an additional vaccine dose, for the elderly

額外的疫苗劑量，適用於老年人

and those at high risk in the US. 

和美國的高風險人群。

That echoed the booster shot rollout in places like the UK and Singapore.

這與英國和新加坡等地的助推劑注射推廣工作相呼應。

But in November, the CDC announced a new recommendation:

但是在11月，CDC宣佈了一項新的建議。

all adults could get a booster shot. 

所有的成年人都可以進行強化注射。

And that idea had been a contentious question among scientists.  

而這個想法在科學家中一直是一個有爭議的問題。

"I do believe that all of us are going to need another shot at some point."

"我確實相信，我們所有人都會在某個時候需要再打一針。"

"It's much more of a gray area for younger people, particularly under 50s."

"對於年輕人，特別是50歲以下的人來說，這更像是一個灰色地帶。"

"I don't think we should get hung up on should, may...

"我認為我們不應該糾結於應該，可能......。

just go out and get boosted."

只是走出去，得到提升。"

"FDA's Dr. Marion Gruber and Dr. Phil Krause

"FDA的Marion Gruber博士和Phil Krause博士

say there's currently no need for boosters for the general population."

說目前沒有必要為普通人群提供助推器。"

Dr. Celine Gounder was one of those scientists.

Celine Gounder博士是這些科學家中的一員。

She wasn't convinced that we all needed more shots.

她並不相信我們都需要更多的注射。

Up until recently.

直到最近。

So, to help me figure out what's going on with boosters,

是以，為了幫助我弄清助推器的情況。

I called her up.

我給她打了電話。

GOUNDER: I had not planned to get boosted, and yesterday scheduled a third dose.

GOUNDER: 我本來不打算接受增援，昨天安排了第三劑。

And that's really a decision that was made based on the emergence of omicron. 

而這確實是基於OMICRON的出現而做出的決定。

To start us off, can you sort of just walk us through

在我們開始的時候，你能不能向我們介紹一下

what the science of needing boosters is?

需要助推器的科學是什麼？

GOUNDER: When you get vaccinated

GOUNDER:當你接種疫苗時

you're stimulating different branches of your immune system. 

你正在刺激你的免疫系統的不同分支。

You're stimulating B cells, T cells, antibody levels.

你在刺激B細胞、T細胞和抗體水準。

Those antibody levels are what protect you robustly against infection,

這些抗體水準能夠有力地保護你免受感染。

particularly soon after vaccination.

特別是在接種疫苗後不久。

But those antibody levels wane. 

但是這些抗體水準會減弱。

What we saw from the data in Israel, as well as other countries like the US, is

我們從以色列以及美國等其他國家的數據中看到的是

you saw a waning antibody levels at six months after the second dose.

你在第二次注射後的6個月內看到了抗體水準的減弱。

But Dr. Gounder emphasized that charts like this shouldn't alarm us.

但Gounder博士強調，像這樣的圖表不應該讓我們感到震驚。

GOUNDER: Once those antibodies fade away, the B cells are still there.

GOUNDER:一旦這些抗體消退，B細胞仍在那裡。

B cells are these little factories to make antibodies. 

B細胞是這些製造抗體的小工廠。

So when you get re-exposed to the virus,

是以，當你再次接觸到病毒時。

the B cells recognize the virus and kick back into gear

B細胞識別病毒並重新啟動

and produce antibodies all over again.

並重新產生抗體。

You're not fully protected against all infection,

你並沒有完全保護自己免受所有感染。

but you still have very strong, very long-lived memory B cell responses

但你仍然有非常強大、非常持久的記憶B細胞反應

that are still there to protect you from severe disease, hospitalization, and death. 

這仍然是為了保護你免受嚴重疾病、住院和死亡的影響。

So if we still have that protection from severe cases,

是以，如果我們仍然有這種保護，避免嚴重的情況。

why do we need more antibodies from a booster?

為什麼我們需要從強化劑中獲得更多的抗體？

GOUNDER: There are certain groups in which we do see a reduction in protection

GOUNDER:在某些群體中，我們確實看到了保護的減少

against even some of those more severe outcomes.

甚至對其中一些更嚴重的結果也有影響。

And those are specifically older people.

而這些都是具體的老年人。

In addition, people who are highly immunocompromised

此外，免疫力高度低下的人

also do benefit from getting additional doses of vaccine.

額外劑量的疫苗也確實有益。

That was the reasoning behind initially limiting boosters to the vulnerable:

這就是最初將助推器限制在弱勢人群的原因。

that while boosters for all adults in general could help replenish antibodies

雖然對所有成年人進行的強化訓練可以幫助補充抗體

to prevent any infections,

以防止任何感染。

they weren't necessary for preventing severe cases,

他們對於預防嚴重的病例沒有必要。

which vaccines continue to do effectively for most people.

疫苗對大多數人來說繼續有效地做到這一點。

But many scientists like Dr. Gounder have changed their mind on that stance

但許多像Gounder博士這樣的科學家已經改變了對這一立場的看法

based on the information available about the omicron variant at the time of this video.

根據這段視頻拍攝時有關micron變體的可用資訊。

GOUNDER: Now that you've had the rise of the omicron variant,

GOUNDER:現在你已經有了Omicron變體的崛起。

it's a different conversation about boosters.

這是一個關於助推器的不同對話。

The concern about the Omicron variant is that

對Omicron變體的擔憂是

our vaccines may not fully protect against this variant,

我們的疫苗可能不能完全防止這種變體。

which has more than 30 mutations in the spike protein. 

其中穗狀蛋白有30多個突變。

B cells that would have recognized earlier strains of the virus

本來可以識別早期病毒株的B細胞

may not recognize omicron.

可能不認識OMICRON。

It has changed so much

它已經改變了這麼多

that your memory immune responses don't recognize it.

你的記憶免疫反應不能識別它。

But that's a prediction based on looking at the genetic sequence.

但這是基於觀察基因序列的預測。

By giving additional doses of vaccine,

通過給予額外劑量的疫苗。

you can override that relative immune evasion.

你可以覆蓋這個相對免疫迴避。

It's not clear yet whether or not we'll need a new vaccine for the new variant.

目前還不清楚我們是否需要為新的變體提供新的疫苗。

That was actually a question companies like Pfizer had with the other variants, too.

這實際上也是像輝瑞這樣的公司對其他變種的疑問。

So even though there are still a lot of unknowns about omicron,

是以，儘管關於歐米茄仍有很多未知數。

experts like Dr. Gounder say boosters may be a good tool against it,

像Gounder博士這樣的專家說，助推器可能是對付它的一個好工具。

especially if it turns out to be as bad as some fear.  

特別是如果它最終像一些人擔心的那樣糟糕。

So at what point after our first round of vaccinations

那麼，在我們第一輪疫苗接種後的什麼時候

should we get boosted?

我們應該得到提升嗎？

GOUNDER: So you should wait six months after your second dose of COVID vaccine,

GOUNDER:所以你應該在接種第二針COVID疫苗後等待6個月。

if you got the Pfizer or Moderna vaccine, before getting a boost,

如果你接種了輝瑞或Moderna疫苗，在接受強化治療之前。

and you should wait two months after getting the Johnson & Johnson vaccine

並且在接種強生公司的疫苗後應等待兩個月。

before getting a boost.

在得到提升之前。

To really get to peak antibody levels, you really want to wait about two weeks. 

要真正達到峰值抗體水準，你真的要等待大約兩週。

So if you're, say, planning to go visit family over the holidays,

是以，如果你，比如說，計劃在假期去探親。

I would recommend getting that additional dose of vaccine,

我建議多打一針疫苗。

that booster dose, about two weeks prior to travel. 

在旅行前的兩週左右，要注射該加強劑。

And that booster doesn't have to be the same one you originally got. 

而且這個助推器不一定是你最初得到的那個。

GOUNDER: The NIH conducted a study looking at,

GOUNDER:美國國立衛生研究院進行了一項研究，研究內容是：

do you start with Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, or Moderna,

你是否從強生公司、輝瑞公司或Moderna公司開始。

and then do you boost with Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, or Moderna?

然後，你是否與強生公司、輝瑞公司或Moderna公司一起推動？

The study found that not only is mixing vaccines safe:

該研究發現，不僅是混合疫苗是安全的。

all combinations work.

所有的組合都有效。

In the US, if you got initial doses of an mRNA vaccine,

在美國，如果你得到了初始劑量的mRNA疫苗。

you can get either one as a third shot.

你可以把其中一個作為第三針。

But it's recommended that if you got Johnson & Johnson first,

但建議如果你先找強生公司。

it's most effective to get boosted with an mRNA vaccine.

用mRNA疫苗進行強化是最有效的。

Similarly, in countries like Germany and Korea,

同樣，在德國和韓國等國家也是如此。

most people who got AstraZeneca will be offered an mRNA vaccine. 

大多數得到阿斯利康的人將被提供一種mRNA疫苗。

GOUNDER: There is some thought that the different vaccine technologies

GOUNDER:有一些人認為，不同的疫苗技術

teach the immune system to recognize the spike protein in slightly different ways,

教導免疫系統以稍微不同的方式識別穗狀蛋白。

and that as a result, the immune system, you could say, remembers better.

是以，免疫系統，你可以說，記憶力更好。

Considering that the vaccines have been so unequally distributed around the world,

考慮到疫苗在世界各地的分佈是如此不平等。

should we be concerned about the ethics of getting a third shot

我們是否應該關注打第三針的道德問題？

when so many people haven't even had their first?

當這麼多的人甚至還沒有得到他們的第一次？

GOUNDER: I think we should be worried about that at a policy level, at a macro level,

GOUNDER：我認為我們應該在政策層面，在宏觀層面擔心這個問題。

but whether you yourself as the individual choose to get a booster dose or not

但無論你自己作為個人是否選擇接受加強劑量

is really not going to have an impact on global vaccine supply,

是真的不會對全球疫苗供應產生影響。

because those decisions are being made far upstream

因為這些決定是在遠處的上游做出的

from you going into your local drugstore and getting a vaccination.

從你進入當地的藥店並接受疫苗接種。

As for whether we'll all need boosters for years:

至於我們是否都需要多年的助推器。

it's really too soon to tell.

現在說這些還為時過早。

It depends on how much Covid is spreading.

這取決於Covid的傳播程度。

GOUNDER: Look, boosters are not going to end the pandemic.

GOUNDER:聽著，助推器並不能結束這一大流行病。

What is going to end the pandemic is vaccinating people

結束大流行病的辦法是為人們接種疫苗

who are not vaccinated.

沒有接種疫苗的人。

Your risk of infection is proportional to how much virus is circulating in the community.

你的感染風險與社區中的病毒流通量成正比。

Even if you've been boosted.

即使你已經被提升了。

We still have a long way to go to vaccinate the unvaccinated.

我們在為未接種疫苗的人接種疫苗方面仍有很長的路要走。

But Dr. Gounder also emphasized that we can do two things at once:

但Gounder博士也強調，我們可以同時做兩件事。

we can continue to vaccinate the unvaccinated

我們可以繼續為未接種疫苗的人接種疫苗

while also strengthening the defenses of the vaccinated. 

同時也加強了接種者的防禦能力。

GOUNDER: Boosters do provide another layer of protection,

GOUNDER：助推器確實提供了另一層保護。

especially with the rise of the omicron variant.

特別是隨著OMICRON變體的崛起。

I think there is broader consensus now among doctors and scientists that

我認為現在醫生和科學家有更廣泛的共識，即

everyone 18 and up in the United States who can get a booster should get a booster.

在美國，每個18歲及以上的人，只要能得到強化治療，就應該得到強化治療。

That boost won't last forever,

這種提升不會永遠持續下去。

but it does buy you time. 

但它確實為你贏得了時間。