If you've ever skipped 15 or six times, you might find yourself taking a little more seriously, See if you can get 789 consecutive skips turns out some people take stone skipping very seriously and actually compete to see who can skip the most or who can skip the farthest the current world record for most consecutive skips is probably higher than you think.

如果你曾經跳過15次或6次，你可能會發現自己更認真一點，看看你是否能連續跳789次原來有些人對跳石非常認真，實際上是在競爭，看誰能跳得最多或誰能跳得最遠目前連續跳的世界紀錄可能比你想象的要高。

Try counting the skips in this footage of the world record, just don't blink, did you catch it?

試著數一數這段世界紀錄的鏡頭中的跳動，只要不眨眼，你抓住了嗎？

That was 88 skips.

那是88次跳過。

Here's the amazing thing.

令人驚奇的是，在這裡。

Models actually project the limit could be a lot higher than that.

模型實際上預測極限可能比這高得多。

Today, we're gonna explore what that limit might be and why approaching or even exceeding.

今天，我們將探討這個極限可能是什麼，以及為什麼接近甚至超過這個極限。

It could be almost impossible to find out what it takes.

這可能是幾乎不可能的事，要找出它的原因。

I skipped stones with the world record holder.

我和世界紀錄保持者一起跳過石頭。

What was that?

那是什麼？

7, 8, you know, the odd thing is I never count.

7，8，你知道，奇怪的是我從來沒有數過。

Are you serious?

你是認真的嗎？

You never count.

你從來沒有計算過。

I don't talk fluid dynamics with a physicist, it hits the water and this back end sort of creates a wave and so the stone tends to rise up over that wave that it creates and that's what allows it to get a lift force that gets it back in the air again before the next impact and over and over again and brought both of them together, gorgeous.

我不和物理學家談流體力學，它撞到水面上，這個後端有點產生波浪，所以石頭傾向於在它產生的那個波浪上上升，這就是讓它得到一個升力，讓它在下一次撞擊之前再次回到空中，一次又一次，把它們兩個都帶到一起，很華麗。

To see if we can figure out how world class stone skipper gets so many touches on the water and with the limit might actually be.

看看我們是否能弄清楚世界級的石牌船長是如何在水上獲得如此多的觸擊，以及與極限可能是。

So we're here today with kurt steiner, he's the world record holder in stone skipping specifically, most consecutive skips on the water.

今天我們請來了庫爾特-斯坦納，他是跳石的世界紀錄保持者，特別是在水上連續跳得最多。

And how many skips was that?

那是多少個跳動呢？

That's so remarkable.

這真是太了不起了。

I can't even like I'm not a really talented stone skipper but you know if I find myself at a lake with some stones I will do some skipping.

我甚至不能像我不是一個真正有天賦的跳石者，但你知道如果我發現自己在一個有一些石頭的湖邊，我會做一些跳躍。

I think the most I've ever done is like 13 or 14 and like that makes me really, really happy and proud.

我想我做得最多的是13或14個，像這樣讓我非常、非常高興和自豪。

So 88 is like how it is, what makes you happy?

所以88年就像現在這樣，是什麼讓你快樂？

That counts more.

這更重要。

But I think we can get that number up a bit.

但我認為我們可以把這個數字提高一些。

We flew steiner and a couple boxes of rocks to Utah where he gave me some lessons on extreme stone skipping, Steiner makes it look easy, but a good skip is more than just how hard you throw a stone or which angle, in fact it all starts with the stone itself.

我們帶著斯坦納和幾箱石頭飛到猶他州，在那裡他給我上了一些關於極限跳石的課程，斯坦納讓它看起來很容易，但一個好的跳石不僅僅是你扔石頭的力度或角度，事實上這一切都始於石頭本身。

Okay, that was closer to like 15, 16, 15, 15.

好吧，那是更接近於15、16、15、15的樣子。

Alright, so the most I've ever skipped before, this is around 14 15.

好吧，那麼我以前跳過的最多的一次，這大約是14 15。

And here on my second throw, I hit around 1415, which tells me there's a lot to do with the rock you're using Steiner stones made a huge difference.

而在這裡，在我的第二次投擲中，我打到了1415左右，這告訴我，你使用的石頭有很大的關係，斯泰納石頭產生了巨大的差異。

The worst rock in this box is better than the nicest rock I've ever skipped.

這個盒子裡最差的石頭也比我跳過的最漂亮的石頭好。

Steiner, like a lot of top skippers is very particular about his stones.

斯坦納，像許多頂級船長一樣，對他的石頭非常挑剔。

He collects his from lake Erie a few hours from his home in pennsylvania.

他從離他在賓夕法尼亞州的家幾小時路程的伊利湖收集他的。

A lot of questions to what kind of rock is best.

很多人問到什麼樣的石頭最好。

The general category I use is just how many sizes it.

我使用的一般類別就是它的尺寸有多少。

Steiner isn't just an expert stone skipper, he's an expert stone picker to this one is pretty similar to the one I would have set the record with.

斯泰納不僅是一個跳石專家，他還是一個採石專家，這個採石專家與我要創造記錄的那個採石專家很相似。

He uses different shapes for different skips and different conditions.

他為不同的跳板和不同的條件使用不同的形狀。

People like triangles.

人們喜歡三角形。

I used to like triangles, but um they just chew up the water too much.

我以前喜歡三角形，但嗯，它們只是把水嚼得太厲害了。

You're always kind of weighing how much irregularity is in my rock against how hard am I throwing it against?

你總是在權衡我的石頭有多少不規則的地方，而我要把它扔到多硬的地方？

What water am I throwing it onto?

我把它扔到什麼水裡了？

Signer also showed me how to hold the stone for maximum skipping.

簽名者還向我展示瞭如何握住石頭以獲得最大的跳動。

The first thing you ever want to do is determine which side is going to be down right and you generally want to go with the flatter or slightly rounded if it's cupped or jagged.

你曾經想做的第一件事是確定哪一邊是正確的，如果是杯狀或鋸齒狀的，你一般想選擇較平或稍圓的那一邊。

Put that up, especially you want to look at the outer edge because the stone almost never touches except around half inch around the edge.

把這個放上去，特別是你要看一下外緣，因為除了邊緣周圍半英寸左右，石頭幾乎沒有接觸過。

But as I soon found out there's a lot more to skipping than just picking a good stone.

但我很快就發現，跳傘除了挑選一塊好的石頭外，還有很多事情要做。

Steiner uses a variety of grips and stance is for things like distance power and number of skips.

斯泰納使用各種握把和姿勢是為了獲得距離力量和跳過次數等。

That's a high spin throw and then there's one here where a little closer to the water that's a good way to get a lot of power in real close.

這是一個高旋轉的拋球，然後這裡有一個離水近一點的地方，這是一個很好的方法，可以在真正近的地方獲得大量的力量。

He's got a classic low skimming toss and an unusual overhand swing, but basically you're just kind of trying to swap the water as hard as you can with the rock as flat as possible.

他有一個經典的低空拋物和一個不尋常的過手揮杆，但基本上你只是有點試圖用岩石儘可能平地交換水。

He showed me how to get a little more whip on my skip lesson.

他向我展示瞭如何在我的跳繩課上獲得更多的鞭子。

Number one throw hard, you've got a lot more strength than you're using, he suggested trailing my hand.

第一，用力投擲，你的力量比你使用的多得多，他建議拖著我的手。

Yeah.

是的。

And don't start pivoting your waist around your shoulder, around until that left leg is a good foot out in front of you.

而且不要開始繞著你的肩膀轉動你的腰部，直到那條左腿在你前面一英尺的地方。

If you drag your arm right, you see what I mean?

如果你向右拖動你的手臂，你明白我的意思嗎？

They're almost opening up into the throw, you know, tension up across here and then essentially your hand is catching back up to the rest of your body and will snap out better.

他們幾乎是打開了投擲，你知道，緊張起來橫在這裡，然後基本上你的手又趕上了你身體的其他部分，會更好地扣出來。

Alright, let's give that a shot.

好吧，讓我們試一試。

Okay.

好的。

It's not actually looked a little better to me.

在我看來，它實際上並沒有看起來好一點。

So now the third part is where it comes together here.

所以現在第三部分是它在這裡彙集的地方。

That's where you've got to hit your target.

這就是你必須要擊中目標的地方。

Next kurt had me aim for a first touch closer to the shore line.

接下來，庫爾特讓我瞄準靠近海岸線的第一次觸摸。

Did you notice how when you threw the rock, the longer stays in the air, the more it will roll over on its side.

你是否注意到，當你拋出石頭時，在空中停留的時間越長，它就越會側身滾落。

That is always happening.

這種情況一直在發生。

You can minimize that obviously by lessening the time in the air, which is one reason you want to hit close.

你可以通過減少在空中的時間來儘量減少這種情況，這也是你想近距離擊球的一個原因。

So we're gonna be focusing on three things on this throw based on current feedback one, I'm gonna be delaying the start of my throw so I can utilize more of my biomechanics to I'm gonna try to throw it hard And three I'm going to try to make contact with the water really close to myself.

是以，根據目前的反饋，我們在這次投擲中要關注三件事：第一，我要延後投擲的開始時間，這樣我就能更多地利用我的生物力學，我要努力投擲；第三，我要努力使水與自己真正接近。

There it is.

就在那裡。

So that looked like high teens to me, immediate immediate improvement.

是以，這在我看來是十幾歲的孩子，立即就能得到改善。

And that was your first try.

而這是你的第一次嘗試。

Yeah, yeah, yeah, that's so cool.

是的，是的，是的，這太酷了。

Every throw is a complete new puzzle.

每一次投擲都是一個完整的新難題。

So how is it that someone like Steiner can skip stones so many times to find out.

那麼，像斯坦納這樣的人怎麼能跳過石頭這麼多次去尋找呢。

We asked Tad trusted who runs the splash lab at Utah State University in Logan.

我們詢問了在洛根的猶他州立大學負責飛濺實驗室的塔德-信任。

Yeah, splash lab.

是的，潑水實驗室。

Welcome.

歡迎。

Thanks.

謝謝。

You've got a lot of really cool stuff in here.

你這裡面有很多非常酷的東西。

Yeah, it looks like junk but we're using all of it.

是的，它看起來像垃圾，但我們都在使用它。

Yes, it's a real lab and the work they do there is amazing.

是的，這是一個真正的實驗室，他們在那裡所做的工作是驚人的。

And then this tank here where I shot bullets into it for my Thesis, my PhD thesis shot bullets into this.

然後這個坦克在這裡，我為我的論文向它發射子彈，我的博士論文向這個發射子彈。

Yeah, absolutely.

是的，當然。

They were modified 22 bullets.

它們是經過改良的22號子彈。

Is that what that hole is?

這就是那個洞嗎？

Yeah, is where we missed.

是的，是我們錯過的地方。

But that that's a misfire.

但這是一個誤區。

But yeah to study stone skipping trusted and his team recorded steiner hurling stones into a tank at thousands of frames per second to figure out how many skips are possible.

但是啊，為了研究跳石，信任和他的團隊以每秒數千幀的速度記錄了斯坦納向坦克投擲石塊的過程，以弄清有多少個跳石是可能的。

You have to first understand just how a skip works.

你必須首先了解簸箕是如何工作的。

Here's what happens.

情況是這樣的。

So you have the stone, it's in your hand and you throw it and as you do that you release it off of your fingers and that causes it to have some spin.

所以你有石頭，它在你的手裡，你把它扔出去，當你這樣做時，你把它從你的手指上釋放出來，這導致它有一些旋轉。

So the spin is really important, we call it gyroscopic stabilization, it essentially holds the attack angle of the of the rock with respect to say, the surface of the water.

是以，旋轉真的很重要，我們稱之為陀螺儀穩定，它基本上保持了岩石相對於水面的攻擊角。

So then when you hit the water, it deforms the water and pushes a wave out in front of it.

是以，當你擊中水面時，它使水變形，並將一個波浪推到它的前面。

But the velocity of the stone is much faster than the wave that it creates, and so it ends up rising up on that wave that it created.

但是石頭的速度要比它所創造的波浪快得多，所以它最終在它所創造的波浪上上升了。

And this causes a little lift force.

而這就造成了一個小的升力。

The rock is able to go back into the air and then back down.

岩石能夠回到空中，然後再回到地面。

And so this happens over and over and over again for a good rock skip.

就這樣，這種情況一次又一次地發生在一個好的岩石跳上。

Right?

對嗎？

And that gyroscopic stabilization is what keeps that attack angle correct.

陀螺儀的穩定是保持攻角正確的原因。

And friction is really the only other thing that's like reducing your ability to keep going.

而摩擦確實是唯一的其他東西，就像減少你繼續前進的能力。

The splash lab isn't the only one studying stone skipping.

飛濺的實驗室並不是唯一研究跳石的地方。

A group of French scientists first figured out a model for ideal skipping in 2004.

一組法國科學家在2004年首次弄清了一個理想的跳傘模型。

These researchers in France found out that the optimal Angle for a disc to skip on the water surface is about 20° for both the attack angle and also that velocity vector that coupled with um you know how, how fast it is thrown as well as how much gyroscopic stabilization it has sort of set up the problem to find out what the maximum number of skips you can get or the number of skips you'll get based on what that spin rate is and what that velocity is and that impact angle.

法國的這些研究人員發現，圓盤在水面上跳過的最佳角度是20°左右，包括攻擊角度和速度矢量，再加上你知道的嗯，它被拋出的速度有多快，以及它的陀螺穩定程度，這就為找出你能得到的最大跳數或基於旋轉率是多少、速度是多少和衝擊角度的跳數設置了問題。

Now you might think that studying stone skipping is a bit frivolous but trust it says there are practical applications.

現在你可能認為研究跳石有點輕浮，但相信它說的是有實際應用。

Yeah, definitely.

是的，當然。

So spacecraft that was proposed that would bounce off the atmosphere as it kind of came back towards Earth and use that to keep itself out, you know, if you want to land on the moon of titan, you may wanna, you may want to come in for a soft landing um knowing how skipping works might be a great way to do that to figure out how Steiner skipped so many times.

是以，提出的航天器將在返回地球時反彈大氣層，並利用這一點使自己不受影響，你知道，如果你想在泰坦的月球上著陸，你可能想，你可能想來個軟著陸嗯，知道跳傘是如何工作的可能是一個偉大的方法，以弄清楚斯坦納如何跳過這麼多次。

Trust God in his lab also went into the field to gather data on his arm speed and the rotation of the stones.

信任上帝在他的實驗室裡也進入現場，收集他的手臂速度和石頭的旋轉數據。

Alright, I think that was it.

好了，我想就是這樣了。

Dude Steiner's maximum speed is around 50 mph.

督斯泰納的最大速度約為50英里/小時。

His world record skip was calculated at 43 mph, but he also has years of experience.

他的世界紀錄是以每小時43英里計算的，但他也有多年的經驗。

Even his doug throws put my best efforts to shame, but could someone best his record, I've seen one or two people who have a technique that could maybe beat that, but it's almost impossible.

即使是他的杜格投擲也讓我的最大努力感到羞愧，但有人能創下他的最佳紀錄嗎？我看到有一兩個人的技術也許能打敗他，但這幾乎是不可能的。

Now you might remember from our previous episode on the fastball that pictures are about maxed out on speed at just over 100 MPH.

現在你可能還記得我們上一集關於快速球的內容，圖片上的速度剛剛超過100英里/小時，已經達到了極限。

Trust can apply that metric to stone skipping and came up with some amazing calculations, A really safe place on our chart puts you around 93 mile an hour throw because these are a little heavier than a than a baseball.

信任可以將這一指標應用於跳石，並得出了一些驚人的計算結果。在我們的圖表上，一個真正安全的地方讓你在每小時93英里左右投擲，因為這些東西比比棒球要重一點。

And um, and they're a little, they have a bigger radius which makes their moment of inertia larger.

而且，嗯，他們有點，他們有一個更大的半徑，這使得他們的慣性力矩更大。

So you need a little more energy in that side of it.

所以你需要在那方面多一點能量。

So 93 mph is about where you're topping out, you're gonna have about 2800-3000 rpm.

是以，93英里/小時大約是你的最高點，你會有大約2800-3000轉/分。

And if you can get there, that's close to 164 jewels, you're gonna probably get close to 300, skips.

如果你能到達那裡，那就是接近164顆寶石，你可能會得到接近300顆，跳過。

350.

350.

Yeah.

是的。

Under the current idea.

根據目前的想法。

Yeah.

是的。

Is that even possible 300 already just seems ridiculous.

這有可能嗎？"300個已經看起來很荒謬了。

Right?

對嗎？

I don't even know who could count that, like I couldn't count 10 today.

我甚至不知道誰能算出這個數字，就像我今天不能算出10。

Steiner thinks the limit is probably closer to 200.

斯坦納認為極限可能更接近於200。

That's what the number says.

這就是這個數字的含義。

I'd like to go test it.

我想去測試一下。

Trust it.

相信它。

And other scientists have modeled their projections using a perfectly round disc.

而其他科學家則用一個完美的圓盤來模擬他們的推算。

But as Steiner showed me there are no uniform stones because Mother Nature never sees fit to make two of the same thing.

但正如斯坦納向我展示的那樣，沒有統一的石頭，因為大自然從不認為適合製造兩種相同的東西。

I have to get on her about that.

我必須對她進行這方面的教育。

So skipping a stone might seem like a simple thing, but it's actually this beautifully complex mix of skill, athleticism and fascinating physics.

是以，跳過一塊石頭可能看起來是一件簡單的事情，但它實際上是技能、運動能力和迷人的物理學的這種漂亮的複雜組合。

It's such a miracle to me, what's going on?

這對我來說是個奇蹟，發生了什麼事？

You know, it's just just, we're dancing, Water and stone and air.

你知道，這只是，我們在跳舞，水、石頭和空氣。

So will we ever see 300 consecutive skips, or 350?

那麼，我們會不會看到連續跳過300次，或者350次？

That's a good question.

這是個好問題。

It'll probably take someone with a major league caliber arm and kurt steiner's devotion.

這可能需要一個擁有大聯盟水準的手臂和科特-斯坦納的奉獻精神的人。

But what we're seeing these days from the world's top skippers is already almost impossible.

但我們這些天從世界頂級船長那裡看到的情況已經幾乎不可能了。

Mhm.

嗯。