐妹、兄弟、兒子、父親--都是盎格魯-撒克遜語系的詞彙!

Wow, so many everyday words! But what about the classics - Latin and Greek? 

哇，這麼多的日常用語！但是經典的東西呢？但是，經典的東西--拉丁語和希臘語呢？

I thought a lot of English

我以為很多人的英語

vocabulary came from there.

詞彙來自於那裡。

That’s also true, but the history of English is the history of invasions – you know, 

這也是事實，但英語的歷史就是入侵的歷史--你知道的。

when the army of one country fights to enter and control another country.

當一個國家的軍隊為進入和控制另一個國家而戰鬥時。

Like the Roman invasion of Britain?

像羅馬人對英國的入侵？

Right, and later invasions too, by Norse- speaking Vikings and Germanic Saxons. 

對，後來也有入侵，由講北歐語的維京人和日耳曼撒克遜人入侵。

In fact, Georgina, that reminds me of my quiz question.

事實上，喬治娜，這讓我想起了我的測驗問題。

Go on then, but in modern  English if you don’t mind…

那就繼續吧，但如果你不介意的話，請用現代英語說......

OK. Well, the year 1066 is remembered for a famous battle when the French-speaking 

好的。好吧，1066年因一場著名的戰鬥而被記住，當時講法語的

Norman king, William the

諾曼帝國國王威廉

Conqueror, invaded England –

征服者，入侵英格蘭 -

but what is the name of the famous battle? Is it:

但這場著名的戰役的名稱是什麼？是嗎。

a) The Battle of Waterloo?,

a) 滑鐵盧之戰？

b) The Battle of Hastings?, or, c) The Battle of Trafalgar?

b）黑斯廷斯之戰？，或者，c）特拉法爾加之戰？

Hmm, my history’s not great, Neil, but I think

嗯，我的歷史不是很好，尼爾，但我認為

it’s b) The Battle of Hastings.

它是b）黑斯廷斯之戰。

OK, Georgina, we’ll find out ‘later’ - another Old English word there! 

好吧，喬治娜，我們會發現'以後'--那裡有另一個古英語單詞！"。

But it’s not just words that survive from Anglo-Saxon, it’s word endings too – 

但從盎格魯-撒克遜語中倖存下來的不僅僅是單詞，還有詞尾--

the suffix, or letters added to the end of a word to modify its meaning.

後綴，即加在詞尾的字母，以修改其含義。

Right, like adding ‘s’ to make something plural,

對，就像加's'使東西成為複數。

as in: one bird, two birds. Or the ‘ness’

如：一隻鳥，兩隻鳥。或 "內斯"。

in ‘goodness’ and ‘happiness’. And ‘dom’,

在'善良'和'幸福'。還有'dom'。

as in, ‘freedom’ and kingdom’.

如，'自由'和王國'。

Poet Michael Rosen is fascinated by Old English.

詩人邁克爾-羅森對古英語非常著迷。

Here he is talking about word suffixes to Oxford University

在這裡，他正在向牛津大學談論詞綴問題

professor Andy Orchard for BBC Radio 4’s programme,

安迪-奧查德教授為英國廣播公司第四臺的節目。

Word of Mouth.

口耳相傳。

Listen out for the proportion of modern English that comes from Anglo-Saxon.

請注意現代英語中來自盎格魯撒克遜語的比例。

‘I walked’ – that ‘walked’,  the ‘et’ bit on the end.

'我走了'--那個'走了'，最後的'等'字。

Yeah, the ‘ed’ ending. Most modern verbs – if we were to

是的，"ed "結尾。大多數現代動詞--如果我們要

say, you know, ‘I texted my daughter’, I mean text is,

說，你知道，'我給我女兒發了簡訊'，我的意思是簡訊是。

obviously - comes from Latin … 'I tweeted' - we still lapse

很明顯--來自拉丁語...... "我發了推特"--我們還是會失誤。

to the Anglo-Saxon.

到盎格魯-撒克遜人。

And, generally, when I’m speaking, just  let’s do it in mathematical terms,

而且，一般來說，當我發言時，就用數學術語來做吧。

what proportion can we say is 

我們可以說什麼比例是

Old English? Can we say, like, about 80% in common

古英語？我們能不能說，比如，大約80%的共同點

parlance, sorry to use a French word there?

俗話說，對不起，我用了一個法語詞？

In speech it would be something like that –

在演講中，它將是這樣的 --

in the written language, less. They’re the basic building

在書面語言中，更少。它們是基本的建築

blocks of who we are and what we think.

我們是誰和我們的想法的塊。

Professor Orchard estimates that 80 percent of spoken

Orchard教授估計，80%的口語

English in common parlance comes from Anglo-Saxon.

國語中的英語來自於盎格魯-撒克遜語。

'In common parlance' means the words and vocabulary that most people

通俗地說'是指大多數人都知道的詞語和詞彙。

use in ordinary, everyday conversation.

在普通的日常對話中使用。

So Anglo-Saxon words are the building blocks of English -

是以，盎格魯-撒克遜語是英語的組成部分--

the basic parts that are put together to make something.

組成事物的基本部分。

He also thinks that the languages we speak shape the way we see the world.

他還認為，我們所說的語言塑造了我們看待世界的方式。

Here’s Michael Rosen and Professor Andy Orchard discussing this idea

以下是邁克爾-羅森和安迪-奧查德教授討論這個想法的內容

on BBC Radio 4 programme, Word of Mouth:

在英國廣播公司第四臺節目《口碑》中。

Can we say that English speakers today, as I’m speaking

我們是否可以說，今天講英語的人，正如我所講的那樣

to you now, view the world through Anglo-Saxon eyes, through

現在對你來說，通過盎格魯-撒克遜人的眼睛看待世界，通過

Anglo-Saxon words? Can we say that?

盎格魯-撒克遜語？我們可以這樣說嗎？

Well, in Old English poetry it's always raining and I suppose it’s always raining today.

嗯，在古英語詩歌中，總是在下雨，我想今天也總是在下雨。

There is a retrospective element, that we’re still inhabiting that worldview, those ideas;

有一個回顧性的元素，我們仍然居住在那個世界觀，那些想法中。

the same words, the same simple ideas that they inhabited.

同樣的文字，同樣的簡單想法，他們居住在這裡。

And what’s extraordinary if you think about the history of English is despite the

如果你想一想英語的歷史，最特別的是儘管有

invasions by the Norse and by the Norman, and then despite the years of empire when we’re bringing

在北歐人和諾曼人的入侵下，儘管在帝國的年代，我們把

things back, the English that we’re speaking today is still at its

歸根結底，我們今天所講的英語仍然處於其

root, Old English word, at its heart, Old English word, still very much English.

根，古英語單詞，在其核心，古英語單詞，仍然是非常多的英語。

Michael Rosen asks if English speakers see

邁克爾-羅森問道，如果說英語的人看到

the world through Anglo-Saxon eyes.

通過盎格魯-撒克遜人的眼睛看世界。

When we see something through someone’s eyes, we see it from their

當我們通過某人的眼睛看東西時，我們從他們的

perspective, their point of view.

觀點，他們的觀點。

And Professor Orchard replies by saying that despite all the history of invasion and

而Orchard教授的回答是，儘管有所有的入侵歷史和

empire, the English we speak today is still Old English 'at heart' –

帝國，我們今天說的英語仍然是古英語的 "核心" --

a phrase used to say what something is really like.

一句話，用來說明事情的真實情況。

Wow! So much history crammed into six minutes!

哇!這麼多的歷史被塞進了六分鐘裡!

And now, time for one more history fact.

現在，是時候再講一個歷史事實了。

Do you mean your quiz question, Neil? What’s the name of the famous battle of 1066?

你是說你的測驗問題嗎，尼爾？1066年的著名戰役叫什麼名字？

What did you say, Georgina?

你說什麼，喬治娜？

I said b) The Battle of Hastings.

我說b）黑斯廷斯之戰。

Which was… the correct answer! The Battle of Hastings in

這就是......正確的答案!黑斯廷斯之戰在

1066 played a big part in the Norman Conquest and mixing

1066年在諾曼征服中發揮了很大的作用，並將其混合在一起。

French words into the language.

法文詞語進入語言。

And I also know how the English ruler, King Harold, died –

我還知道英國統治者哈羅德國王是怎麼死的 --

shot through the eye with an arrow!

被箭射穿了眼睛!

Ouch! OK, let’s recap the vocabulary, some of which

哎喲!好吧，讓我們回顧一下詞彙，其中一些

exists because of 'invasions' – when one country enters and controls another.

存在的原因是 "入侵"--當一個國家進入並控制另一個國家時。

A suffix is added to the end of a word to make a new word.

後綴加在一個詞的末尾，組成一個新詞。

The phrase 'in common parlance' means using ordinary, everyday words.

國語 "這一短語意味著使用普通的、日常的詞彙。

'Building blocks' are the basic parts used to make something.

積木 "是用來製造東西的基本部件。

'To see things through someone’s eyes' means, from their point of view.

通過某人的眼睛看問題'意味著，從他們的角度看問題。

And finally, 'at heart' is used to say what something is really like.

最後，"在心裡 "是用來說某事的真實情況。

That’s all for this programme. Join us again soon at 6 Minute English but  

本節目到此結束。請儘快加入我們的6分鐘英語課程。

for now, ‘far gesund!’ – that’s Old English for ‘goodbye’!

現在，"far gesund!" - 這是古英語中的 "再見"!

Far gesund!

遠在天邊!

Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I’m Neil.

你好。這裡是BBC學習英語的6分鐘英語。我是Neil。

And I’m Rob.

而我是羅伯。

Bonjour, Rob! Kon’nichi’wa!

你好，Rob!坤'尼'瓦!

Excuse me?

請原諒我？

¡Hola! ¿Cómo estás?

你好！你怎麼了？

Oh, OK, I think Neil’s saying ‘hello’ in different languages – French, was it? 

哦，好吧，我想尼爾在用不同的語言說'你好'--法語，是嗎？

And then.. Japanese? And… Spanish? Is that right?

然後...日語？還有......西班牙語？是這樣嗎？

¡Si, muy bien!

是的，很好！"。

The English are famously slow to learn other 

英國人是出了名的慢熱，學習其他

languages. But it seems that Rob and I -

語言。但似乎羅布和我--

and of course you - our global audience here at 6 Minute English -

當然還有你--我們在6分鐘英語的全球觀眾--也是如此。

are good examples of polyglots – people who speak more than one language,

是多語言者的好例子--講一種以上語言的人。

sometimes known as 'superlinguists'.

有時被稱為 "超級語言學家"。

People who speak multiple languages benefit from many advantages, as we’ll

會說多國語言的人受益於許多優勢，我們將看到

be hearing in this programme.

將在本節目中聽到。

That word 'polyglot' sounds familiar, Neil.

多語種 "這個詞聽起來很熟悉，尼爾。

Doesn't the prefix 'poly' mean ‘many’?

前綴 "poly "不是指 "許多 "嗎？

That’s right, like 'polygon' – a shape with many sides.

這是正確的，就像 "多邊形"--一個有許多邊的形狀。

Or 'polymath' – someone who knows many things.

或 "多面手"--知道很多事情的人。

And speaking of knowing things, it’s time for my quiz question.

說到知道的事情，現在是我的問答問題的時候了。

The word 'polyglot' comes from Greek and is made up of two parts:

多語種 "這個詞來自希臘語，由兩部分組成。

'poly', which as Rob says, means ‘many’, and ‘glot’. But what does ‘glot’ mean?

'poly'，正如羅布所說，意思是'許多'，和'glot'。但是'glot'是什麼意思？

What is the meaning of the word 'polyglot'?

多語種 "這個詞的含義是什麼？

Is it: a) many words, b) many sounds or c) many tongues?

它是：a）許多詞，b）許多聲音或c）許多方言？

Well, there’s three syllables in ‘polyglot’, Neil, so I reckon it’s b), many sounds.

嗯，"polyglot "有三個音節，尼爾，所以我估計是b)，很多聲音。

OK, Rob, we’ll find out if that’s right at the end of the programme. But leaving aside 

好吧，羅伯，我們會在節目的最後發現這是否正確。但撇開

the origins of the word, what exactly does being a polyglot involve?

談到這個詞的起源，作為一個多語言者究竟涉及什麼？

British-born polyglot, Richard Simcot speaks eleven languages. 

出生於英國的多語言者，理查德-辛科特會說11種語言。

Listen to his definition as he speaks to BBC World Service programme,

聽聽他在BBC世界服務節目中的定義。

The Documentary:

紀錄片。

A polyglot for me can be anyone who identifies with that term –

it’s somebody who learns languages that they don’t necessarily need

這是一個學習語言的人，他們不一定需要這些語言。

for their lives, but just out of sheer enjoyment, pleasure or fascination with

為他們的生活，但只是出於純粹的享受、愉悅或迷戀

another language or culture.

另一種語言或文化。

For Richard, being a polyglot simply means 

對理查德來說，成為一名多語言者僅僅意味著

identifying with the idea - feeling that you are similar or closely connected to it.

認同這個想法--感覺你與它相似或密切相關。

He says polyglots learn languages not because they have to,

他說，多語言者學習語言不是因為他們必須這樣做。

but for the sheer enjoyment, which means, ‘nothing except’ enjoyment. 

但為了純粹的享受，這意味著，"除了 "享受，什麼都沒有。

Richard uses the word sheer to emphasise how strong and pure this enjoyment is.

理查德用純粹這個詞來強調這種享受是多麼強烈和純粹。

As well as the pleasure of speaking other languages, polyglots are also better at 

除了說其他語言的樂趣之外，多語言者還能在以下方面做得更好

communicating with others. My favourite quote by South Africa’s first black president, Nelson Mandela, is:

與他人溝通。我最喜歡南非第一位黑人總統納爾遜-曼德拉的一句話。

"If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head.

"如果你用一個人聽得懂的語言和他說話，那就會進入他的大腦。

If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart."

如果你用他的語言與他交談，那就能進入他的內心。"

How inspiring, Rob – I’m lost for words! Here’s another: ‘To have another language 

多麼鼓舞人心啊，羅布--我都不知道該怎麼說了!這是另一個："擁有另一種語言

is to possess a second soul’.

是擁有第二個靈魂'。

So, language learning is good for the head, heart and soul –

是以，語言學習對大腦、心臟和靈魂都有好處 --

a person’s spirit or the part of them which is believed to continue existing

人的精神或被認為會繼續存在的部分

after death.

死後。

Yes – and what’s more, language learning is good for the brain too.

是的--而且更重要的是，語言學習對大腦也有好處。

That’s according to Harvard neuroscientist, Eve Fedorenko.

這是哈佛大學神經科學家伊芙-費多倫科的觀點。

She’s researched the effects of speaking multiple languages

她研究了說多國語言的影響

on the brains of growing children.

在成長中的兒童的大腦上。

Eve predicted that multilingual children would have hyperactive

伊夫預言，多語言兒童會有多動症。

language brains. But what she actually found surprised her, as she

語言的大腦。但她實際發現的情況令她吃驚，因為她

explains here to BBC World Service’s The Documentary:

這裡解釋一下BBC世界服務的《紀錄片》。

What we found – this is now people who already have proficiency in multiple

我們發現--這就是現在已經熟練掌握了多種知識的人

languages - what we found is that their language regions

語言--我們發現的是，他們的語言區域

appear to be smaller, and that was surprising… and as people get better

顯得更小了，這很令人驚訝......而且隨著人們變得更好

and better, more automatic at performing the task, the activations

和更好，更自動地執行任務，激活

shrink, so to speak, over time, so they become... it becomes so that you don’t have to use

可以這麼說，隨著時間的推移，它們變得......變得讓你不必使用

as much brain tissue to do the task as well, so you become more efficient.

同樣多的腦組織來完成任務，所以你變得更有效率。

Eve was testing children who already have 

夏娃在測試那些已經有

language proficiency – the skill and ability to do something,

語言能力--做某事的技巧和能力。

such as speak a language.

如說一種語言。

Her surprising discovery was that the language 

她驚人的發現是，語言

regions of these children’s brains were shrinking

這些兒童的大腦區域正在萎縮

– not because their speaking skills were getting worse,

- 而不是因為他們的說話技巧越來越差。

but the opposite; as they learned and repeated language patterns, their brain

而是相反；當他們學習和重複語言模式時，他們的大腦

tissue became more efficient – worked quicker and more effectively.

組織變得更有效率--工作得更快、更有效。

It’s suggested that this increased efficiency is a result of exposure

有人認為，這種效率的提高是接觸到的結果。

to different languages.

到不同的語言。

So, that proves it, Neil: speaking many languages

所以，這就證明了，尼爾：講多種語言

is good for the head, heart, mind and soul!

對頭、心、腦和靈魂都有好處！"。

You took the words right out of my mouth!

你從我的嘴裡把話說出來了!

And speaking of words, what does the ‘glot’ in polyglot actually mean?

說到單詞，polyglot中的'glot'究竟是什麼意思？

Was my answer correct?

我的答案正確嗎？

Ah, that’s right. In my quiz question,

啊，這就對了。在我的問答題中。

I asked you for the meaning of the word ‘polyglot’.

我問你 "多國語言 "這個詞的含義。

I said b) many sounds.

我說b）很多聲音。

But, in fact, the correct  answer was c) many tongues. 

但是，事實上，正確的答案是c）許多方言。

You may be a polyglot, Rob, but you’re not quite a polymath yet!

你可能是一個多面手，羅伯，但你還不是一個多面手！你是誰？

OK, well, let me get my brain tissues working by 

好吧，讓我通過以下方式讓我的大腦組織發揮作用

recapping the vocabulary, starting with polyglot –

重述詞彙，從polyglot開始 --

someone who speaks many languages.

一個會說多種語言的人。

The language centres in a polyglot’s brain are efficient

多語言者的大腦中的語言中心是高效的

– they work quickly and effectively in an organised way.

- 他們以有組織的方式快速有效地工作。

Proficiency means the skill and ability to do something well.

熟練程度指的是做好某件事的技巧和能力。

And if you identify with something, you feel you are

如果你認同某種東西，你就會覺得自己是

similar or closely connected to it.

與其相似或密切相關。

Polyglots learn languages for the sheer enjoyment of it – a word meaning ‘nothing except‘

多語言者學習語言純粹是為了享受--這個詞的意思是'除了'什麼都沒有

which is used to emphasise the strength of feeling.

用來強調感情的力量。

So speaking many languages is good for mind and soul – a person’s non-physical spirit

是以，說多種語言對思想和靈魂--一個人的非物質精神--有好處。

which some believe to continue after death.

有些人認為這在死後仍會繼續。

That’s it for this programme, but to discover more about language learning, including some useful practical tips,

本節目就到這裡，但要發現更多關於語言學習的資訊，包括一些有用的實用技巧。

check out The Superlinguists series from BBC World Service’s The Documentary!

請看BBC World Service的《紀錄片》中的《超級語言學家》系列!

Bye for now!

暫時再見

Bye!

再見！

Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I’m Neil.

你好。這裡是BBC學習英語的6分鐘英語。我是Neil。

And I’m Sam.

而我是山姆。

Last weekend I was driving from London to Anglesey in Wales,

上週末我從倫敦開車到威爾士的安格爾西。

when I saw a road sign written in two languages. It said,

當我看到一個用兩種語言書寫的路牌時。它說

‘Welcome to Wales’ in English, and below that, it said ‘Croeso I Cymru’ in Welsh.

英文是'歡迎來到威爾士'，下面是威爾士語的'Croeso I Cymru'。

Yes, Welsh is spoken by many people in north Wales.

是的，威爾士北部的許多人都說威爾士語。

It’s the indigenous language – the language spoken by the people who

originally lived in a place, rather than by others who

而不是由其他人在一個地方居住。

moved there from somewhere else.

從其他地方搬到那裡。

Welsh is a good example of an indigenous language that has survived.

威爾士語是一個很好的例子，它是一種倖存的本土語言。

Some children speak Welsh in school and the local government has

一些兒童在學校裡講威爾士語，當地政府也有

encouraged its spread. But not all indigenous languages have been so lucky,

鼓勵其傳播。但並非所有的土著語言都如此幸運。

as we'll be finding out in this programme.

正如我們將在本節目中發現的那樣。

Of course, languages are more than just words – they carry people’s history,  

當然，語言不僅僅是文字--它們承載著人們的歷史。

culture, and identity. So, when an indigenous  

文化，和身份。是以，當一個土著