Name: 德國為何迷戀俄羅斯的天然氣 (Why Germany is hooked on Russian gas)
Uploaded: 2022-05-19T16:48:08.000Z
Duration: 8 min 43 s

issued a fifth round of sanctions against Russia.

發佈了對俄羅斯的第五輪制裁。

"And, ladies and gentlemen, I think that measures

"而且，女士們，先生們，我認為，措施

“Even gas will also be needed sooner or later”

"即使是天然氣也遲早會被需要"

the EU has imposed sanctions that restrict the flow

歐盟已經實施制裁，限制了中國的資金流動。

they've targeted banks, companies, individuals...

他們的目標是銀行、公司、個人...。

The EU gets nearly a quarter of its energy from gas.

歐盟有近四分之一的能源來自天然氣。

And nearly half of it comes from Russia: the world's largest gas exporter.

而其中近一半來自俄羅斯：世界最大的天然氣出口國。

Russia delivers the vast majority of its gas to Europe through this network of pipelines.

俄羅斯通過這個管道網絡向歐洲輸送絕大部分的天然氣。

And as the EU's largest economy, nobody buys more of it than Germany.

而作為歐盟最大的經濟體，沒有人比德國買得更多。

Germany has paid Russia about 220 million euros a day for gas.

德國每天向俄羅斯支付約2.2億歐元的天然氣。

Germany uses gas to heat more than 20 million homes.

德國使用天然氣為2000多萬戶家庭供暖。

And to power a lot of the country's industry.

併為該國的許多工業提供動力。

And Germany's government has spoken out against sanctions

"It's not possible...to cut the gas supplies."

"不可能......切斷天然氣供應。"

But with every payment Germany makes to Russia's state-owned natural gas company...

但隨著德國向俄羅斯國有天然氣公司的每一筆付款...

So, how did Germany become so dependent on Russia for something

那麼，德國是如何在某些方面變得如此依賴俄羅斯的呢？

Germany was at the literal center of the Cold War.

After World War II, a fortified border separated independent West Germany

二戰後，一條堅固的邊界將獨立的西德分隔開來。

from East Germany and other Soviet satellite states.

But by the 1950s West Germany was experiencing a remarkable economic recovery.

但到了20世紀50年代，西德正經歷著顯著的經濟復甦。

But they needed more energy to power their growing economy.

但他們需要更多的能源為其不斷增長的經濟提供動力。

與此同時，在西伯利亞西部的這裡

the Soviet Union had just discovered huge natural gas reserves.

蘇聯剛剛發現了巨大的天然氣儲備。

They had a network of pipelines to supply major Soviet cities,

他們有一個管道網絡來供應蘇聯的主要城市。

but extending their pipelines to potential customers in Europe

但將他們的管道延伸至歐洲的潛在客戶

這將是一個巨大的基礎設施項目。

Then, in 1969, West Germany elected a chancellor with

然後，在1969年，西德選出了一位有能力的總理。

一項新的外交政策，稱為 "東方政策"。

focused on bringing the two sides closer together through dialogue and deals.

重點是通過對話和交易拉近雙方的距離。

And West Germany and the Soviet Union struck a deal.

而西德和蘇聯達成了一項協議。

The Soviet Union would supply West Germany with natural gas.

And in return, West Germany would provide high quality steel pipes

而作為回報，西德將提供高質量的鋼管

這是一項為期20年的重大交易。

要了解這筆交易是如何鎖定德國的。

it's important to understand what makes  piped natural gas different

瞭解管道天然氣的不同之處是很重要的

Natural gas, with coal and oil,  is one of the three

天然氣與煤炭和石油一樣，是三個重要的能源來源之一。

世界各地使用的主要化石燃料。

But unlike coal and oil, which can be shipped or rerouted worldwide,

但與煤炭和石油不同，它們可以在全世界範圍內運輸或改道。

piped natural gas is a regional product that depends on proximity.

管道天然氣是一種區域性產品，取決於距離的遠近。

To transport it, gas producers spend  millions of dollars

為了運輸它，天然氣生產商花費了數百萬美元

to build pipelines that connect  producers and buyers.

建立連接生產商和買家的管道。

Because these pipelines are such big and permanent commitments,

因為這些管道是如此巨大和永久的承諾。

gas deals can link a buyer's energy infrastructure to the sellers for decades.

天然氣交易可以將買方的能源基礎設施與賣方聯繫在一起幾十年。

By the 80s, the Soviet Union built this  pipeline network to Europe.

到80年代，蘇聯建立了這個通往歐洲的管道網絡。

And by the 90s, it was supplying Germany  with 40% of its gas.

而到了90年代，它為德國提供了40%的天然氣。

Russia's state-owned corporation, Gazprom, took over the old Soviet gas pipelines.

俄羅斯的國有公司Gazprom接管了舊的蘇聯天然氣管道。

Russia's main pipelines now ran through a newly independent Ukraine,

俄羅斯的主要管道現在通過一個新獨立的烏克蘭。

putting a key part of their gas infrastructure on land they no longer controlled.

將其天然氣基礎設施的一個關鍵部分放在他們不再控制的土地上。

So, in order to diversify the routes to Germany, Russia began building new ones.

是以，為了使通往德國的路線多樣化，俄羅斯開始建造新的路線。

In 1999, they finished this pipeline that ran through Belarus.

1999年，他們完成了這條貫穿白俄羅斯的管道。

And in 2005 they began building  the Nord Stream pipeline

而在2005年，他們開始建造北溪管道。

along the Baltic Sea to reach Germany directly.

沿著波羅的海，直接到達德國。

They also built pipelines inside Germany.

And opened a subsidiary there to operate  gas storage facilities.

並在那裡開設了一家子公司，經營天然氣儲存設施。

Including this one here, one of the largest in Western Europe.

包括這裡的這個，是西歐最大的一個。

Russia now had three routes reaching Germany,

俄羅斯現在有三條路線到達德國。

as well as pipelines and storage facilities inside Germany.

以及德國境內的管道和儲存設施。

But it had also changed Russia's relationship with Europe.

但它也改變了俄羅斯與歐洲的關係。

At the end of 2008, gas price negotiations between Russia and Ukraine fell apart.

2008年底，俄羅斯和烏克蘭之間的天然氣價格談判破裂。

A few days later, Russia cut off gas  to Ukraine for 20 days.

幾天後，俄羅斯切斷了對烏克蘭的天然氣，為期20天。

The thing is, because Ukraine was  a major transit country,

問題是，因為烏克蘭是一個主要的過境國。

when Russia cut off their gas, they cut off a lot of European gas too.

當俄羅斯切斷他們的天然氣時，他們也切斷了很多歐洲的天然氣。

As a result, all these countries saw a drop in their supply,

是以，所有這些國家的供應都出現了下降。

In Poland, at least eleven people  froze to death.

所有這些都使歐洲處於警戒狀態。

It was now clear that through gas flows, Russia held immense power over Europe.

現在很明顯，通過天然氣的流動，俄羅斯對歐洲擁有巨大的權力。

But, up here, another link to Russia was in the works: Nord Stream 2.

但是，在這裡，另一條與俄羅斯的聯繫正在進行中。北溪2號。

A new 11 billion dollar pipeline to run alongside the first Nord Stream

一條價值110億美元的新管道將與第一條北溪管道並列運行

Then, in 2014, Russia annexed Crimea  and invaded Eastern Ukraine.

然後，在2014年，俄羅斯吞併了克里米亞併入侵了烏克蘭東部。

In response, the EU issued a series of sanctions.

作為迴應，歐盟發佈了一系列的制裁措施。

Some countries began to wean themselves off Russia's gas.

一些國家開始斷絕與俄羅斯的天然氣往來。

但俄羅斯的天然氣一直流向德國。

In fact, Germany imported more gas  than ever before.

事實上，德國進口的天然氣比以往任何時候都多。

Today, as Russia's atrocities in Ukraine continue to shock the world,

今天，隨著俄羅斯在烏克蘭的暴行繼續震驚世界。

但取代俄羅斯的天然氣並不容易。

Because it's been piped to homes and businesses for decades,

因為它已經通過管道輸送到家庭和企業幾十年了。

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德國為何迷戀俄羅斯的天然氣 (Why Germany is hooked on Russian gas)

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