Two fading colonial powers, Britain and France, expected an easy victory over Egypt... but

兩個衰落的殖民大國，英國和法國， 期望輕鬆擊敗埃及...但是

were forced into a humiliating withdrawal, as the world's new superpowers flexed their

被迫丟臉 隨著世界上新的超級大國的努力

muscles.

肌肉。

It was a stark sign that the age of European imperialism was over, and that a new international

這是歐洲時代的鮮明標誌 帝國主義結束了，新的國際

order had taken its place.

訂單已取代。

Little remembered today, the events of 1956 had huge consequences for Britain and France,

今天很少記得1956年的事件 對英國和法國造成了巨大的影響，

the Arab world, Israel, and the United States of America.

阿拉伯世界，以色列和美國 美國。

This is the story of the Suez crisis, whose fallout shaped world affairs for decades to

這就是蘇伊士危機的故事， 輻射影響了數十年來的世界事務

come.

來。

In 1869, world navigation was transformed by the opening of the Suez Canal.

1869年，世界導航發生了變化 蘇伊士運河的開放。這100

This 100 mile, man-made waterway through the Egyptian desert cut 5,000 miles off the voyage

英里，穿越埃及的人造水路 沙漠從航程削減了5,000英里

from Europe to Asia, as ships no longer had to sail around Africa.

歐洲到亞洲，因為船隻不再需要 在非洲航行。

Its construction, overseen by French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps, had taken 10 years,

法國外交官監督其建設 費迪南德·德·萊瑟普（Ferdinand de Lesseps）花了10年，

and cost the lives of many thousands of Egyptian labourers.

並犧牲了成千上萬埃及人的生命 勞工。

The Suez Canal Company, which owned and ran the canal, was a private company owned by

蘇伊士運河公司，擁有並經營 運河是一家私人公司，由

its shareholders, including French, Austrian and Russian investors, as well as the ruler

其股東，包括法國人，奧地利人 俄羅斯投資者，以及統治者

(or Khedive) of Egypt, Ismail Pasha.

（或Khedive）的埃及人Ismail Pasha。

In 1875, to pay off his mountainous debts, the Khedive sold his 44% share in the Canal

在1875年，為了償還多山的債務， Khedive賣掉了他在運河中44％的股份

Company to the British government.

公司歸英國政府所有。

As the world's greatest imperial and naval power, Britain had initially opposed the canal,

作為世界上最偉大的帝國和海軍 力量，英國最初反對運河，

seeing it as a potential threat, but soon proved to be its greatest beneficiary: 80%

將其視為潛在威脅，但很快 被證明是其最大的受益者：80％

of the ships that used the canal were British, and it became a vital link to the British

使用運河的船隻是英國人， 它成為了與英國人的重要紐帶

Empire's eastern colonies, and 'the jewel in the crown'...

帝國的東部殖民地和“寶石” 在皇冠上...印度。

India.

因此，對運河的控制以及安全性 埃及，成為英國至關重要的戰略

And so control of the canal, and the security of Egypt, became a vital British strategic

關心。

concern.

1882年，埃及人對歐洲的干涉感到憤怒 在他們的國家爆炸成民族主義者

In 1882, when Egyptian anger at European interference in their country exploded into a nationalist

起義，由英國艾哈邁德·奧拉比上校領導 派出軍隊進行干預。

revolt, led by Colonel Ahmad Ourabi, the British sent a military force to intervene.

埃及軍隊被趕到一邊，埃及 有效地成為英國的保護國

The Egyptian army was swept aside, and Egypt effectively became a British protectorate

在接下來的60年中。

for the next 60 years.

英國對蘇伊士運河的控制是一個主要問題 兩次世界大戰中的戰略優勢。

British control of the Suez Canal was a major strategic advantage in both world wars.

但是隨著第二次世界大戰的勝利， 大英帝國撤退了。印度，

But in the wake of victory in World War Two, the British Empire was in retreat.

巴基斯坦和緬甸獲得獨立。 有反抗英國統治的起義

India, Pakistan and Burma gained their independence.

馬來亞，肯尼亞和塞浦路斯。

There were revolts against British rule in Malaya, Kenya and Cyprus.

埃及在 1922年。但英國繼續派兵

Egypt had received formal independence in 1922.

在那裡，統治著國家的大部分事務。

But Britain continued to station troops there, and govern much of the country's affairs.

直到1947年，英軍才撤出 所謂的“運河區”

Only in 1947 did British troops withdraw to the so-called 'Canal Zone', under an earlier

與埃及國王法魯克打交道， 可以將基地一直保留到1956年。

deal with Egypt's King Farouk, that the British could keep bases there until 1956.

但是埃及人反對法魯克。 他們責怪他未能防止

But Egyptians were turning against Farouk.

建立以色列的以色列國，以及 埃及在阿以戰爭中的失敗

They blamed him for failing to prevent the creation of the Jewish state of Israel, and

隨後。

for Egypt's defeat in the Arab-Israeli War that had followed.

他們還指責法魯克國王允許 英軍留在埃及。在裡面

They also blamed King Farouk for allowing British troops to remain in Egypt.

運河區，英國士兵和平民 受到日益敵對的攻擊

In the Canal Zone, British soldiers and civilians came under attack from the increasingly hostile

當地居民...發生騷亂，縱火和 槍戰-導致英國強加

local population...

戒嚴法。

with riots, arson and gun battles – leading the British to impose martial law.

到1952年，一群民族主義的埃及軍隊 軍官，稱為自由軍運動

By 1952, a group of nationalist Egyptian army officers, known as the Free Officers Movement,

受夠了。他們奪取了軍隊的權力 政變。法魯克國王被迫退位，

had had enough.

去住一個豪華的流放地 意大利。

They seized power in a military coup.

次年，埃及被宣佈為共和國。

King Farouk was forced to abdicate, and went to live out a luxurious exile in Italy.

賈馬爾·阿卜杜勒·納賽爾上校出身 埃及新領導人和總統–堅定不移

The following year, Egypt was declared a republic.

和有魅力的阿拉伯民族主義者，決心 使埃及擺脫外國影響。

Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser emerged as the new leader and president of Egypt – a committed

1950年代，美國和西方訂婚 在與蘇聯的對峙中眾所周知

and charismatic Arab nationalist, determined to free Egypt from foreign influence.

如冷戰。所謂的“鐵幕” 在東歐共產主義之間劃分歐洲

In the 1950s, America and the West were engaged in a stand-off with the Soviet Union known

資本主義西部

as the Cold War.

在世界各地，雙方都試圖贏得朋友 並限制對方的影響力。

A so-called 'Iron Curtain' divided Europe, between communist east, and capitalist west..

埃及，最大，最強大的阿拉伯人 狀態，對於任何一個

Around the world, each side tried to win friends and limit the other's influence.

側。但是納賽爾總統會採取哪種方式 轉？

Egypt, the largest and most powerful Arab state, would be a valuable prize for either

美國總統艾森豪威爾（Dwight D. 戰勝納賽爾-但不能授予他

side.

要求達成重大武器交易–他們大多數 可能被用來對付以色列，以色列有很多

But which way would President Nasser turn?

美國的支持者。

US President Dwight D. Eisenhower wanted to win over Nasser – but couldn't grant his

相反，美國和英國提出資助 阿斯旺大壩的建設–核心

request for a major arms deal – they'd most likely be used against Israel, which had many

納賽爾對埃及進行現代化改造的計劃 經濟。

supporters in the US.

英國還同意從 1956年6月在蘇伊士運河區。

The US and Britain instead offered to fund construction of the Aswan Dam – the centrepiece

但隨後，以色列與 她的鄰居沸騰了，因為以色列

of Nasser's plan to modernise the Egyptian economy.

軍隊襲擊了埃及控制的加沙，殺死 38名埃及士兵。

Britain also agreed to remove its troops from the Suez Canal Zone by June 1956.

加沙突襲使納賽爾決心迅速 加強和現代化埃及軍隊。以來

But then, border tension between Israel and her neighbours boiled over, as the Israeli

美國無濟於事，納賽爾轉向 蘇聯集團，並簽署了一項重大購買協議

army attacked Egyptian-controlled Gaza, killing 38 Egyptian soldiers.

共產主義捷克斯洛伐克的現代坦克和飛機。 這項交易被認為是巨大的勝利

The Gaza Raid made Nasser determined to rapidly strengthen and modernise Egypt's army.

阿拉伯世界。

Since the US wouldn't help, Nasser turned to the Soviet bloc, and signed a major deal

納賽爾通過建立 與中國共產黨建交。

to purchase modern tanks and aircraft from communist Czechoslovakia.

對於艾森豪威爾，追逐與納賽爾的聯盟 被證明是頭疼的事，而美國和

The deal was seen as a huge triumph across the Arab world.

英國提出的資助阿斯旺水壩的提議被撤銷。

Nasser further antagonised America by establishing diplomatic relations with Communist China.

此舉將證明是認真的， 全球影響...這兩個英國

For Eisenhower, chasing an alliance with Nasser was proving a major headache, and the US and

美國從未見過。

British offer to fund the Aswan Dam was withdrawn.

1956年7月26日，納賽爾震驚了世界 通過宣布立即生效，

It was a move that would prove to have serious, global repercussions... that neither Britain

埃及將蘇伊士運河公司國有化。

nor America ever saw coming.

``我們用生命，頭骨挖出運河， 他宣稱，我們的骨頭，我們的血液。 '錢

On 26th July 1956, Nasser stunned the world by announcing that, with immediate effect,

是我們的，蘇伊士運河屬於我們。 我們將以自己的方式建造[阿斯旺]水壩。

Egypt would nationalise the Suez Canal Company.

如果英國和美國不資助 大壩，納賽爾打算自己資助

'We dug the Canal with our lives, our skulls, our bones, our blood' he declared.

從蘇伊士運河公司獲利。

'The money is ours and the Suez Canal belongs to us.

他的演講得到了來自狂熱的回應 埃及人民。

We shall build the [Aswan] Dam our own way.'

納賽爾的舉動完全合法-該公司的 股東將以公平的價格被收購

If Britain and America would not fund the dam, Nasser intended to fund it himself with

–然而，他的決定將引發國際 危機...戰爭...以及平衡的新時代

profits from the Suez Canal Company.

世界力量。

His speech received an ecstatic response from the people of Egypt.

在英國，總理安東尼·伊甸園爵士 對他所認為的專業感到憤怒

Nasser's move was entirely legal – the Company's shareholders would be bought out at fair prices

攻擊英國的國家利益。

– yet his decision would trigger an international crisis... war... and a new era in the balance

蘇伊士每年有15,000艘船 運河。從中東，他們帶來了

of world power.

英國經濟的重要資源 沒有...就無法生存

In Britain, Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden responded with fury to what he saw as a major

“ ...今天通過它旅行的大約一半 沒有這個行業的石油

attack on British national interests.

國家，西歐，斯堪的那維亞和許多 其他國家也不能繼續前進。

15,000 ships a year came through the Suez Canal.

這是我們所有人的生死攸關的問題。”

And from the Middle East, they brought a vital resource that the British economy couldn't

就像伊甸園所說的，納賽爾 我們的氣管。

survive without...

在1930年代擔任英國外交大臣 和第二次世界大戰，伊甸園贏得了聲譽

“...through it travels today about half the oil without which the industry of this

通過反對“ app靖”政策 試圖通過屈服於維持和平

country, Western Europe, Scandinavia and many other countries too, couldn't keep going.

獨裁者的要求。

This is a matter of life and death to us all.”

但是現在，由於身體不好，神經緊張 他的判斷蒙上陰影，他說服了自己

Nasser, as Eden put it, had 'his thumb on our windpipe.'

納賽爾是另一個希特勒或墨索里尼 –英國必鬚麵對的阿拉伯獨裁者

As Britain's Foreign Secretary in the 1930s and World War Two, Eden had made his reputation

下。

by opposing 'appeasement' - the policy of trying to maintain peace by giving in to the

他決定，埃及總統會 必須去。

demands of dictators.

法國總理蓋爾·莫列特同意 伊甸園的評估。

But now, with poor health and frayed nerves clouding his judgement, he convinced himself

他還有其他理由想要納賽爾 走了–法國正在進行一場艱苦的戰爭

that Nasser was another Hitler or Mussolini – an Arab dictator that Britain had to face

在它的阿爾及利亞非洲殖民地反對民族主義者 叛軍...由納賽爾提供培訓。

down.

英國和法國現在秘密開始計劃 軍事行動奪取了對

The Egyptian president, he decided, would have to go.

蘇伊士運河，將納賽爾停電，並 重申其作為全球主要大國的地位。

French Prime Minister Guy Mollet agreed with Eden's assessment.

那年夏天，在美國人的壓力下， 伊甸園同意舉辦一次國際會議，

He had an additional reason to want Nasser gone – France was fighting a bitter war

在最後的努力中尋求和平解決方案 危機。

in its African colony of Algeria against nationalist rebels... trained and supplied by Nasser.

“倫敦蘭開斯特故居自然吸引了 蘇伊士開放日的人群很多

Britain and France now secretly began planning a military operation to seize control of the

會議。有22個國家參加。只要 埃及和希臘這兩個國家拒絕了

Suez Canal, remove Nasser from power, and reaffirm their status as major global powers.

命運大會議的邀請...”

That summer, under pressure from the Americans, Eden agreed to host an international conference,

22個國家中有18個支持英國， 法國的立場，即蘇伊士運河

in a last effort to find a peaceful solution to the crisis.

恢復國際所有權-提案 被納賽爾總統拒絕。

“Lancaster House, London naturally attracted quite a crowd on the opening day of the Suez

美國國務卿約翰·福斯特·杜勒斯告訴 英國人-儘管如此-美國

Conference.

不會支持對埃及的進攻...

22 nations were represented.

杜勒斯堅信軍事行動 反對納賽爾將推動整個阿拉伯

Only two countries, Egypt and Greece, had declined the invitation to the fateful meeting...”

世界進入了蘇聯的懷抱。除了， 艾森豪威爾總統競選連任，

18 of the 22 nations supported Britain and France's position, that the Suez Canal be

並且不歡迎分心。

returned to international ownership - a proposal turned down flat by President Nasser.

這是警告，伊甸園命運地無視了。

US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles told the British that – nevertheless - America

英國和法國已經選擇了 戰爭之路...

would not support an attack on Egypt...

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Dulles strongly believed that military action against Nasser would push the entire Arab

訪問新視頻，獨家更新和 對下一步的工作進行投票。

world into the arms of the Soviets.

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Besides, President Eisenhower was running for re-election, and would not welcome the

視頻。

distraction.

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It was a warning that Eden fatefully ignored.

Britain and France had already chosen the path to war...

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