later be necessary for our survival. The planet that gets the most attention is Mars, a small,

火星是我們人類最關注的行星了。儘管他個頭不大，地面充滿毒氣

toxic and energy poor planet that just about seems good enough for a colony of depressed

且是能源貧乏的星球, 對於一群擠在地下城市中的沮喪的人類來說

humans huddled in underground cities.

這似乎已經足夠了。

But what if we think bigger? What if we take Venus, one of the most hostile and deadly

但要是我們想得更遠大呢？ 如果我們選擇金星--太陽系中極度不友善且致命的地方

places in the solar system and turn IT into a colony? Not by building lofty cloud cities,

然後將之作為我們的殖民地？ 並不是要建立一個又一個的空中都市

but by creating a proper second earth? It might be easier than you think.

而是創造出適宜的二號地球呢？這也許會比你想像中還簡單

Venus is by far the hottest planet in the solar system with a surface temperature of

金星是目前發現為止太陽系中表面溫度最高的行星

460°C, hot enough to melt lead. This heat is due to the most extreme greenhouse effect

高達460°C, 熱到足以熔化鉛。 而這樣的炙熱是來自太陽系中極端的溫室氣體影響

in the solar system. CO2 is great at trapping heat – even a rise from 0.03% to 0.04% in

二氧化碳(CO2)十分擅長捕捉熱, 就算地球大氣中的CO2濃度只從0.03%升到0.04%

Earth's atmosphere is heating up our planet right now. Venus's atmosphere is 97% CO2.

也已經使我們感到非常炎熱了。而CO2則佔了金星大氣的97%

Also, Venus's atmosphere is 93 times denser than earth's. Standing on Venus' surface

另外, 金星的大氣更比地球還要稠密93倍 站在金星表面就像是潛入

would feel like taking a dive about 900 meters deep into the ocean. The pressure would kill

900公尺深的大海。那樣的壓力之下

you instantly.

你會立刻被殘酷地殺死

It's a truly horrible place! So why should we even bother?

這真是一個很糟糕的地方！那為什麼我們要如此麻煩？

First and foremost, Venus is almost as big as Earth and has 90% of its surface gravity.

首先, 同時也是最重要的, 金星幾乎跟地球差不多大 並且擁有90%的表面重力

Surface gravity is a big problem when colonizing the solar system because it is very likely

表面重力在殖民太陽系時是非常重要的問題

that long stays in low gravity places will have negative health effects.

因為長時間處在一個低表面重力的環境下是非常可能有害於健康的

Venus' size means it could be the second largest habitat in the solar system. A new

金星的大小正代表了他可能會是太陽系第二大的棲所

home for billions of humans and trillions of animals. With oceans, lush forests and

是數十億人類及數兆動物們的新家 擁有海洋、蓊鬱的森林還有美麗的天空

a beautiful blue sky. A properly terraformed Venus may be the most pleasant place to live

一個經過良好轉化的金星可能會是除了地球之外

outside of Earth.

最美好的地方

While we can't exactly terraform Venus today, a slightly more ambitious future version of

雖然我們並不能真的將金星地球化 但在未來或許一個稍微更具野心的我們能夠接手這項工程

us COULD take this project on. It will take a few generations to complete and be a huge

這將會需要幾個世代的時間來完成這項大挑戰

challenge – like building the great pyramids was for our ancestors. But then it's not

就像是為了我們的祖先建造的金字塔一樣

like humans have never started projects that took more than a lifetime to complete.

這並不是我們第一次開始一個需要超出人類的大工程

Ok! Let's do it!

Ok! 我們開始吧！

Before anything else, we need to cool Venus down and remove the gas that makes up the

在最一開始, 我們必須把金星冷卻下來 並移除那些覆蓋在金星上極度沈重的大氣

extremely heavy atmosphere. As mentioned, there is a lot of it. Around 465 million billion

就像先前所提到的, 這些氣體數量非常龐大,

tons.

大約有46.5億噸。

How do we do that? There are a few options. We could create giant solar collectors powering

該怎麼做？ 我們有一些選擇 我們可以建造一個巨型太陽能集熱器來驅動一大群雷射光束

a huge array of laser beams, that heat up the atmosphere so much that it is blasted

然後加熱大氣然後使其爆炸散到太空中

into space. Although we would need thousands of times the entire power generating capacity

雖然會需要人類整個產出能量的上千倍

of humanity and it would still take thousands of years to remove the atmosphere.

還會需要上千年的時間才能將大氣清除

Another way is to sequester the atmosphere. Binding the CO2 in different compounds through

另一個方式是把大氣"隔離"起來 透過化學反應將CO2轉變為不同的化合物

chemical reactions. We could mine elements like Calcium or Magnesium on Mercury and shoot

我們可以在水星挖出一些像是鈣或鎂的元素

them at Venus via mass driver systems – Electric rails that make rockets unnecessary on smaller

再透過質量投射器系統──電動軌道在較小的行星上讓火箭變得很沒必要──射到金星去

planets. The metals would combine to bind the CO2 into different carbonates basically

金屬會透過CO2結合起來，基本上永久的合成不同的碳酸鹽

forever. But the scale makes the whole thing impractical. We would need several hundred

但規模之大讓整件事情變得不切實際

billion tons of material to sequester the CO2 this way. Seems like a waste of material

會需要好幾千億頓的材料才能將CO2都隔離起來

and might take too long.

而這似乎太浪費也太花時間了

An equally ridiculous idea that could actually work is to put Venus in the shade. Literally.

另一個一樣瘋狂的想法是, 我們可以用影子把金星遮住, 名副其實地

By constructing a huge mirror to blot out the sun to just freeze the atmosphere. The

我們可以用一個巨型鏡子來遮天蔽日, 以此來冷卻大氣

mirror does not need to be complex or massive, just a very thin foil with a little structural

鏡子不需要非常複雜或非常沈重 只需要一個非常薄的箔片，帶有一點結構支撐

support. Building such a large flat surface so close to the sun will turn it effectively

建造那麼大的一個平面又如此接近太陽 實際上會使它變成一個太陽帆

into a solar sail and push it out of position, so instead of one giant circular object, our

然後推離它的位置 所以與其使用一個巨大圓形物體

mirror will consist of many different pieces.

我們會將鏡子將會有許多不同的部分構成

Annular slats of angled mirrors can reflect sunlight from one set of mirrors to the next.

數個有角度的環形鏡可以將陽光從一個反射到另一個

Mirrors would be angled, reflecting light from one to another until the light is redirected

鏡子會被斜放用來反射光線直到光線被重新導向回去

to the back - balancing the force on the front and holding them in position.

如此便使力平衡並且讓他們都保持在自己的位置

After a few years of getting the infrastructure in place, things start slowly and then escalate.

在這些基礎設施到位幾年後，事情慢慢開始，然後加劇

For the first few decades, the atmosphere slowly cools down but stays dense and deadly.

在剛開始的幾十年, 大氣緩慢的冷卻但依然稠密又致命

Until, after some 60 years it reaches the critical temperature of 31° Celsius. Suddenly,

直到差不多60年後, 溫度到達關鍵的31°C

the Great Flood begins on Venus, as CO2 turns to liquid at this pressure and begins to rain

突然間大洪水在金星上降臨了 二氧化碳在這個壓力下變成液體並開始下雨

down- a constant global rainstorm of unbelievable proportions lasting 30 years. The pressure

一場規模令人難以置信的全球暴雨將會持續下 30 年

and temperature suddenly begin to drop in unison. For almost a century, puddles turn

而氣壓和溫度會忽然間開始一起下降

into lakes and oceans.

近一個世紀後，水坑變成了湖泊和海洋

The surface temperature is now -56° Celsius and the pressure has dropped to only seven

此時表面的溫度已經是 -56°C 而大氣壓力也變成了只有地球的７倍

times the pressure on earth. Finally, at a really unpleasant -81°, the CO2 oceans begin

最後, 在很不舒適的 -81°C, CO2海洋開始結凍

to freeze and the rain turns into snow. This leaves us with a frozen Venus covered in oceans

然後降雨也變成了降雪 留下了一個冰凍的金星，覆蓋在堅硬如岩石的海洋

as hard as rock and gigantic CO2 glaciers. What remains of the atmosphere is mostly nitrogen,

和巨大的二氧化碳冰川中 在差不多三倍地球氣壓時 大氣中幾乎就只剩下氮氣了

at about 3 times earth's surface pressure. If you don't mind freezing and suffocating,

如果不介意凍僵或窒息

you can now take a stroll over Venus' surface.

現在你可以在金星表面漫步。

But the frozen CO2 remains a bit of a problem. At some point we want to warm up the planet,

但結凍的CO2還是有一些問題 在某些時候我們會想要將星球暖化

but if we do, the CO2 ice will melt and fill up the atmosphere again.

但如果這麼做, 結冰的CO2將會融化然後再次釋放到大氣中

So we need some way to keep it from doing that.

that. 所以我們需要一些方法來防止這樣的事情

One is to simply cover it all with cheap plastic insulation and cover it up with ground-up

一種是簡單地用廉價的塑膠絕緣材料將其全部罩著 然後用磨碎的金星岩石或海洋覆蓋它

venus rock or water oceans. Although some planetary scientists will be very stressed

儘管一些行星科學家會對我們建造一顆

out about us building a new planet containing a potential timebomb like that. A few unfortunately

包含潛在定時炸彈的新行星感到非常緊張。

timed volcanoes could melt a lot of CO2 at once and ruin everything.

一些不幸的定時火山可能會立即融化大量CO2並毀掉一切。

Another obvious solution is to shoot it all out into space and collect it into a small

另一個明顯的方式是將他們都射到太空中 再把它們搜集到小型衛星來儲存供未來使用

moon for storage and future use. We can make this more efficient by using mass drivers

我們可以更有效率的使用質量投射器而不是用火箭

instead of rockets, but moving all that mass will still be a pretty intense challenge that

但要移動如此大量依然會是個非常強烈的挑戰

will take some time to solve.

並會需要花點時間來解決

Whatever we end up doing with the atmosphere, to move forward we need water, which we could

無論怎麼解決了空氣的問題, 我們接下來需要水, 取自於個冰凍的衛星

get from Ice-Moons. Europa, a moon of Jupiter, has twice as much water as Earth's oceans.

木衛二, 木星的衛星, 擁有2倍地球海洋的含水量

Now catching a moon and transporting it through the solar system is not exactly easy.

要抓住一顆衛星並在太陽係中運送他並不容易。

So instead it might be easier to cut chunks of ice off Europa with an army of construction

所以取而代之的是, 使用大量無人機在木衛二上切割冰塊

drones and shoot them at Venus using more of those mass drivers. Space tethers could

並使用更多的質量投射器向金星射擊可能會更容易。

save us a lot of effort and energy here – we made a whole video explaining how they work,

太空繫繩可以幫我們省下許多功夫和能源 ──我們做了整個影片來解釋它們是怎麼運作的

but in a nutshell, they are slings that can take a payload on both ends.

總而言之, 它們是可以在兩端承受有效負重的吊索。

On Europa, they do most of the work needed to catapult our ice to Venus. The ice hits

在木衛二上, 他們會負責大部分的工作來彈射冰到金星上

the Venus tethers, which gently drop it into the atmosphere, where it falls down as snow.

冰會碰到金星的繫繩, 然後輕輕如雪一般掉落在大氣中

In exchange, the Venus tethers get to catch CO2 ice shot up from below and accelerate

作為交換，金星繫繩可以捕獲從下方噴出的二氧化碳冰 並將其加速進入軌道。

it into orbit. We can remove excess nitrogen using this same

我們可以用一樣的方法清除過量的氮氣

method to further lower our atmospheric pressure.

來更進一步的減低大氣壓力

After a few decades or centuries, Venus would be covered by a nice, shallow frozen ocean

幾十年或幾個世紀後，金星將被一片數百米深的美麗淺層冰凍海洋所覆蓋

a few hundred meters deep. It would look extremely different from today. A few continents and

這看起來會和現在的樣子非常不一樣

countless islands have formed. This is beginning to look a bit like our planet!

幾個大陸和無數島嶼已經形成。 這開始看起來有點像我們的星球了！

Now the last and most magnificent phase of terraforming begins: Making the atmosphere

現在，地球化的最後一個也是最宏偉的階段開始了:

breathable and adding life.

使空氣變得可供呼吸, 還有加入生命

First we need light though and we need to heat the planet up again. A Venus day is 2802

首先我們需要光，我們需要再次加熱這個星球。

hours long. More than 116 Earth days. So if we just remove our giant mirror, we would

一個金星日有2802小時, 比116個地球日還長 所以如果我們就只是移掉我們的巨大鏡子

grill half of our planet. Even without the massive atmosphere, temperatures would reach

會烤熟星球的一半 就算沒有了厚重的空氣, 溫度一樣會上升到無法忍受的等級

unbearable levels. The simplest way to create a day/night cycle and let some energy in again,

一個最簡單就能製造日夜循環並讓能量再次進入的方式是

is with another set of mirrors to illuminate our continents and melt our water oceans.

是用另一組鏡子照亮我們的大陸並融化我們的海洋。

Which would let us completely control how much energy we get and where it goes.

這將使我們完全控制獲得的能量以及它的去向。

The atmosphere is now mostly made up of nitrogen and basically devoid of oxygen. So the first

大氣現在主要由氮氣組成，基本上沒有氧氣。

inhabitants will likely be trillions and trillions of Cyanobacteria, which can get photosynthesising

最初的居民可能是數以萬億計的藍綠藻 它們可以進行光合作用並釋放氧氣。

and release oxygen. We know that they can quickly turn around the atmosphere of a planet

我們知道那可以快速的改變我們的大氣

because billions of years ago, they were probably responsible for turning the toxic atmosphere

因為數十億年前, 它們可能將我們年輕地球的有毒大氣

of our young Earth into an atmosphere with enough oxygen for more complex animal life.

轉變為氧氣充足的大氣層，以供更複雜的動物使用。

But not only that – Cyanobacteria can fix Nitrogen from the atmosphere and turn it into

但不只是這樣, 藍綠藻能行固氮作用, 從大氣中獲取氮氣

nutrients that can be used by living beings. This way they will essentially fertilize our

轉變為營養素後來供生命使用 通過這種方式，它們將從本質上地滋養我們死去的海水

dead ocean water and prepare it for more complex organisms.

並為更複雜的生物做好準備

On land, our colonists need to grind down some of the former venusian surface to make

在地面上, 我們的殖民地居民需要磨碎一些以前的金星表面

soil for nitrogen fixing plants to grow on. Eventually billions of trees would spread

為固氮植物生長提供土壤。 最後最終，數十億棵樹會蔓延開來

creating large forests, covering massive parts of the continents. Venus would turn green.

形成大片森林，覆蓋大陸的大部分地區。而金星也會轉綠

First the oceans, then the land. To speed things up, CO2 would be strategically released

一開始是海洋, 接著則是陸地. 為了加速這個過程, CO2會被 有策略性的進行釋放

to supply the plants and cyanobacteria. Areas already covered with plants could get extra

來提供給植物還有藍綠藻. 已經被植物覆蓋的區域可以從我們的軌道鏡中獲得額外的光線

daylight from our orbital mirrors, so the plants would be active for most of each day.

所以植物每天大部分時間都是活躍的。

Maybe, we won't have to do this with the same plants and animals we know today. As

也許，不必用我們如今所知道的相同植物和動物來做這件事。

genetic engineering matures and our understanding of genetics and the machinery of life expands,

隨著基因工程的成熟以及我們對遺傳學和生命機制的理解不斷擴大

we might just engineer life as we need it.

我們可能只在需要的時候設計出生命

All in all, it would take several thousand years to make the atmosphere breathable by

總而言之，要有能使人類能夠呼吸的大氣層需要幾千年的時間。

humans. In the meantime, you could stroll around with nothing more than regular clothes

同時, 你只需要著日常衣物跟佩戴氧氣罩就可以隨意漫步

and an oxygen mask. Settlers would enjoy a vast new planet, filled with resources and

定居者會很享受這個寬廣的新星球, 充滿了資源並沐浴在陽光下

bathed in sunlight. They might think of new ways to use the vast amounts of carbon dioxide

他們可能會想出新方法來使用那些太空軌道上

ice and nitrogen orbiting in space above. Industrial processes, rocket fuel or even

大量的CO2冰和氮氣. 工業的進程、火箭燃料、

boosting the terraforming of another planet, like tiny Mars

甚至促進對其他星球進行地球化的改造, 像是小火星

Venus is fully terraformed. Animals roam through vast ecosystems. Cities are being constructed.

金星已經完全地球化了 動物在廣闊的生態系統中漫遊。城市正在大興土木。

Billions of settlers and their descendants make this world their home. They will see

數十億定居者及其後代將這個世界作為他們的家。

images of the past. How Venus was once the most hostile planet around. How it took hundreds

他們看到過去的種種影像。金星在過去如何是一個最不友善的星球。

of years to freeze hell and to ship in the oceans and another few thousand years to make

是怎麼花費數百年的時間去結凍這個地獄然後航行在大海上 又是怎麼花費數千年的時間

it possible to breathe freely. They will barely be able to believe it.

讓人們可以自由自在地呼吸。 他們會非常不可置信。

Ok. Maybe it is not that easy to terraform Venus and a lot of things must go right for

Ok. 也許把金星地球化並沒有那麼容易, 也有很多事情在未來

this future to become reality. But it is possible and with technology that is within the reach

必須做對才能使其成為現實 但這是有可能的，而技術是在一個

of a motivated and slightly more advanced humanity that wants to venture into space.

想要想要冒險進入太空、稍微先進的人類所能達到的。

The only thing that is stopping it is our imagination. And that at least is a problem

唯一限制我們的就是想像力了

that's easy to overcome.

這至少是一個很容易克服的問題。

If you think about it, your imagination is the only thing stopping you from doing all

如果你想想看, 想像力是唯一阻擋你做所有事情的障礙

kinds of things. All you need is a little nudge – and we might just have the right

那你需要的是被小小推一把,

thing to get you started.

而我們只是做了一件對的事讓你開始

We are big fans of Skillshare, an online learning community that offers thousands of classes

我們非常喜歡 Skillshare, 一個提供上千課程的線上學習社群

for all skill levels in tons of creative discipines like Illustration, Animation, or Film and

有各種技能的等級在非常多有創意的專業中 像是像插圖、動畫或電影和影片

Video. Or you could try a class on Home Decoration, Growing Houseplants or Playing the Guitar

或者你可以嘗試有關家居裝飾、種植室內植物或彈吉他的課程

– there is something for everyone really.

那是真的適合所有人的事情

The first 1,000 kurzgesagt viewers to click the link in the description will get a 1 month

點擊說明中的連結的前 1,000 名 kurzgesagt 觀眾將獲得 1 個月的 Skillshare 免費試用期。

free trial of Skillshare. Since we started working with Skillshare,

自從我們開始跟Skillshare合作

you, our viewers, have taken over 100,000 hours of classes – including our own three

你, 也就是我們的觀眾, 就已經拿到超過10萬小時的課程

Skillshare classes on how we make our animations! If you want to learn more about motion graphics,

包含我們的三堂關於我們如何做動畫的課! 如果你想學更多有關動畫的事

give them a try.

請試試看他們吧

And if you need an extra little push to get you going, maybe get started with some advice

如果你需要一點額外的推動來讓你前進，也許可以從一些關於動機和靈感的建議開始。

on motivation and inspiration. We liked the Scientific Method for Artistis: Find Inspiration,

我們喜歡Kendyll Hillegas的

Get Motivated and Grow your Creative Skills by Kendyll Hillegas. In this class, Kendyll

Scientific Method for Artistis: Find Inspiration, Get Motivated and Grow your Creative Skills 在這門課裡面,

explains her four-phase process for exploring and figuring out your direction as an artist.

Kendyll解釋了她探索和確定您作為藝術家的方向的四階段過程。

For us, it was a great way to get into the flow of creating something.

對我們來說，這是進入創作流程的好方法。

But anything that makes you feel excited and sparks new ideas is a great first step.

但任何讓你感到興奮並激發新想法的事情都是很好的第一步。

If you want to get creative with new skills and support kurzgesagt, give it a go.

如果您想通過新技能發揮創意並支持kurzgesagt，請試一試吧！