But add a little spice ...

但要添加一點香料......。

Seasoning lava with things like ice,

用冰塊等東西來調味熔岩。

water, crystals, and metal

水、晶體和金屬

can lead to explosive results.

會導致爆炸性的結果。

Here's how lava reacts to four different factors.

下面是熔岩對四個不同因素的反應。

Ice and lava might feel like an odd couple,

冰和熔岩可能感覺是一對奇怪的夫婦。

but frozen volcanoes are a real hazard

但冰凍火山是一種真正的危險

in places like Iceland.

在像冰島這樣的地方。

And it's important to study this interaction

而研究這種互動是很重要的

for evacuations, especially because lava

疏散，特別是因為熔岩

can move faster and farther on ice.

在冰上可以走得更快更遠。

Ash from the volcano can settle on the ice,

火山的灰燼會沉澱在冰上。

creating an insulating barrier,

創造一個絕緣的屏障。

slowing the lava's cooling.

放慢熔岩的冷卻速度。

The ice can also melt, which can reduce friction,

冰也可以融化，這可以減少摩擦。

and the steam can give the lava this bubbly look.

而蒸汽可以使熔岩呈現出這種泡沫狀。

The more the ice melts, the higher the risk of flooding.

冰雪融化得越多，洪水的風險就越大。

Jökulhlaups are floods that happen

Jökulhlaups是發生的洪水。

when a glacial lake overfills.

當一個冰川湖溢出時。

In 2010, Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull volcano

2010年，冰島的艾雅法拉約克爾火山

caused a glacial outburst flood

造成了冰川爆發式的洪水

that forced 800 people to evacuate.

這迫使800人疏散。

In the same vein, glacial melt and debris

同樣，冰川融化和碎屑

are a perfect recipe for lahars.

是一個完美的拉哈斯配方。

These volcanic mudflows sweep away homes,

這些火山泥流沖走了家園。

infrastructure, and even people without enough preparation.

基礎設施，甚至是沒有足夠準備的人。

Like the 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia,

就像1985年哥倫比亞的內瓦多-德爾-魯伊斯的爆發。

which led to 20,000 fatalities.

這導致了20,000人的死亡。

Lava has some pretty unique reactions to seawater,

熔岩與海水有一些相當獨特的反應。

as you can see in this ocean-entry footage

正如你在這個進入海洋的鏡頭中看到的那樣

shot on the coast of Kalapana, Hawaii.

在夏威夷卡拉帕納海岸拍攝。

This steamy mist is actually laze,

這種蒸騰的霧氣實際上是在發呆。

a cloud of toxic gas.

一團有毒氣體。

It's made up of hydrochloric acid,

它是由鹽酸組成的。

the result of steam reacting

蒸汽反應的結果

with lava-heated salt particles.

與熔岩加熱的鹽顆粒。

There are also bits of volcanic glass swirling in there.

還有一些火山玻璃的碎片在那裡旋轉著。

The water cools the lava,

水冷卻了熔岩。

which gets crushed up by the waves into volcanic glass

被海浪擊碎的火山玻璃

and swept up into the plumes.

並被捲進羽絨服。

Not something you want to be breathing in.

這不是你想要呼吸的東西。

Lava that doesn't shatter

不會碎裂的熔岩

will start hardening into a delta,

將開始變硬成為一個三角洲。

an inherently unstable new landmass.

一個固有的不穩定的新地塊。

Blobs of pillow lava pile one on top of the other,

枕頭熔岩的塊狀物一個接一個地堆在一起。

forming a shaky foundation.

形成一個不穩定的基礎。

When water gets trapped among these hot pillows,

當水被困在這些熱枕頭中間時。

it causes a steamy, violent explosion

引起蒸蒸日上的劇烈爆炸

called a molten fuel coolant interaction.

稱為熔融燃料冷卻劑的相互作用。

This can sometimes trigger the whole delta to collapse

這有時會引發整個三角洲的崩潰

and hurl rock and debris over an area

並在一個區域內投擲岩石和碎片

as large as multiple football fields.

像多個足球場那麼大。

Even when the flow looks slow and unthreatening,

即使是在流量看起來很慢、沒有威脅的時候。

you don't know what's happening under the surface.

你不知道表面下發生了什麼。

This can apply to the lava itself, too.

這也可以適用於熔岩本身。

Crystals form as lava cools.

熔岩冷卻時形成晶體。

Generally, the quicker the lava cools,

一般來說，熔岩冷卻的速度越快。

the fewer crystals will form and the smaller they'll be.

形成的晶體就越少，也就越小。

But scientists have found

但科學家發現

that bigger crystals with more sides

更大的晶體有更多的側面

slow lava down, giving the lava

使熔岩緩慢下降，給熔岩

more surface area to cling to as it flows around.

當它四處流動時，有更多的表面積可供依附。

This is important to understand the lava's viscosity.

這對了解熔岩的粘度很重要。

Generally, less viscous flows

一般來說，粘性較小的流動

can move faster and travel farther,

可以移動得更快，走得更遠。

knowledge that helps public-safety engineers

知識，幫助公共安全工程師

plan hazard maps.

計劃危險地圖。

So scientists are researching

是以，科學家們正在研究

how minerals in unique environments

獨特環境中的礦物如何

and unique temperatures create different crystals.

和獨特的溫度產生不同的晶體。

At Syracuse University, they used metal bits

在錫拉丘茲大學，他們使用了金屬碎片

of varying size and shapes to represent olivine,

大小不一、形狀各異，代表橄欖石。

one of the most common minerals in igneous rocks.

火成岩中最常見的礦物之一。

It has a high crystallization temperature,

它具有較高的結晶溫度。

so it can start forming "seeds" in the magma

所以它可以開始在岩漿中形成 "種子"。

even before it leaves the volcano.

甚至在它離開火山之前。

And the seeds will generally keep growing

而種子一般會繼續生長

as the magma flows out of the volcano

當岩漿從火山中流出時

and slowly starts to cool.

並慢慢開始冷卻。

But when lava cools instantly,

但當熔岩瞬間冷卻時。

like when it's suddenly exposed to water or air,

比如當它突然暴露在水或空氣中時。

seeds don't have time to grow.

種子沒有時間成長。

This is why igneous rocks like obsidian

這就是為什麼火成岩如黑曜石

are smooth and glassy.

是光滑和玻璃狀的。

And no two volcanoes are exactly the same.

而且沒有兩座火山是完全相同的。

Time, temperature, and minerals all matter.

時間、溫度和礦物質都很重要。

That's especially true when it comes to volcanoes

談到火山，這一點尤其正確

on other planetary bodies.

在其他行星體上。

In 2022, NASA plans to send a spacecraft to Psyche,

2022年，美國宇航局計劃向Psyche發送一個航天器。

an asteroid between Mars and Jupiter

火星和木星之間的小行星

that appears to be made of nickel and iron.

這似乎是由鎳和鐵製成的。

Researchers believe that if Psyche has volcanoes,

研究人員認為，如果Psyche有火山。

they may be metal-based --

它們可能是基於金屬的 --

features called ferrovolcanoes

稱為鐵火山的特徵

that spit up metal instead of silica rock,

吐出的是金屬而不是硅石。

or spurious ferrovolcanoes, which combine the two.

或虛假的鐵火山，這兩者結合起來。

Ferrovolcanoes are actually still theoretical at this point.

在這一點上，鐵火山實際上仍然是理論上的。

We know they're possible,

我們知道它們是可能的。

we just don't know what they'd look like.

我們只是不知道他們會是什麼樣子。

That's why the folks at Syracuse

這就是為什麼錫拉丘茲大學的人

decided to make a spurious volcano

決定做一個虛假的火山

using rock and metal.

使用岩石和金屬。

They found that metal moves faster and sinks lower,

他們發現，金屬移動得更快，下沉得更低。

since it's denser than silicate rock.

因為它的密度比硅酸鹽巖大。

This means ferrovolcanoes might look a little different.

這意味著鐵火山可能看起來有點不同。

Volcanoes shape themselves

火山的自我塑造

as layers of lava build up along the sides.

當熔岩層沿著兩側堆積時。

So a pure ferrovolcano would probably look flatter

是以，一個純粹的鐵火山可能會看起來更平坦

and sprawl farther than the typical conical shape

並比典型的圓錐體形狀擴展得更遠

we see here on Earth.

我們在地球上看到的。

By demonstrating how a ferrovolcano

通過展示鐵火山如何

would work and look, scientists should be able

將工作和外觀，科學家應該能夠

to recognize and interpret formations found on Psyche,

識別和解釋在普西身上發現的陣法。

or any other metal bodies that make up

或任何其他金屬體組成的

the complex geology of our solar system.

我們太陽系的複雜地質學。