Name: Reformation and Consequences: Crash Course European History #7（Reformation and Consequences: Crash Course European History #7）
Uploaded: 2022-06-03T01:40:58.000Z
Duration: 13 min 38 s
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[[TV Window]] Hi I'm John Green, this is Crash Course European History, and today we're

going to watch religious reform spread, while states shape up their operations to make them

As you'll recall from our last episode, the Peace of Augsburg was supposed to settle

the religious divisions that resulted from the Protestant Reformation.

I mean, it was called the Peace of Augsburg after all.

But, well, Stan, unfortunately we're going to have to switch the TV to the religious

INTRO [[TV: Religious War]] The 1555 Peace of Augsburg

did bring peace to the Holy Roman Empire, temporarily, at least.

We'll get to existentialism later, but in the meantime, there was turmoil almost everywhere

For one thing, monarchs were starting to see the need to centralize and professionalize

This was necessary because they needed more money, especially for weaponry, including

increasingly lethal cannons, and money for building roads, harbors, and ships--so they

could move war-making stuff around, and also other goods.

To pay for all of this, they used better tax collection--and also piracy and global expansion.

Both Ivan the Terrible in Russia and Suleyman the Magnificent, the Ottoman sultan, were

And moreover, with Protestantism fragmenting and moving so swiftly in many directions,

there was a sense that unifying a state's people, notably in religion, would hold kingdoms

together and keep citizens prospering instead of killing one another.

European monarchs also employed legal scholars to help regularize the law and use it to unify

The monarchs who focused on instituting tight state organization and expanding royal power

are sometimes called the “New Monarchs,” even though of course now they are quite old.

Stan informs me that in fact they are not old, they are all currently deceased.

But as these new monarchs sought to consolidate, new religious sub-groups, or sects, were constantly

As Protestantism evolved, some of these sects promoted more radical kinds of equality that

fanned out from the idea that all people could have a direct connection to God.

and that proved problematic not only for religious hierarchies, like the Catholic Church, but

also for political ones, like aristocracies and monarchies.

Some Anabaptists, for instance, used sola scriptura to experiment with polygamy, citing

the Bible's command to “be fruitful and multiply.”

And Quakers encouraged women to preach and engage in religious activism.

The appeal of new sects, and reformers, and preachers

2. pulled at the fabric of political unity and secure power that monarchs desperately

Jean Calvin of France was foremost among these reformers.

Like Martin Luther, Calvin started by studying law

5. and, like Luther, eventually dropped it for theology.

Then in 1534, large posters denouncing the Catholic Church appeared all over Paris

7. —an event called the Affair of the Placards.

French authorities rounded up suspected Protestants,

10. and causing others, including Calvin, to flee.

France and the French—even those from the highest ranks of the nobility

12. --became violently divided among religious factions for several generations.

Meanwhile, from exile in Geneva, Calvin set up a theocracy—

that is, a state based on and run according to religious doctrine.

Calvin's most important addition to Protestantism was the concept of predestination.

Calvin maintained that God had determined even before the creation of the world

17. which of its humans would be saved and which would be damned as sinners.

For a variety of reasons, he felt that citizens needed to be strictly regulated to keep them

from falling into sin and to maintain their godly nature.

So, for instance, he imposed fines for drunkenness, and blasphemy, and dancing, and gambling.

So, Calvin's theocracy in Geneva came to be known as the Protestant Rome;

it was the epicenter of the Reformed Church, and Calvin himself was seen as a “father”

to the many who left their families to participate in this experiment too.

Calvinism became even more far-flung than Lutheranism,

with communities springing up from the British Isles to Hungary and other parts of eastern

[[TV: Henry VIII]] so, at the same time, Henry VIII of England was using Protestantism in

an entirely new way--to get divorced and acquire land.

Henry was working to consolidate his kingdom after a long civil war known as the War of

the Roses, and he was married to Catherine of Aragon, who was the aunt of Charles V,

which made her a politically desirable spouse if not the perfect romantic match.

Henry's circle included famous Christian humanists like Thomas More, and also the noblewoman

Anne Boleyn, who backed religious reform and with whom Henry was enamored.

and that was a bit of a problem, as Henry was already married.

Refused a divorce by the pope, Henry cut his ties with Rome, divorced Catherine of Aragon,

banished her from his royal court, and then announced himself to be the head of the Church

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Reformation and Consequences: Crash Course European History #7（Reformation and Consequences: Crash Course European History #7）

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