Welcome to neuroscience Support my BF.

歡迎來到神經科學領域，支持我的BF。

And I just watched that episode of Black Mirror, which is fantastic isn't it where they have a device that can harvest your memories kind of like meet the Robinsons and it seems hella advanced.

我剛剛看了《黑鏡》的那一集，很精彩，不是嗎，他們有一個設備，可以收集你的記憶，有點像《羅賓遜一家》，看起來很先進。

But we can we now implant fake ones.

但我們現在可以我們植入假的。

The future is now.

未來就是現在。

WTF Can we implant new memories?

WTF 我們可以植入新的記憶嗎？

This is possible.

這是有可能的。

I think in some limited way we can implant new memories.

我認為在某種有限的方式下，我們可以植入新的記憶。

Our memories are just very unreliable.

我們的記憶就是非常不可靠的。

People can reliably misremember what happened if they're told a plausible story, But we can also do it more directly.

如果人們被告知一個合理的故事，他們可以可靠地誤記所發生的事情，但我們也可以更直接地做到這一點。

Hypnosis is a powerful technique.

催眠是一種強大的技術。

It's not just some stage trickery.

這不僅僅是一些舞臺上的把戲。

Hypnosis is real and through hypnosis you can induce false memories.

催眠是真實的，通過催眠你可以誘發虛假的記憶。

Watching ton of nineties music video today.

今天看了很多九十年代的音樂錄像。

And I'm wondering where in my brain I have stored all of these really non essential lyrics and if I can clear that space with something useful now, I don't know what's non essential about nineties music videos.

我在想，在我的大腦中，我把這些真正非必要的歌詞都儲存在哪裡，如果我現在能用一些有用的東西來清理這個空間，我不知道九十年代的音樂錄像有什麼非必要的。

That central part of my own personality.

我自己性格中的那個核心部分。

For sure.

可以肯定的是。

So I don't want to devote that space to anything else at all.

所以我根本不想把這個空間用於其他方面。

But it's a really good question.

但這是一個非常好的問題。

How do we store?

我們如何存儲？

We seem to be able to remember an enormous amount of information.

我們似乎能夠記住大量的資訊。

The adult human brain has about 90 billion neurons.

成人的大腦有大約900億個神經元。

It has about 1000 times more connections.

它有大約1000倍的連接。

Which means that if you counted one connection every second, it would take you about three million years to count them all.

這意味著，如果你每秒鐘計算一個連接，你將需要大約三百萬年的時間來計算它們。

There's a lot of connections in the brain.

大腦裡有很多連接。

And if you think that the memory is just a particular pattern of connections distributed among a large number of neurons, the number of memories that you could potentially store in the brain is infinite, bohemian mayas.

而如果你認為記憶只是分佈在大量神經元之間的特定連接模式，那麼你可能在大腦中存儲的記憶數量是無限的，波西米亞人。

Is it possible to punch yourself in the brain so that you just forget certain memories and stuff like that?

有沒有可能給自己的大腦打上一拳，讓你直接忘記某些記憶之類的東西？

I wish it was actually forgetting is very adaptive.

我希望它實際上是忘記是非常適應的。

It's very useful.

這是非常有用的。

It would be terrible to remember everything.

如果記住所有的事情，那就太可怕了。

In fact some people with really, really good memories have a lot of problems in their lives because they simply can't forget.

事實上，一些記憶力非常非常好的人在生活中有很多問題，因為他們根本無法忘記。

So is there a way to just get rid of particular memories and we're not quite there yet.

那麼有沒有一種方法可以直接擺脫特定的記憶，我們還沒有完全達到目的。

But there's some interesting work in just with mice at the moment that shows that it is possible to eliminate certain memories from mice.

但目前有一些有趣的工作只是用小鼠來做，表明有可能消除小鼠的某些記憶。

Whether that will also apply to humans or not?

這是否也將適用於人類？

Is a long way down the road but don't punch yourself in the brain.

是一條很長的路，但不要給自己的大腦打孔。

That's not going to do it.

這是不可能的。

It says old people thinking that millennials use social media because you get a hit of dopamine when you get a text.

它說老人們認為千禧一代使用社交媒體是因為當你收到簡訊時你會得到多巴胺的刺激。

Do you know how neuroscience works?

你知道神經科學是如何工作的嗎？

Dopamine this chemical in the brain that's often associated with rewarding stimuli?

多巴胺這種大腦中的化學物質通常與獎勵性刺激有關？

It means many things can be rewarding.

這意味著許多事情都可以得到回報。

It's not just a bit of chocolate.

這不僅僅是一點巧克力。

So does a tweet or a facebook update.

一條推特或Facebook的更新也是如此。

Does that really release dopamine in the brain?

這真的會在大腦中釋放多巴胺嗎？

It's a pretty good guess if we find something like that rewarding that will involve the release of dopamine Stefan Conrad asks, is it possible to read our brain?

這是一個很好的猜測，如果我們發現這樣的東西有獎勵，會涉及到多巴胺的釋放，斯特凡-康拉德問道，有可能讀懂我們的大腦嗎？

It's becoming possible in the sense that we can record activity from the brain now using a variety of different methods were not in some weird science fiction scenario where I can point something like a hair dryer at your head and know exactly what you're thinking.

我們現在可以用各種不同的方法來記錄大腦的活動，這已經成為可能，而不是在一些奇怪的科幻場景中，我可以用吹風機之類的東西對準你的頭，然後準確地知道你在想什麼。

But in a more constrained situation where the kinds of things that you might be perceiving is restricted, then yeah, we're beginning to make progress.

但是在一個更受限制的情況下，你可能感知到的事物的種類受到限制，那麼是的，我們開始取得進展了。

And another way this is really helpful is we can begin to read from the brain movement intentions.

而另一種真正有幫助的方式是，我們可以開始從大腦運動的意圖中讀取。

And this can be extremely helpful for people with paralysis because we can start to build what are called brain computer interfaces and use signals directly from the brain to control arms of control robotic limbs.

而這對癱瘓的人來說是非常有幫助的，因為我們可以開始建立所謂的腦計算機接口，並直接使用來自大腦的信號來控制機器人肢體的手臂。

And this is a a great example of why brain reading is still quite limited on the left.

而這也是一個很好的例子，說明為什麼大腦閱讀在左邊仍然相當有限。

There's a duck and on the right there's a reconstruction and it doesn't look that much like a duck yet actually.

有一隻鴨子，右邊有一個重建，實際上它看起來還不是那麼像一隻鴨子。

And this guy Yuki comma Tommy, he's actually he's one of the world's leaders in this area actually.

而這個傢伙Yuki逗號Tommy，他實際上是他是這個領域的世界領袖之一。

So can actually has done some brilliant work on decoding people's dreams.

所以可以實際上在解碼人們的夢想方面做了一些出色的工作。

Because if you can decode the brain while people are awake, you can also apply the same algorithms while people are dreaming and begin to generate all these weird patterns of what the perceptions are that the brain might be generating while you're dreaming.

因為如果你能在人們清醒時對大腦進行解碼，你也可以在人們做夢時應用同樣的算法，並開始產生所有這些奇怪的模式，即在你做夢時大腦可能產生的感知。

KT 80 K asks, is there a part of the brain that senses a bad decision and tells you not to do it.

KT 80 K問，大腦中是否有一部分能感覺到一個錯誤的決定並告訴你不要去做。

Because I don't think I have that.

因為我不認為我有這個能力。

This is a great question.

這是個很好的問題。

It gets that one of the central issues in neuroscience which is free will and there are different parts of the brain that are involved in the execution of voluntary actions And in the inhibition of voluntary actions.

它得到了神經科學的核心問題之一，即自由意志，大腦的不同部分參與了自願行動的執行和自願行動的抑制。

There was a very famous case, a guy called Phineas gauge in the 19th century was working on the railroads and a huge piece of metal went straight through his frontal lobes.

有一個非常著名的案例，19世紀有一個叫菲尼亞斯-蓋爾的人在鐵路上工作，一塊巨大的金屬片直接穿過他的額葉。

The first miracle was that he survived after he recovered, he seemed to be fine, but it rapidly became clear that he lost all his ability to monitor and control and withhold his actions and he behaved, started behaving very inappropriately.

第一個奇蹟是他康復後活了下來，他似乎很好，但很快就變得很明顯，他失去了所有監控和控制以及剋制自己行為的能力，他的行為，開始表現得非常不恰當。

What happened to him was the loss of the part of the brain that helped exactly this question that senses a bad decision and tells you not to do it.

發生在他身上的事情是大腦中幫助這個問題的部分喪失了，這個問題能感覺到一個錯誤的決定並告訴你不要去做。

We've all been told to take a deep breath when stressed.

我們都被告知在有壓力時要深呼吸。

So what is the neuroscience behind why this quick help so much?

那麼，為什麼這種快速的幫助如此之大，背後的神經科學是什麼？

Well, there's a simple answer to this which is that the brain needs a lot of oxygen to function properly.

嗯，這有一個簡單的答案，那就是大腦需要大量的氧氣來正常運作。

So if your start of oxygen taking deep breaths helps.

是以，如果你開始吸氧，深呼吸會有幫助。

But there's also a more complicated story which we're only as neuroscientists beginning to unravel.

但也有一個更復雜的故事，我們作為神經科學家才開始解開。

We've known for a very long time now that decision making, Doing the right thing at the right time is very strongly shaped by the state of our body at a particular moment and we call this emotion in another way.

我們現在已經知道，決策，在正確的時間做正確的事情，是由我們的身體在特定時刻的狀態非常強烈地決定的，我們以另一種方式稱呼這種情緒。

So we won't make the right decisions unless we have the correct kind of an appropriate emotional response as well.

所以我們不會做出正確的決定，除非我們也有正確的那種適當的情緒反應。

But sometimes our emotional response can be too overpowering and then we'll make wrong decisions.

但有時我們的情緒反應可能過於強烈，然後我們就會做出錯誤的決定。

So taking a deep breath, might just readjust this balance between what we're thinking, what emotions we're feeling and the state our body is in so that our brain activity in our body can become more in alignment is face blindness a real thing or just an attention seeking thing, it's a real thing.

是以，深呼吸，可能只是重新調整我們所想的東西、我們所感受的情緒和我們的身體所處的狀態之間的這種平衡，以便我們的大腦活動在我們的身體中能夠變得更加一致，臉盲症是一個真實的東西還是隻是一個尋求關注的東西，這是一個真實的東西。

There's a condition called process of nausea, which is the inability to distinguish between faces.

有一種情況叫做噁心過程，就是無法區分人臉。

What you find is people with nausea, they're still able to identify people, but they do it in different ways.

你發現的是有噁心症狀的人，他們仍然能夠識別人，但他們以不同的方式識別。

They're very good at picking up other cues like how somebody walks or what clothes they're wearing or what voice sounds like, but they just cannot recognize faces when you dream.

他們非常善於捕捉其他線索，如某人的行走方式或他們穿的衣服或聲音是什麼樣的，但他們就是不能在你做夢時識別人臉。

You dream of things that you've seen and thought about and all that.

你會夢到你所看到和想到的東西，以及所有這些。

So my question is, do blind people dream and if so how good question?

所以我的問題是，盲人會不會做夢，如果會的話，是怎樣的好問題？

Yes.

是的。

Blind people dream everybody dreams.

盲人的夢想是所有人的夢想。

In fact it's not only humans that dreams pretty much every animal with a brain at least with this kind of cortex dreams blind people if they've been blind from birth, maybe they won't have visual content in their dreams but they'll certainly have dreams very rich in other perceptual content and nobody really quite knows what dreams are.

事實上，不僅是人類會做夢，幾乎所有有大腦的動物都會做夢，至少有這種皮質的動物都會做夢，盲人如果一出生就失明，也許他們的夢中不會有視覺內容，但他們肯定會有非常豐富的其他感知內容的夢，沒有人真正知道夢是什麼。

For one idea is that when we perceive the world around us, we have to use these very, very complex models inside our head about what's out there in the world so we can interpret all the sensory data that's coming in and when we dream, we're basically sharpening and improving those models so that they work better.

一個想法是，當我們感知我們周圍的世界時，我們必須在我們的頭腦中使用這些非常非常複雜的模型，關於世界上有什麼，以便我們能夠解釋所有傳入的感官數據，當我們做夢時，我們基本上是在磨練和改進這些模型，以便它們更好地工作。

The next day, a rancher asks can my amygdala like stop, I wish it could be.

第二天，一個牧場主問我的杏仁核能不能像停下來，我希望它能。

Amygdala is a walnut sized pieces of brain very deep inside the base of the brain here.

杏仁核是一個核桃大小的大腦碎片，位於大腦底部的深處。

The amygdala is very heavily involved in fear and anxiety, things like that.

杏仁核在恐懼和焦慮等方面有非常大的參與。

Without properly functional amygdala.

沒有適當功能的杏仁核。

We wouldn't be sufficiently scared of things that should be scary.

我們就不會對應該害怕的事情感到足夠的恐懼。

So when we were evolving in the african savanna as early humans were doing probably the most important thing is to be scared of the right things at the right time and you need an amygdala to do that.

是以，當我們像早期人類一樣在非洲草原上進化時，最重要的事情是在正確的時間對正確的事情感到害怕，你需要一個杏仁核來做到這一點。

Do you think Transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment could alleviate ptsD post traumatic stress disorder, panic anxiety or alzheimer's.

你認為經顱磁刺激治療可以緩解創傷後應激障礙、恐慌焦慮或阿爾茨海默氏症。

Now transcranial magnetic stimulation.

現在是經顱磁刺激。

Tms is a relatively new method and what it does is it just injects short but very strong pulses of electromagnetic energy into the brain.

Tms是一種相對較新的方法，它所做的只是將短而強的電磁能量脈衝注入大腦。

It's not very precise.

這不是很精確。

You can activate one part of the brain for instance, I could activate the parietal cortex here or the frontal cortex there.

你可以激活大腦的一個部分，例如，我可以激活這裡的頂葉皮層或那裡的額葉皮層。

So it's pretty non specific and the long term effects are not very well known.

所以它是相當不具體的，而且長期的影響也不是很清楚。

It may be technique which alongside many others will help us refine new approaches to these conditions.

這可能是一種技術，它與其他許多技術一起將幫助我們完善治療這些疾病的新方法。

But by itself it doesn't provide any quick and easy answers.

但它本身並沒有提供任何快速和簡單的答案。

How does memory work?

記憶是如何工作的？

Is it will it be possible to surgically manipulate specific memories?

是否會有可能通過手術來操縱特定的記憶？

How does memory work?

記憶是如何工作的？

This is a huge question.

這是一個巨大的問題。

One thing is there's more than one kind of memory.

有一件事是有不止一種記憶。

Different parts of the brain are involved in these different ways of remembering things.

大腦的不同部分參與了這些不同的記事方式。

To say that we understand any piece of that puzzle works would be would be an overstatement.

說我們瞭解這塊拼圖的任何部分都是誇大其詞。

But let's just take one let's take autobiographical memory.

但讓我們只拿一個讓我們拿自傳性記憶來說。

How do we remember things that happened to us specifically?

我們如何記住具體發生在我們身上的事情？

Now this depends on a very specific part of the brain called the hippocampus.

現在這取決於大腦中一個非常特殊的部分，稱為海馬體。

The hippocampus is very deep inside the brain is part of what's called the medial temporal lobe.

海馬體在大腦內部非常深，是所謂內側顳葉的一部分。

The hippocampus seems to take in perceptual information as we walk around as we move around the world and then it consolidates these memories back out into the rest of the brain into the cortex.

海馬體似乎在我們在世界範圍內走動時吸收了感知資訊，然後它將這些記憶整合到大腦的其他部分，進入大腦皮層。

So it's involved in the laying down of new memories.

所以它參與了新記憶的鋪設。

The memories aren't stored in the hippocampus but we need the hippocampus in order to lay down new memories and in order to recover old memories.

記憶並不儲存在海馬體中，但我們需要海馬體來奠定新的記憶，並恢復舊的記憶。

If you have damage to the hippocampus, you will not be able to lay down any new memories, you might still be able to learn a new skill but you will not remember what happened to you while you were learning that skill, vou asks how does F.

如果你的海馬體受損，你將無法奠定任何新的記憶，你可能仍然能夠學習一項新的技能，但你將不記得你在學習該技能時發生了什麼，你問F是如何做到的。

M.

M.

R.

R.

I work?

我的工作？

This is a fantastic question.

這是個奇妙的問題。

In fact it's a question I wish most neuroscientists would ask themselves again because many of us assume we know how it works and we still don't really fully understand what it does.

事實上，這是一個我希望大多數神經科學家能再次問自己的問題，因為我們中的許多人假設我們知道它是如何工作的，我們仍然沒有真正完全理解它的作用。

Now.

現在。

Fmri a functional magnetic resonance imaging, it's probably the most common and most popular method of brain imaging.

Fmri是一種功能性磁共振成像，它可能是最常見和最受歡迎的大腦成像方法。

Put very simply what FmRI does is it measures the amount of oxygen in the blood in different parts of the brain in a very very precise way.

簡單地說，FmRI的作用是以一種非常非常精確的方式測量大腦不同部位的血液中的氧氣量。

And this is important because bits of the brain that are more active where the neurons the brain cells are firing a lot, they'll consume more energy.

這一點很重要，因為大腦中比較活躍的部分，即神經元、腦細胞大量發射的部分，它們會消耗更多的能量。

And so the blood in those parts of the brain will have a bit less oxygen.

是以，大腦這些部分的血液中的氧氣會少一點。

So we can tell how activist certain part of the brain is by looking at how the oxygenation levels change and in fact it's still a very active area of research to figure out how that signal Of oxygenation actually relates to neurons firing neuroscience says doing this.

是以，我們可以通過觀察氧合水準的變化來判斷大腦的某些部分有多活躍，事實上，要弄清楚氧合的信號實際上與神經元發射的關係，仍然是一個非常活躍的研究領域，神經科學說這樣做。

One thing makes you just as happy as eating 2000 chocolate bars, what is it?

有一件事讓你和吃2000塊巧克力一樣開心，是什麼呢？

A smile.

一個微笑。

One of our main sources of pleasure in the world is social bonding.

我們在這個世界上的主要快樂來源之一是社交關係。

So whenever we feel that we're getting some recognition or some affection or some positive response from another human being, then we're going to feel a lot better.

是以，每當我們感覺到我們從另一個人那裡得到一些認可或一些喜愛或一些積極的迴應，那麼我們就會感覺好很多。

Whether it's exactly the same kind of pleasure that we get from eating a chocolate bar.

這是否與我們吃巧克力棒的那種快感完全相同。

I don't know.

我不知道。

I don't generally feel guilty if somebody smells at me in the same way that I do if I've eaten a couple of chocolate bars on the slide now, I hope I've been able to answer some of your questions.

如果有人聞到我的氣味，我一般不會感到內疚，就像我現在在滑梯上吃了幾塊巧克力一樣，我希望我已經能夠回答你的一些問題。

But the great thing about neuroscience is there's so much more to discover.

但神經科學的偉大之處在於還有很多東西有待發現。

This has been neuroscience support with anil Seth.

這已經得到了神經科學的支持，有阿尼爾-塞思的支持。