Name: 我們需要核能來阻止氣候變化嗎？ (Do we Need Nuclear Energy to Stop Climate Change?)
Uploaded: 2022-05-20T17:06:33.000Z
Duration: 10 min 43 s

do We need nuclear energy to stop climate change.

做 我們需要核能來阻止氣候變化。

Environmental activists and the press have been saying so in recent years, but this comes as a shock to those who are fighting against nuclear energy and the problems that come with it.

近年來，環境活動家和媒體一直這麼說，但這對那些反對核能和隨之而來的問題的人來說是一個衝擊。

Rapid climate change, the world needs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero.

迅速的氣候變化，世界需要將溫室氣體排放減少到淨零。

In 2018, 3 quarters of global emissions were released through energy production, namely by burning fossil fuels.

2018年，全球3/4的排放量是通過能源生產，即燃燒化石燃料而釋放的。

Energy is a broad term that describes all sorts of stuff from moving things and people around to putting things big and small together or heating our homes.

能源是一個廣泛的術語，它描述了各種東西，從移動東西和人到把大大小小的東西放在一起或為我們的家庭供暖。

Currently, 84% of the world's primary energy comes from fossil fuels, 33% from oil, 27% from coal and 24% from gas.

目前，世界上84%的一次能源來自化石燃料，33%來自石油，27%來自煤炭，24%來自天然氣。

Around 10% of the global oil supply is just used to burning boilers to make our homes cozy and warm.

全球大約10%的石油供應只是用於燃燒鍋爐，使我們的家庭舒適和溫暖。

Only about 16% of global energy is from low emission sources, almost 7% from hydroelectric, 5% from solar wind, bioenergy wave, tidal and geothermal combined and about 4% from nuclear.

全球只有約16%的能源來自低排放源，近7%來自水電，5%來自太陽能風能、生物能波浪能、潮汐能和地熱能的組合，約4%來自核能。

So we pretty much rely on coal, oil and gas to keep our civilization going, which means it's actually very hard to transition away from them to have a chance of escaping fossil fuels without throwing humanity back into the stone Age.

是以，我們幾乎依賴煤炭、石油和天然氣來維持我們的文明，這意味著實際上很難過渡到遠離它們，以便有機會擺脫化石燃料而不把人類丟回石器時代。

One of the most impactful things we can do is to electrify as many sectors as possible.

我們能做的最有影響的事情之一是使盡可能多的部門電氣化。

Electricity is the stuff that appears like magic when you plug something into a socket.

電是當你把東西插入插座時像魔法一樣出現的東西。

Every industry that can switch from burning fossil fuels to electricity needs to do so from electric cars to electric heaters.

每一個能夠從燃燒化石燃料轉向電力的行業都需要這樣做，從電動汽車到電暖器。

Why do we need to bet so hard on electricity?

為什麼我們需要在電力方面下這麼大的賭注？

Because we can produce electricity with low emission technologies like solar wind or nuclear.

因為我們可以用太陽能風能或核能等低排放技術發電。

So electricity is a real lever for a radical transition.

是以，電力是實現徹底轉型的真正槓桿。

But there are a few problems making this transition really hard.

但有幾個問題使這種過渡真的很困難。

First of all in most places in the world, electricity is still generated mostly by burning fossil fuels.

首先，在世界大多數地方，電力仍然主要通過燃燒化石燃料產生。

And not only that in the last 20 years, the world's electricity usage increased 73% in absolute terms while we are installing renewables at record speed at the same time, the amount of fossil fuel we're burning for electricity still keeps rising year by year, renewables have so far not been able to catch up with the demand for new electricity.

不僅如此，在過去的20年裡，世界用電量的絕對值增加了73%，而我們在以創紀錄的速度安裝可再生能源的同時，我們燃燒的化石燃料的用電量仍在逐年上升，可再生能源至今仍無法趕上對新電力的需求。

And so despite our progress, emissions from electricity are still rising worldwide.

是以，儘管我們取得了進展，但全世界的電力排放仍在上升。

The other alternative to fossil fuels is nuclear.

替代化石燃料的另一種方法是核電。

And even though it's not renewable, its greenhouse gas emissions are tiny compared to burning stuff.

即使它不是可再生的，但與燃燒東西相比，它的溫室氣體排放量很小。

But in the last 20 years, nuclear has basically stagnated.

但在過去20年裡，核電基本上停滯不前。

Countries like China India and South Korea built new reactors.

中國、印度和韓國等國家建造了新的反應堆。

While Germany and Japan have been actively taking their nuclear plants offline, which seems a bit weird if we look at the countries with the most low carbon electricity in the world that get most of their juice mainly from two sources nuclear or hydro power Take France and Sweden in France only around 10% comes from fossil fuels, while 67% comes from nuclear and 23% from renewables, primarily hydro.

雖然德國和日本一直在積極關閉他們的核電站，這似乎有點奇怪，如果我們看看世界上擁有最多低碳電力的國家，這些國家的大部分電力主要來自兩個來源核電或水電 以法國和瑞典為例，法國只有約10%來自化石燃料，而67%來自核電，23%來自可再生能源，主要是水電。

In Sweden, almost 30% comes from nuclear power and about 45% from hydro.

在瑞典，近30%來自核電，約45%來自水力發電。

So we know that nuclear energy can work at scale on the technical side because of the lack of investment and innovation in the last few decades, the majority of the world's nuclear reactors are pretty old technology that's very costly to replace.

是以，我們知道，核能在技術方面可以發揮作用，因為在過去幾十年中缺乏投資和創新，世界上大多數的核反應堆都是相當老的技術，更換成本非常高。

In most Western countries, building nuclear reactors has become very expensive for a variety of reasons, like a lot of know how in constructing them, policy changes and increased regulatory constraints so it can take a decade or longer just to finish a power plant.

在大多數西方國家，由於各種原因，建造核反應堆已經變得非常昂貴，如建造核反應堆的大量知識，政策變化和增加的監管限制，所以僅僅完成一個發電廠就需要十年或更長時間。

In contrast, countries like South Korea, china India and Russia are able to build new nuclear reactors comparatively quickly and at a competitive cost.

相比之下，像韓國、中國、印度和俄羅斯這樣的國家能夠比較迅速地建造新的核反應堆，而且成本具有競爭力。

Still generally in the West, the current generation of nuclear power plants are more expensive to build and maintain the most fossil fuel alternatives.

但一般來說，在西方，目前這一代核電站的建設和維護成本比大多數化石燃料的替代品更高。

There are also the concerns about nuclear waste and the fear of accidents.

還有對核廢料的擔憂和對事故的恐懼。

But we cover those in other videos in more detail.

但我們會在其他視頻中更詳細地介紹這些內容。

We have designs for nuclear reactors that solve many of their problems, namely small reactors that take less time and money to get started.

我們有解決許多問題的核反應堆的設計，即小型反應堆，需要較少的時間和金錢來啟動。

There are also next generation technologies that can already turn radioactive waste into new fuel, but so far these have not been deployed at a scale where they can have a significant impact on the nuclear sector.

還有下一代技術已經可以將放射性廢物轉化為新的燃料，但到目前為止，這些技術的部署規模還沒有達到可以對核部門產生重大影響的程度。

Considering these uncertainties, some argue that nuclear power is a dangerous relic of the past and that we should just let it go and focus on renewables.

考慮到這些不確定性，一些人認為，核電是過去的危險遺物，我們應該讓它消失，並專注於可再生能源。

But while renewables undoubtedly are the future of electricity, they still have their own huge challenges to overcome before they can take over the vast majority of the electricity grid.

但是，儘管可再生能源無疑是電力的未來，但在接管絕大多數電網之前，它們仍然有自己的巨大挑戰需要克服。

The main problem is reliability and consistency.

It's not always windy and the sun doesn't always shine, especially in the mornings and evenings when humans need the most electricity.

它並不總是有風，太陽也不總是照耀，特別是在人類最需要電力的早晨和晚上。

The variations between seasons don't make this issue easier to make renewables reliable and not risk blackouts.

季節之間的變化並沒有使這個問題更容易使可再生能源可靠，不存在停電風險。

We need massive storage capacities where we can save energy collected when the sun or wind are at their peak and release it later when we actually need it until this is possible.

我們需要大規模的存儲能力，我們可以在太陽或風的高峰期收集能量，並在以後我們真正需要的時候釋放出來，直到這成為可能。

Other sources of electricity needs to provide a controllable load that creates the reliability of supply that our civilization needs to run properly.

其他電力來源需要提供可控的負荷，創造我們文明正常運行所需的供應可靠性。

Eventually, we will be able to do this with renewables.

最終，我們將能夠用可再生能源做到這一點。

But we need a lot of batteries or storage power plants right now, we simply don't have the tech and the capacities to make this transition fast enough to replace fossil fuels.

但我們現在需要大量的電池或儲能電站，我們根本沒有足夠快的技術和能力來實現這一轉變，以取代化石燃料。

But even if we could, there's another aspect, we have to take into account.

但是，即使我們可以，還有一個方面，我們必須考慮到。

We're not just trying to kick fossil fuels out of electricity.

我們不只是要把化石燃料從電力中踢出去。

Were trying to replace energy with electricity.

If we're going to electrify sectors that currently use fossil fuels like cards or heating, we will need significantly more electricity than we're currently using everywhere around the world.

如果我們要使目前使用化石燃料的部門實現電氣化，如卡片或加熱，我們將需要比目前世界各地使用的電力多得多。

And if the electricity needs of the world population continued to grow as they have over the last 20 years, we'll need even more.

而如果世界人口的電力需求繼續像過去20年那樣增長，我們將需要更多。

Both renewables and nuclear energy required time investment and technological innovation on their own.

可再生能源和核能都需要時間投資和自身的技術創新。

Neither is ready to remove fossil fuels from our electricity grid, although activists on both sides claim that they are in the end, the question is how we want to deal with all these challenges.

兩者都沒有準備好將化石燃料從我們的電網中移除，儘管雙方的活動家都聲稱他們最終會這樣做，問題是我們要如何應對所有這些挑戰。

Should we give up nuclear immediately and at least temporarily accept higher emissions.

我們是否應該立即放棄核電，至少暫時接受更高的排放。

Will we try to extend the life of current nuclear reactors and shut them down afterwards while solving the shortcomings of renewables?

我們是否會嘗試延長目前核反應堆的壽命，並在之後關閉它們，同時解決可再生能源的缺點？

Or will we invest in new nuclear technology to get new nuclear reactor types that are cheaper and safer or will we maybe do both.

或者我們將投資於新的核技術，以獲得更便宜、更安全的新的核反應堆類型，或者我們也許會同時做這兩件事。

Opinion part starts here considering the risks that climate change poses for the biosphere and humanity, any technology that has a chance of contributing to a solution should be pursued.

意見部分從這裡開始，考慮到氣候變化對生物圈和人類構成的風險，任何有機會對解決方案作出貢獻的技術都應該被追求。

That's just good risk management and strategy.

這只是良好的風險管理和戰略。

If preventing rapid climate change as quickly as possible is our goal.

如果儘可能快地防止快速的氣候變化是我們的目標。

It might be a good idea to see nuclear and renewables?

看到核電和可再生能源可能是一個好主意？

Not as opponents, but as partners, we know there's no time to waste.

不是作為對手，而是作為夥伴，我們知道沒有時間可以浪費。

So we should keep all of our low emission players on the field as things are both nuclear and renewables need innovation and investment.

是以，我們應該把所有的低排放球員留在場上，因為現在核電和可再生能源都需要創新和投資。

But if we don't know yet which technology will be ready?

但如果我們還不知道哪種技術會準備好？

How quickly why not just invest in both and see what happens?

為什麼不盡快對兩者進行投資，看看會發生什麼？

If we take nuclear energy offline right now, then that missing capacity will be replaced at least partially by fossil fuels.

如果我們現在讓核能下線，那麼缺失的產能至少會被化石燃料部分取代。

Even if new nuclear power plants in the west are expensive in the long run, it may be cheaper to build them as long as they prevent more fossil fuel capacity being added and paying for the consequences of rapid climate change.

即使西方的新核電站從長遠來看是昂貴的，但只要能防止更多的化石燃料產能的增加，併為快速氣候變化的後果買單，建造這些核電站可能會更便宜。

Well, it really depends how hard we choose to make things for ourselves.

好吧，這真的取決於我們選擇為自己做的事情有多難。

And in a world that's already having a really hard time quitting fossil fuels.

而在一個已經很難戒掉化石燃料的世界裡。

Why should we make things harder than necessary?

我們為什麼要使事情變得比必要的更難？

Starting the change process and trying something new is always difficult.

開始變革進程和嘗試新事物總是很困難。

Luckily you don't have to do it all on your own if you want to get out of a rut, we've got something for you.

幸運的是，如果你想擺脫困境，你不必全部靠自己，我們已經為你準備了一些東西。

We are big fans of skill share an online learning community that offers thousands of classes for all skill levels in tons of creative disciplines like illustration, animation or film and video or you could try a class on home decoration, growing houseplants or playing the guitar.

我們是技能分享的忠實粉絲，這是一個在線學習社區，為各種技能水準的人提供數以千計的課程，如插圖、動畫或電影和視頻，或者你可以嘗試家庭裝修、種植家庭植物或彈吉他的課程。

There's something for everyone, really Unlimited access to all the classes is less than $10 a month with an annual premium membership and the 1st 1000 cuts Kazakh viewers to click the link in the description will get a free trial.

每個人都有自己的東西，真的 無限制地訪問所有的課程，每月的高級會員費不到10美元，第1000名點擊描述中的鏈接的切哈薩克族觀眾將獲得免費試用。

Since we started working with skill share you, our viewers have taken over 100,000 hours of classes, including our own three skill share classes on how we make our animations.

自從我們開始與技能共享你合作以來，我們的觀眾已經參加了超過10萬小時的課程，包括我們自己的三個技能共享課程，瞭解我們如何製作動畫。

If you want to learn more about motion graphics, give them a try and if you need an extra little push to get you going, maybe get started with some advice on motivation and inspiration.

如果你想了解更多關於運動圖形的資訊，請試一試，如果你需要額外的小推動力來讓你前進，也許可以通過一些關於動機和靈感的建議來開始。

We liked the scientific method for artists, find inspiration, get motivated and grow your creative skills by Kendall Hill.

我們喜歡藝術家的科學方法，找到靈感，得到激勵，增長你的創作能力，作者是肯德爾-希爾。

Agus in this class, Kendall explains her four phase process for exploring and figuring out your direction as an artist.

在這堂課上，Kendall解釋了她作為一個藝術家探索和確定方向的四個階段過程。

For us it was a great way to get into the flow of creating something.

對我們來說，這是一種進入創作流程的好方法。

But anything that makes you feel excited and sparks new ideas is a great first step.

但是，任何能讓你感到興奮並激發新想法的東西都是一個偉大的第一步。

 If you want to get creative with new skills and support to give it a go wait. 

如果你想用新的技能和支持來發揮創意，請等待。