Mhm.

嗯。

You probably know what a gladiator is, swords shields, angry emperors, that stuff.

你可能知道什麼是角鬥士，劍盾，憤怒的帝王，這些東西。

But a deeper look and recent discoveries point to an industry far more complex than just a bloody battle.

但更深入的觀察和最近的發現表明，這個行業遠比血腥的戰鬥要複雜。

A gladiator is a performer in certain ways, in shows that draw mass audiences in the roman world.

角鬥士在某些方面是一個表演者，在羅馬世界吸引大量觀眾的表演中。

There's questioning about the impression that pop culture perpetuates that two men enter one man leaves sort of thing that all of them were fights to the death.

有人質疑流行文化所延續的印象，即兩個人進入一個人離開的那種東西，所有的人都是生死搏鬥。

It's clear that that doesn't make economic sense for the larger system of Rome dr Allison Futrell studies the spectacle of gladiatorial games.

很明顯，對於羅馬的大系統來說，這並沒有經濟意義。

The first gladiatorial combat that we know about in Rome Date to the 3rd century and their associated with public funerals.

我們所知道的羅馬第一場角鬥士比賽可以追溯到3世紀，他們與公共葬禮有關。

A violent confrontation at a funeral feels pretty morbid today, but the romans saw it as an honored ritual to send the noble deceased off into the next kind of existence and also to honor the deceased by suggesting that their death is something that's worth marking by the entire society, not just by the family.

葬禮上的暴力對抗在今天看來是非常病態的，但羅馬人把它看作是一種尊貴的儀式，用來送走高貴的死者進入下一種生存狀態，同時也是對死者的尊重，暗示他們的死亡是值得整個社會而不僅僅是家庭來標記的。

As the Roman Empire grew, so did the political influence of the games Caesar in 65.

隨著羅馬帝國的發展，65年的遊戲凱撒的政治影響力也越來越大。

BC commemorated his father who had died 20 years earlier with lavish gladiatorial games and later for his daughter who had died eight years prior.

公元前，他用奢華的角鬥士遊戲來紀念20年前去世的父親，後來又為8年前去世的女兒舉行了紀念活動。

The expansion of Rome and the tremendous amount of wealth that that brought in, especially into the roman elites that presented an opportunity for them to enhance their own politicking by massively building up a spectacle.

羅馬的擴張和由此帶來的巨大財富，特別是對羅馬的精英們來說，這為他們提供了一個機會，通過大規模地建立一個奇觀來加強自己的政治活動。

Mhm.

嗯。

That said, the chasm between wealthy and non wealthy is opening up hugely.

也就是說，富人和非富人之間的鴻溝正在極大地打開。

It was the wealthy fuel rather than the many who benefited from the riches and vast resources of the empire.

從帝國的財富和巨大資源中受益的是富裕的燃料而不是許多人。

So a lot more poor people, They want access to have a slice of the roman pie to have their voices heard and for your voice to be heard in Rome.

是以，更多的窮人，他們希望能夠從羅馬的蛋糕中分一杯羹，讓他們的聲音被聽到，讓你的聲音在羅馬被聽到。

There were few places better than the Games.

沒有什麼地方比運動會更好。

People who are presenting these shows.

介紹這些節目的人。

The sponsors of these shows and the roman elite have prime sitting areas, right?

這些節目的贊助商和羅馬的精英們都有黃金坐席，對嗎？

But they are also there to be seen.

但它們也在那裡被看到。

Their goal is to make it all positive attention and yelling about how wonderful I am and I am.

他們的目標是讓所有的人都積極關注，大喊我有多好，我有多棒。

Yes, I love the people, this is the kind of interaction were supposed to have.

是的，我喜歡這些人，這就是我們應該有的互動。

That's not always how it works.

這並不總是這樣的。

Political actions follows them into the prestige seating areas and there's an exchange.

政治行動跟隨他們進入威望的座位區，並進行了交流。

There's an idea in Rome, this license of the theaters that, that kind of exchange and the freedom of criticism is welcomed.

在羅馬有一種想法，這種劇院的許可證，那種交流和責備的自由是受歡迎的。

This license of the theater even applied to the emperor when he hosted the Games and was carried over into venues like these.

劇院的這種許可甚至適用於皇帝主辦運動會時，並被帶到了像這樣的場所。

I think that the roman amphitheater is really important because it is specifically a roman building type.

我認為，羅馬圓形劇場真的很重要，因為它是專門的羅馬建築類型。

The romans draw a lot of architectural influences from other peoples in the mediterranean.

羅馬人從地中海其他民族的建築中汲取了大量的影響。

But the amphitheater seems to be something that they developed.

但圓形劇場似乎是他們開發的東西。

Hundreds of amphitheaters popped up across the empire, but none were as large and detailed as the colosseum.

帝國各地湧現出數百個圓形劇場，但沒有一個像鬥獸場那樣龐大和細緻。

The colosseum is the premier example with facades that make use of more expensive kinds of stone that suggests expense and power and artistry that makes it into a premier cultural object.

鬥獸場是最主要的例子，它的外牆使用了更多昂貴的石材，這意味著費用、權力和藝術性，使它成為一個主要的文化物品。

These were remarkable, remarkable structures and feels so modern.

這些都是了不起的，非凡的結構，感覺很現代。

A modern venue for a modern game day experience that included prizes that were a bit better than your typical bobblehead.

一個現代的比賽日體驗場所，包括比你的典型搖頭娃娃更好的獎品。

This is not just toys and necklaces and that kind of thing, but small balls that are being thrown from in the spectator stands inscribed on them have the details of a significant prize that could be the equivalent of an apartment in downtown Rome sums of money, food, that kind of thing.

這不僅僅是玩具和項鍊之類的東西，而是從觀眾席上拋出的小球，上面刻有重大獎項的細節，可能相當於羅馬市中心的一套公寓的金錢、食物之類的東西。

This is a very visible and tangible way of showing how you're benefiting from the roman empire discoveries of new artifacts are beginning to detail Gladiators and their clashes.

這是一種非常明顯和切實的方式，表明你是如何從羅馬帝國的發現中受益的，新的文物開始詳細介紹角鬥士和他們的衝突。

Not all of them died young majority of them probably did survive their first game.

並非所有的人都死了，他們中的大多數人可能確實在第一場比賽中活了下來。

Animals were viciously hunted while criminals and christians were executed, reminding us just how violent the games were.

動物被凶狠地獵殺，而罪犯和基督徒被處決，提醒我們遊戲是多麼的暴力。

But new analysis suggests that for every 10 gladiators who entered the ring, possibly nine live to see another day and the games were surprisingly structured.

但新的分析表明，每10個進入擂臺的角鬥士中，可能有9個能活到下一天，而且比賽的結構也令人驚訝。

They do have the equivalent of timeouts, images where there seemed to be hairs drinking water, getting a quick massage, taking a breather and then presumably they're going to resume combat.

他們確實有相當於暫停的情況，畫面中似乎有毛髮在喝水，得到快速按摩，喘息，然後估計他們要恢復戰鬥。

One image found on a small pot in the Netherlands shows a referee holding up his staff to halt to fight as an assistant runs in with a replacement sword.

在荷蘭的一個小罐子上發現的一幅影像顯示，當一個助手拿著一把替換的劍跑進來時，一個裁判員舉起他的法杖停止了戰鬥。

There's the opportunity to get a glimpse into those who are in the arena by looking at things like tombstones that talk about the endgame basically on one Gladiators tombstone found in France, there's an inscription that reads his wife put this up with her own money for her wonderful spouse.

我們有機會通過觀察墓碑等事物來了解那些在競技場上的人，這些墓碑談到了最終的結局，基本上在法國發現的一個角鬥士墓碑上，有一個碑文寫道：他的妻子用自己的錢為她美好的配偶建造了這個。

So that sense of connection of reputation, of sorrow, there seems to be this connection between the performers and the Spectators.

是以，這種聲譽和悲傷的聯繫感，在表演者和觀眾之間似乎有這種聯繫。

Certainly there were people who were sold as slaves.

當然，也有一些人被賣為奴隸。

There's also the fact that prisoners of war enter into the larger slave system, but we also see evidence about people who selected this life.

還有一個事實是，戰俘進入更大的奴隸制度，但我們也看到關於選擇這種生活的人的證據。

People who were faced with overwhelming amounts of debt, sold themselves as Gladiators, there are others who were freeborn who chose this for an enjoyment of combat and perhaps an interest in potentially becoming famous, making a name for oneself socially.

那些面臨巨大債務的人把自己賣給了角鬥士，還有一些人是自由人，他們選擇這樣做是為了享受戰鬥，也許是為了有可能成名，在社會上揚名立萬的興趣。

You'll dress up and attend that premier and you'll sign a couple of 100 autograph books, no matter the result.

你會盛裝出席那個首映式，你會在100本簽名簿上簽名，無論結果如何。

Gladiators belonged to the lowest class of roman society, but still some did become famous graffiti found on the walls in pompeii, boast of admired gladiators who were celebrities to their fans and more discoveries teach us.

角鬥士屬於羅馬社會的最底層，但仍有一些人成為了著名的角鬥士，在龐貝城的牆壁上發現的塗鴉，吹噓著那些令人欽佩的角鬥士，他們是粉絲眼中的名人，還有更多的發現告訴我們。

It wasn't only men who were Gladiators, there's some evidence that there were women who appeared in the arena.

並非只有男人才是角鬥士，有一些證據表明，也有女性出現在競技場上。

A relief that clearly shows two female gladiators, an inscription that talks about.

一幅浮雕，清楚地顯示了兩個女角鬥士，一個銘文，談到。

Here.

在這裡。

We had women pick up the sword.

我們讓婦女拿起了劍。

One could see these as just random things of something that hardly ever happened.

人們可以把這些看作是幾乎沒有發生過的事情的隨機事情。

I tend to think it was a bit more regularized.

我傾向於認為它更規範一些。

The emperors and influential politicians who controlled the games will probably be remembered by history, but a look at the Gladiator tells an important part of the story as well.

控制比賽的皇帝和有影響力的政治家可能會被歷史記住，但看看角鬥士也能知道故事的一個重要部分。

There are stories are important for us to learn to develop empathy of people who are more than just the great shakers on the top, but the ones who are enabling human society to continue on a on a day to day basis.

有些故事對我們來說很重要，可以讓我們學會對那些不僅僅是高層的偉大人物，而是讓人類社會每天都能繼續下去的人產生共鳴。

Their stories matter.

他們的故事很重要。