Welcome to watch Mojo And today we're counting down our picks for the top 10 discoveries that changed history.

歡迎觀看《魔力》，今天我們將評選出改變歷史的十大發現。

A DNA strand like me is a blueprint for building a living thing.

像我這樣的DNA鏈是構建一個生物的藍圖。

My biggest difference see It evolved a slightly bigger hook over the generations to help me eat the cactus on this part of the island.

我最大的不同之處在於，經過幾代人的努力，它進化出一個稍大的鉤子，以幫助我吃掉島上這部分的仙人掌。

You gotta locate the closest medical research facility.

你得找到最近的醫學研究機構。

A C.

A C．

D.

D.

C.

C.

A W.

A W．

H.

H.

O.

O.

Something that makes vaccines for this list.

為這個名單做疫苗的東西。

We're ranking concepts, theories, objects and anything that altered life as we know it after being discovered, we won't be tackling inventions because they deserve a list of their own.

我們將對概念、理論、物品和任何在被發現後改變了我們所知的生活的東西進行排名，我們不會處理髮明，因為它們應該有一個自己的列表。

Let us know in the comments of which other influential discoveries you stand Number 10.

請在評論中告訴我們，你還有哪些有影響力的發現是10號的。

Quantum theory isolated completely.

量子理論完全隔離了。

A quantum system would revert back to separate states of matter, each entangled with a distinct state of its environment.

一個量子系統將恢復到獨立的物質狀態，每一個都與它的環境的不同狀態糾纏在一起。

In the 20th century, quantum theory came along and blew up everything we thought we knew about matter.

在20世紀，量子理論的出現，炸燬了我們認為對物質的一切瞭解。

That is everything that physically exists in the universe.

這就是宇宙中物理存在的一切。

A century after the true discovery of atoms, we finally started to decipher them.

在真正發現原子的一個世紀後，我們終於開始破譯它們。

Atoms are made up of subatomic particles, protons, neutrons, and electrons.

原子是由亞原子粒子、質子、中子和電子組成的。

While light itself is made up of photons.

而光本身是由光子構成的。

Quantum mechanics explains how all matter at the smallest level interacts with itself and with light.

量子力學解釋了所有物質在最小的層面上是如何與自身以及與光相互作用的。

Without quantum theory, we wouldn't understand electromagnetism radiation or atomic structure, meaning that neither modern physics nor chemistry could exist.

沒有量子理論，我們就不會了解電磁輻射或原子結構，也就是說，現代物理學和化學都不可能存在。

It's quantum entanglement between the quantum states of Posner molecules in your brains.

這是你們大腦中波斯納分子的量子狀態之間的量子糾纏。

Yeah, that's what I was thinking.

是的，我也是這麼想的。

It was pioneered by major physicists like max Planck and Niels Bohr and is one of science's most important disciplines.

它是由馬克斯-普朗克和尼爾斯-玻爾等主要物理學家開創的，是科學最重要的學科之一。

You guys just put the word quantum in front of everything.

你們只是把量子這個詞放在所有東西前面。

Number nine x rays.

九號X射線。

So I guess we can skip all this.

所以我想我們可以跳過這一切。

Huh.

嗯。

Well, we're here.

嗯，我們在這裡。

Machines on may as well take a look abundant in the universe.

機器上還不如看看宇宙中的豐富內容。

X rays are a form of ionizing high frequency radiation, totally invisible to the human eye.

X射線是一種電離的高頻輻射，人眼完全看不見。

They were first discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen, whose name is still used as a unit of radiation.

它們最早是由威廉-倫琴發現的，他的名字仍然被用作輻射的組織、部門。

X rays rapidly became an indispensable part of modern medicine.

X射線迅速成為現代醫學不可缺少的一部分。

The calcium in bones absorbs the X rays and allows images to be taken of the inside of the body.

骨頭中的鈣吸收了X射線，並允許拍攝身體內部的影像。

Wow, wow.

哇，哇。

What what is, wow, what is that?

什麼什麼，哇，那是什麼？

That's yep.

那是對的。

This allows us to study all kinds of afflictions we previously had to guess about at the same time, radiation and radio activity were being studied by scientists from Henri Becquerel to Marie and Pierre curie Marie curie ultimately received a nobel prize for her work in the field of X rays.

這使我們能夠研究我們以前不得不猜測的各種苦難。與此同時，從亨利-貝克勒爾到瑪麗和皮埃爾-居里的科學家們都在研究輻射和無線電活動，瑪麗-居里最終因其在X射線領域的工作而獲得諾貝爾獎。

Number eight dinosaurs.

八號恐龍。

Yeah, For a long time.

是的，很長時間了。

What existed on Earth before us was a mystery then in the 1800s, Paleontology was invented as a discipline after the first almost complete fossil of an archaeopteryx ricks was discovered.

在我們之前的地球上存在什麼是一個謎，然後在19世紀，在發現第一塊幾乎完整的古翼鳥化石之後，古生物學被髮明為一門學科。

It wasn't the first dinosaur bone ever found.

這並不是有史以來發現的第一塊恐龍骨。

However, this discovery of a fossil meant people had the most substantial link to the widespread existence of dinosaurs.

然而，這一化石的發現意味著人們與恐龍的廣泛存在有了最實質性的聯繫。

Mm hmm, mm hmm.

嗯哼，嗯哼。

Humanity had uncovered the remains of an entire ecosystem that died out millions of years ago.

人類發現了整個生態系統的遺蹟，這個生態系統在幾百萬年前就已經滅絕了。

Now, dinosaurs are a fixture in every natural history museum in the world.

現在，恐龍是世界上每個自然歷史博物館的固定資產。

They've also been the subject of a few popular movies you may have heard of.

它們也是你可能聽說過的幾部流行電影的主題。

Hey, hey, what did I just say?

嘿，嘿，我剛才說什麼了？

Who doesn't have a favorite dinosaur?

誰沒有一個最喜歡的恐龍？

Number seven The Big Bang Theory universe was in a hot, dense state.

第七條 宇宙大爆炸理論的宇宙處於高溫、密集的狀態。

Then nearly 14 billion years ago, expansion started in the 19 twenties.

然後近140億年前，在19世紀20年代開始擴張。

It was observed by influential physicist George Lowe Metra and Edwin Hubble that the universe was expanding.

有影響力的物理學家喬治-洛維-梅特拉和埃德溫-哈勃觀察到，宇宙正在膨脹。

They also realized that this expansion was getting faster.

他們還意識到，這種擴張的速度越來越快。

So if you go back in time, the universe would theoretically get smaller at a slower rate.

是以，如果你回到過去，理論上宇宙會以更慢的速度變小。

And by that logic are massive universe started as a small and dense singularity ready to get bigger.

按照這個邏輯，大規模的宇宙開始時是一個小而密集的奇點，準備變得更大。

Scientists theorized that it exploded at some time and gave birth to the universe in an astonishing explosion.

科學家們理論上認為，它在某個時候爆炸了，並在一次驚人的爆炸中誕生了宇宙。

Now nicknamed the Big Bang.

現在的綽號是大爆炸。

It took most of the 20th century for the Big Bang to become the most widely accepted cosmological model of the universe.

經過20世紀的大部分時間，大爆炸才成為最廣泛接受的宇宙學模型。

But it's now one of the most important discoveries in science.

但它現在是科學中最重要的發現之一。

Isn't that right?

不是嗎？

Sheldon Science history unraveling the mystery that all started with a Big Bang.

謝爾頓科學史解開了一切始於大爆炸的謎團。

Number six.

六號。

Electricity proof that electricity existed appeared in the magnetic fields across the universe and lightning in the sky for millennia.

電的存在的證據出現在整個宇宙的磁場中，天空中的閃電也出現了千年之久。

But it took a long time for humans to work out how to harness the natural power of electricity.

但人類花了很長時間才研究出如何利用電力的自然力量。

When we did, it created a technological revolution like no other.

當我們這樣做時，它創造了一場前所未有的技術革命。

While founding Father Benjamin Franklin conducted many experiments to study lightning.

在開國元勳本傑明-富蘭克林進行了許多實驗來研究雷電。

The true father of electricity is Michael Faraday.

真正的電學之父是邁克爾-法拉第。

This scientist built on centuries of research to invent the electric motor.

這位科學家在幾個世紀的研究基礎上，發明了電動馬達。

Faraday's work in turn led to revolutions like the light bulb.

法拉第的工作反過來又導致了燈泡等革命的發生。

Decades later, Nicola Tesla would even invent a way to wirelessly transmit electricity was conducting the electricity.

幾十年後，尼古拉-特斯拉甚至發明了一種無線傳輸電力的方法，就是導電。

Our bodies mr Angier quite capable of conducting and indeed producing energy.

我們的身體安吉爾很有能力傳導並確實產生能量。

While that discovery was virtually ignored for another 100 years, it was another huge stepping stone in this crucial field.

雖然這一發現在另外100年裡幾乎被忽視，但它是這一關鍵領域的另一塊巨大的墊腳石。

Number five penicillin.

五號盤尼西林。

That wasn't so bad.

這還不算太糟。

That was penicillin.

那是盤尼西林。

You might not think that mold would be the basis for modern antibiotics, but that's exactly where penicillin, the world's first antibiotic originated the compound and its medicinal properties were discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928.

你可能不認為黴菌會成為現代抗生素的基礎，但這正是世界上第一種抗生素青黴素的發源地，其化合物和藥用特性是由亞歷山大-弗萊明在1928年發現的。

He also named it empire near the production process.

他還在生產過程附近將其命名為帝國。

penicillin is used to fight off a wide range of infections, most often those caused by strep bacteria like strep throat and strep meningitis, she needs a massive dose of penicillin or a broad spectrum antibiotic immediately or Fleming built upon similar developments that were achieved in the previous century by louis Pasteur.

青黴素用於抵禦各種感染，最常見的是由鏈球菌引起的感染，如鏈球菌性咽喉炎和鏈球菌性腦膜炎，她需要立即服用大劑量的青黴素或廣譜抗生素，或者弗萊明在上個世紀路易-巴斯德取得的類似發展的基礎上。

He pioneered germ theory and realized that microbes and bacteria were responsible for causing illness.

他開創了病菌理論，並意識到微生物和細菌是導致疾病的原因。

Thanks to Pasteur.

感謝巴斯德。

People learned the importance of disinfection to prevent disease.

人們瞭解到消毒對預防疾病的重要性。

Hey guys, I found it.

嘿，夥計們，我找到了。

What How do you know?

你怎麼知道的？

Because it says penicillin on the bottom number four theory of relativity, every hour we spend on that planet will be seven years back on Earth.

因為它的底部寫著青黴素的四號相對論，我們在那個星球上度過的每一個小時都將是回到地球上的7年。

Well that's relativity folks.

嗯，這就是相對論，夥計們。

In the early 1900s, a young scientist named Albert Einstein realized that Isaac Newton's ideas about gravity were largely wrong.

20世紀初，一位名叫阿爾伯特-愛因斯坦的年輕科學家意識到，艾薩克-牛頓關於重力的想法在很大程度上是錯誤的。

He expressed this discovery through his theories of general and special relativity, which have formed the backbone of modern physics for many decades.

他通過他的廣義和狹義相對論表達了這一發現，幾十年來，這些理論構成了現代物理學的支柱。

Einstein's groundbreaking equations described how gravity is created by massive objects bending spacetime around them.

愛因斯坦的開創性方程描述了引力是如何由大品質物體彎曲其周圍的時空而產生的。

Time is relative.

時間是相對的。

Okay, it can stretch and it can squeeze but it can't run backwards.

好吧，它可以伸展，它可以擠壓，但它不能向後跑。

He also predicted phenomena like black holes and gravitational waves which decades later were proven conclusively to exist.

他還預測了黑洞和引力波等現象，這些現象在幾十年後被確鑿地證明是存在的。

It was a revelation on par with the Copernican system that put the sun at the center of the solar system instead of the earth, relativity was yet another theory that changed our entire perspective of the universe.

這是一個與哥白尼體系相提並論的啟示，哥白尼體系將太陽置於太陽系的中心，而不是地球，相對論是改變我們對宇宙的整個看法的又一個理論。

The only thing that can move across dimensions like time is gravity.

唯一能像時間一樣跨維度移動的是重力。

Number three D.

三號D。

N.

N.

A.

A.

Mr DNA.

DNA先生。

Where did you come from from your blood?

你的血統從哪裡來的？

Just one drop of your blood contains billions of strands of DNA.

你的一滴血就包含了數十億股DNA。

The building blocks of life.

生命的構成要素。

Humans just like every other organism on earth have D.

人類就像地球上的其他生物一樣有D。

N.

N.

A.

A.

But we didn't always know what that was.

但我們並不總是知道那是什麼。

The team behind.

背後的團隊。

The discovery of the double helix was James, Watson Francis, crick, Maurice Wilkins and they often forgotten Rosalind franklin.

發現雙螺旋的是詹姆斯、沃森-弗朗西斯、克里克、莫里斯-威爾金斯和他們經常忘記的羅莎琳-富蘭克林。

While they weren't the first to think about DNA like this, all of them did invaluable work in the 19 fifties.

雖然他們不是第一個這樣思考DNA的人，但他們都在1950年代做了寶貴的工作。

Their research eventually led to the human genome being completely sequenced in 2000 and three.

他們的研究最終導致了人類基因組在2000年和3年被完全測序。

If we looked at screens like these, once a second for eight hours a day, it takes two years to look at the entire DNA strains.

如果我們看這樣的螢幕，一秒鐘一次，一天八小時，需要兩年時間才能看完整個DNA菌株。

It's that long brilliant minds used this invaluable resource to better understand genes, traits and diseases caused by DNA.

就是這麼長的時間裡，聰明的頭腦利用這一寶貴的資源，更好地瞭解基因、性狀和由DNA引起的疾病。

And genetics is still advancing at an unprecedented rate.

而遺傳學仍在以前所未有的速度向前發展。

Most recently.

最近的一次。

The development of CRISPR gene editing tool could cure genetic conditions and possibly eradicate cancer.

CRISPR基因編輯工具的發展可以治癒遺傳病，並可能根除癌症。

We used the complete DNA of a frog to fill in the holes and completely cold.

我們用一隻青蛙的完整DNA來填補孔洞，完全冷。

Number two vaccines, it has to be viral.

第二種疫苗，它必須是病毒性的。

There is no plausible alternative.

沒有任何合理的替代方案。

And like any virus, once we find its origin, we can develop a vaccine.

而像任何病毒一樣，一旦我們找到它的起源，我們就可以開發出疫苗。

The development of vaccines, particularly modern ones like the polio vaccine might be considered more of an invention than a discovery.

疫苗的開發，特別是像脊髓灰質炎疫苗這樣的現代疫苗，可能被認為是一種發明，而不是一種發現。

But the very first one made to combat smallpox is a different story.

但最開始為防治天花而製作的是一個不同的故事。

If we knew where this thing started, then we'd have a chance of developing a vaccine to stop british.

如果我們知道這東西從哪裡開始，那麼我們就有機會開發出一種疫苗來阻止英國人。

Doctor Edward Jenner observed that milkmaids who had been exposed to the cowpox virus didn't develop smallpox later on in life.

醫生愛德華-詹納觀察到，接觸過牛痘病毒的擠奶女工在以後的生活中沒有出現天花。

Using that knowledge, he used the puss from the cowpox virus itself with no modifications to successfully inoculate people against smallpox.

利用這一知識，他利用牛痘病毒本身的膿液，不加任何修改，成功地對人們進行了天花接種。

This wasn't the first time a similar process had been attempted.

這並不是第一次嘗試類似的過程。

However, Jena's method was one of the most effective and paved the way for the virtual eradication of smallpox.

然而，耶拿的方法是最有效的方法之一，為實際消除天花鋪平了道路。

In the late 20th century, the World Health Organization has created a vaccine that works as a kind of camouflage, making people who receive it invisible to the infected Before we continue.

在20世紀末，世界衛生組織創造了一種疫苗，其作用是一種偽裝，使接受疫苗的人看不見被感染的人 在我們繼續。

Be sure to subscribe to our channel and ring the bell to get notified about our latest videos.

請務必訂閱我們的頻道並按鈴，以獲得我們最新的視頻通知。

You have the option to be notified for occasional videos or all of them.

你可以選擇偶爾的視頻或所有的視頻都被通知。

If you're on your phone, make sure you go into your settings and switch on notifications.

如果你在手機上，確保你進入你的設置並打開通知。

Number one Evolution, mutation.

第一 進化，變異。

It is the key to our evolution.

它是我們進化的關鍵。

It is how we have evolved from a single celled organism into the dominant species on the planet.

這就是我們如何從一個單細胞生物進化成地球上的主導物種。

After some long voyages on the H.

在H.A.S.號上進行了一些長時間的航行後。

M.

M.

S.

S.

Beagle Charles.

比格-查爾斯。

Darwin was finally ready to publish his magnum opus 1859 on the origin of species in this book.

達爾文終於準備在1859年出版他的鉅著《物種起源》這本書。

He laid out his theory of evolution.

他提出了他的進化論。

It basically states that animals were all related if you go far enough back And species gain adaptations over time, including humans, genetic mutation.

它基本上說明，如果你追溯到足夠遠的年代，動物都是有關係的，而且物種隨著時間的推移獲得適應性，包括人類，基因突變。

The evolution of the Human Genome Evolution Shook the world to its core and was interpreted by many religions as indictment of their beliefs.

人類基因組的進化震撼了世界的核心，被許多宗教解釋為對其信仰的控訴。

Around 150 years later, evolution is regarded as fact by scientists and a large majority of the public.

大約150年後，進化論被科學家和大多數公眾認為是事實。

The theory helped us figure out how humans and animals adapted to even the harshest environments over time.

該理論幫助我們弄清了人類和動物如何隨著時間的推移適應甚至是最惡劣的環境。

By understanding how living creatures changed in the past, scientists can theorize how they'll evolve in the future the next stage in evolution.

通過了解生物在過去是如何變化的，科學家們可以推測它們在未來的進化中的下一個階段會如何演變。

What Charles and I dreamt of finding.

查爾斯和我夢寐以求的東西。

Do you agree with our picks?

你同意我們的選擇嗎？

Check out this other recent clip from Watch Mojo and be sure to subscribe and ring the bell to be notified about our latest videos.

看看這個來自Watch Mojo的其他最新片段，並確保訂閱和敲鐘以獲得我們最新視頻的通知。